Community-based Heritage Tourism

La patrimonialización es un proceso que no está exento de riesgos y dificultades. El artículo se centra en uno de los debates que giran alrededor de la patrimonialización: la necesidad de viabilizar económicamente aquello que es categorizado como patrimonio. Una necesidad que convierte al turismo en una panacea: el turismo ha de permitir que el bien patrimonial genere suficientes beneficios para sufragar los costos de su conservación y mantenimiento; el turismo ha de convertir el bien patrimonial en un producto que genere rentas para la comunidad. Esta estrategia puede generar efectos en las sociedades y economías locales que no son siempre suficientemente valorados.

An evaluation of the interpretation of the social and economic history of the North Wales slate industry through its museums and visitor attractions.  Governance and remits of national and independent museums and attractions are considered with their impact on the interpretation presented to the visiting public.

Tourism in general and community-based tourism (CBT) in
particular is important in the overall development discourse in which political ideology and philosophy have a role to play. This paper, using a thorough desk top research, perused various sources of literature, especially handbooks and manual on CBT, to interrogate how theory and practice inform the conceptualization of Community Based Tourism
and community participation. CBT is a form of tourism which
emphasises and encourages the involvement of communities in showcasing their culture, artifacts, heritage and  environments.
Community participation may include running own enterprises as individuals, as collectives and/or with formal partners and may include village visits and tours, participation in village life, cultural tours and so forth.
This paper argues that the degree of participation is informed by the CBT venture type as some venture types work to the advantage of communities while others do not. Notions of control, power, empowerment, decision-making and socio-economic conditions are important in this discourse. Participation approaches should be able
to challenge existing power structures if genuine empowerment is to be achieved in previously disadvantaged areas. The major contribution of this paper is the Community participation and CBT Model Framework which it posits. The framework can be used to locate areas of effective community participation through ‘citizen control’ by venture type. It informs both policy and practice in modeling CBT ventures which ensure community participation, control,
empowerment and community decision-making. While most manuals mostly targeted practitioners, this paper advocates the development of manuals which target communities so that they can initiate, manage and run productive CBT projects.

I was one of the research leaders of the Ateneo Cultural Laboratory 2009 in Tayabas, Quezon Province, Philippines. Funded by Fundacion Santiago, the project has released a report offering a comprehensive documentation, analysis, and policy proposals regarding the various aspects of the cultural heritage of Tayabas. This chapter specifically deals with the town's religious rituals which showcase how Catholicism, while deeply embedded in everyday life, also manifests elements that may be pre-Hispanic in character. The paper ends by emphasising a community-based approach to the preservation of these fascinating religious rituals. The report is now in the hands of Fundacion Santiago and the Local Government of Tayabas, both of which are committed to cultural heritage management.

The Fresh From The Field Manual presents our team's first-hand experiences, tools and lessons learned between 2014 and 2017, implementing the NTF III Myanmar: Inclusive Tourism Project focusing on Kayah State.

Overall, the NTF III aimed to contribute to poverty alleviation and to enhance the trade competitiveness of the tourism sector in Kayah State, Myanmar. The project built the capacity of actors along Myanmar-Europe tourism supply chains: to offer higher quality products and services to international tourists seeking authentic, local, cultural experiences.

One focus of the NTF III project was to develop and market cultural tourism experiences in Pan Pet (ethnic Kayan), Hta Nee La Leh and Daw Ta Ma Gyi (ethnic Kayah) and Htay Khu (ethnic Kayaw) communities. ITC’s team of national and international experts built on two decades of consistent work by organisations including CBI, ECEAT, ITC, CBT-I Thailand and other regional initiatives.

The project highlight is that strategic actions were taken at each step along EU tourism supply chains: through local communities and SMEs, ground handlers, Destination Management Companies (DMCs), tourism associations and international tour operators to develop and market CBT.

Results of this work so far include 20 new cultural tours; over 30 new business partnerships between Kayah ground handlers and Yangon destination management companies (DMCs); and direct employment and income for over 100 actively participating community members, offering cultural tourism services. The project team built capacity and confidence in skills such as tour operation, tour guiding, book-keeping, communication and food hygiene.

By the end of the project, Kayah state had achieved an 140% increase in visitors and an increased visitor spend of almost 400%. Between 2016 and 2017, domestic arrivals to Kayah increased from 16,994 to 33,492. International arrivals increased from 6374 to 8975. In 2017, 1,009 international tourists used CBT services in Hta Nee La Leh Kayah community, earning 6,330,300 ks, which is apr. $5000 USD. 1,343 international tourists used CBT services in Pan Pet, Kayan community, earning 7,589,000 Ks, which is apr. $6500 USD. Both communities successfully collected 10% of income in community funds, which have been saved in the bank.

Currently, partnerships between these local communities and tour operators in Loikaw and Yangon are running effectively, with CBT products being promoted for the 2018/2019 season.

In the context of archaeological practise of Bangladesh, to prove the essentiality of architectural conservation for archaeology and archaeologist is the ultimate notion of this paper. For this purpose, architectural conservation of Ahsan Manzil, Dhaka, Bangladesh has been examined in this paper. Methodologically visual and scientific parameters like whirling hygrometer, protemeter survey master and chemical analysis used to measure humidity, dampness and salinity. Different aspects of biodeterioration including identifications of biological agents and their control in Ahsan Manzil Museum were investigated in the environmental perspective of Bangladesh. This paper examined that the authenticity of Conservation Work of Ahsan Manzil and to revel the Architectural Conservation in the view of Archaeology.

This paper attempts to probe the scope of heritage tourism in India, which can help in shaping our society. Heritage Tourism is considered as one sector that shall propel growth, contribute foreign exchange, enhance employability and result in community development. The most important dimension of heritage tourism is the cultural exchange among various nationalities that visit the country and the cross cultural interface that shall pave way for universal peace and harmony. As on one hand tourism is seen as an economic option and on the other side the greater social and human effect. There is vast scope heritage tourism in India. The government should encourage private enterprises to promote heritage tourism in various less popular areas. For developing heritage tourism in such areas, we need to understand the environment, demography, socio culture, economic and political background of any place for making it an attractive tourist spot. To develop a strategic marketing plan for tourism we have to understand the target customer their needs and wants and how to match it with our heritage tourist spots' infrastructure.

Singapore and Hong Kong share many similarities. Both are former British colonies. Both experienced exponential economic growth after World War II. Invariably, both cities share a common development path, providing welfare programmes aimed at training and supporting a high-quality labour force as a strategy to develop the economy. These include public housing provision, job creation and universal education. Visual measures of success such as high-rise towers in business districts, high-speed infrastructure and high-density housing estates attest to the governments’ effort in providing the means for its citizens to make a living, and also constantly improving their living standards.

While business districts and infrastructure networks are constantly renewed to meet economic demands, ageing New Towns face a quagmire between redevelopment and retention. On one hand, redevelopment revitalises ageing estates, providing a more pleasant living environment for residents. On the other hand, a well-established estate contains strong community bonds many associate with a sense of belonging and nostalgic recollections of the “good old days”.

In recent years, both government bodies and community groups in Hong Kong and Singapore had attempted to capture the living heritage of first generation New Towns through housing galleries and community museums. Although they build narratives upon similar institutional history, I argue that different parties construct specific heritage narratives to reflect their current concerns. By drawing upon participatory research in two public housing estates in Hong Kong and Singapore, namely Shek Kip Mei and Queenstown, I posit heritage interpretation has become an effective tool not just for education, but also in achieving current economic and social objectives which ultimately informs the future development of public housing and New Towns.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pantai dengan pendekatan pengembangan Desa Wisata Nelayan (DEWIYAN) merupakan salah satu pilihan yang mampu memberikan efek pengganda besar terhadap masyarakat.  Selain itu, Desa wisata dapat mendongkrak kehidupan sosial ekonomi masyarakat melalui peciptaan lapangan kerja baru, peningkatan peran serta perempuan, pelestarian sumberdaya alam dan budaya.

Compared to most Asian and European cities, Singapore has a relatively short history. It traces its beginning to 1819 when the British East India Company, represented by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, established its first port at the tip of the Malaya peninsula, thereby breaking the trade hegemony held by the Dutch in the peninsula since the early-18 th century. The small port established at the mouth of Singapore River developed into a well-known British trading port and colony in the 1900s. It subsequently became an independent state in 1965 and still remains till today, a key shipping node and business hub. Yet in an endless race to keep abreast with the development of other international cities, the Central Business District (CBD) along the mouth of Singapore River and the Telok Ayer basin had underwent rounds of development which not only replaced vernacular buildings in preference for contemporary buildings throughout different periods but had also reshaped our landscape through hill levelling and land reclamation. The original shoreline had been extended thrice, once during the colonial period and twice after Singapore's independence. This created new strips of the land which were developed to fulfil the changing aspirations of the island, first as a striving mercantile port in the late 19 th and 20 th century, then a booming financial centre during the rapid economic boom of the 1960s – 70s and now a showcase of gleaming skyscrapers, rejuvenated colonial buildings and immaculate landscaping along a promenade waterfront that had been dammed up to form Singapore's largest freshwater reservoir. Vestiges of the different time periods could still be found within pockets in the CBD, yet its original urban context could no longer be discerned. Most surviving historic shophouses which were previously associated with cramped living conditions and traditional trades had been preserved and adapted as SOHO offices and upmarket eateries that bear no traces of its original function and living conditions. Utilising the concept of narrativity in describing urban environments, such a setting shows a low level of narrativity. The concept of narrativity will be used in this essay to set out the objectives of the proposed Beacons Heritage Trail to trace the evolution of Singapore's CBD over the last two centuries. By juxtaposing the narrative of shifting coastlines in Singapore's city centre against architectural pieces representing the epochs of its development, the trail will provide an overarching narrative to contextualise the wide range of buildings found within walking distance. The essay will also attempt to show how the creation of heritage trails should not be seen as an isolated effort in understanding the

Accessible Heritage project was a regional programme led by Museum Services in partnership with RNIB. It was designed to allow people with sight loss to gain hands-on access to different aspects of the borough’s past, and highlight how they experience history in these places. After visiting 12 heritage sites across the borough, the RNIB group worked in partnership with Glenshane Care Association to produce an heritage guide which is aimed at increasing accessibility to the heritage of the Causeway Coast and Glens and allowing people with additional needs and young families to make informed decisions about their visits. The RNIB participants also contributed to the accessibility report produced by Glenshane Care Association.

Hardcopies of the Accessible Heritage Guide are free and can be picked up from Visitor Information Centres across the Borough, or by contacting Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council Museum Services.

https://niarchive.org/projectitems/accessible-heritage-rnib/

RESUMEN Los adversos efectos socioeconómicos, psicológicos y ambientales del turismo convencional, o de masas, provocaron la aparición de nuevas formas de turismo como el turismo comunitario. Esta forma de turismo presenta características prometedoras y alternativas como el empoderamiento de la comunidad y la sensibilidad medioambiental que podrían aplicarse a los sistemas de clasificación (rating/grading) turísticos. Este artículo presenta un nuevo e innovador sistema de clasificación turística inspirado por estos principios del turismo comunitario. El artículo se basa en trabajos previos de los autores y en ideas provenientes de la literatura especializada y su contribución principal es una propuesta de modelo de clasificación turística que, inspirada en el turismo comunitario, incorpora aspectos como la equidad, la educación, el empoderamiento, el carácter endógeno y la sensibilidad ambiental como pilares y criterios para la clasificación turística. La aplicación de este sistema de clasificación requeriría de incentivos oficiales ya que la mayor parte de estos sistemas son de carácter voluntario. ABSTRACT The adverse socioeconomic , psychological and environmental impacts of conventional/mass tourism prompted the emergence of new forms of tourism such as community-based tourism. This form of tourism manifests promising and progressive characteristics such as community empowerment and care for the environment with potential of these characteristics to be harnessed for rating/grading of facilities. This article presents a novel and innovative rating/grading system which leverages these CBT principles. The article is based on previous work and insights on grading systems from the extant literature. The major contribution of this article is the E-based model of facility classification system. The proposed classification system incorporates aspects such as Equity; Education; Empowerment; Endogenous; and the Environment as pillars/criteria for grading facilities. The operationalisation of this grading system has policy implications in that it requires incentives from the government given that most grading systems are voluntary. PALABRAS CLAVE sistemas de clasificación turística | turismo comunitario KEYWORDS classification | grading | rating system | community-based tourism

The authors of the articles in this, the first publication to examine the impact of cultural heritage on its socio-economic environment in Central Europe, seek answers to these very questions. The book features a cross-sectional analysis of the theoretical potential of heritage, along with nine case studies. The subjects of these studies are historic sites (historic city centres, castles, manorial complexes, a factory, a mill, a barracks, and a parish hall) in Belarus, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Serbia and Slovakia, as well as one example of intangible heritage – classical music festivals staged in Czechia. Some of them are presentations of exemplary projects by local authorities or private investors in the field of leveraging heritage for local development, but there are also negative examples showing wasted opportunities.

This abstract is based on the work of a Master's Thesis in Tourism and forth coming article (2016) on Ireland's The Gathering 2013 diaspora tourism initiative and its impacts on local communities, particularly with relevance to pre-existing diaspora connections and alterations to local heritage and tourism production. On this point, diaspora tourism refers to practices in which members of a diasporic group, that are separated geographically from their homelands but acknowledge, either real or imagined, common bonds of ethnicity, heritage, and identity return to their ancestral homelands in search of personal cultural heritage (Coles & Timothy, 2004; Wagner, 2008). Pertinent is the sentiment that globalisation has weakened the control of nation states over the identity of its population, encouraging a conference of identities amongst local and diasporic populations. The spaces occupied by returning diaspora members interplay between tourist and local, a notion which commands research to investigate policies which draws groups to their ancestral homelands. As diaspora connection is grounded and sustained on principles pertaining to natural conceptions, it is argued that the relation between the government and locals, and therefore the power dynamic within, directly influence the production of Irishness intended for diaspora consumption. Tourism initiatives will rarely demonstrate apolitical arrangements and quite often will be laden with political, historical and economic narratives (Sharpley & Telfer, 2015). Attempts to integrate top down image creation of culture and heritage in the staging of nationalistic events is met with reprisal at local levels. This is in part due to two primary conflicts of interests with local communities; policy restricting cultural freedoms and policy encouraging monetary gain at the expense of social sustainability. This turn of focus towards the homeland is intended to elucidate diaspora tourism research with a greater consideration for impacts felt locally.

L'article discute des enjeux de préservation et de valorisation touristique des sites d'art rupestre du massif de l'uKhahlamba–Drakensberg, Afrique du Sud. A la frontière avec le Lesotho, ce massif présente la particularité d'être inscrit depuis 2000 au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO en tant que bien mixte, pour ses richesses à la fois environnementales et culturelles, avec plus de 600 sites d'art rupestre aujourd'hui recensés. Pour autant, un important décalage s'observe entre la forte valeur patrimoniale attribuée aux sites d'art rupestre et leur peu d'attractivité sur le plan touristique, le Drakensberg restant une destination connue pour ses activités de pleine nature. Cette absence de lisibilité touristique des sites d'art rupestre se traduit par un manque d'appropriation de la part des acteurs territoriaux des enjeux associés aux sites d'art rupestre, avec, en arrière plan, la question de la préservation des peintures. L'article analyse dès lors les facteurs explicatifs de la faible fréquentation touristique des sites d'art rupestre, avec comme objectif d'impulser un tourisme durable, à même de garantir la préservation des sites ornés tout en permettant aux populations locales de « vivre avec le patrimoine mondial ». Mots clés : art rupestre, patrimoine culturel, tourisme durable, jeux d'acteurs, massif du Drakensberg, Afrique du Sud Introduction « Vivre avec le patrimoine mondial » pose la question du « vivre-ensemble » et de l'articulation entre les populations résidentes et les mesures de protection des sites inscrits au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Le développement touristique est l'une des voies de conciliation possible : les retombées économiques liées à la fréquentation touristique des sites UNESCO permettent à la fois d'associer les populations locales et de favoriser le « vivre-ensemble », tout en générant des revenus à même de financer la protection et l'entretien des sites en question. A contrario, l'absence d'une fréquentation touristique suffisante peut se révéler être préjudiciable en terme d'appropriation des enjeux de préservation et de valorisation par les acteurs locaux, voire conduire à une remise en question de la préservation des sites UNESCO. La présente étude de cas sur les sites d'art rupestre du Drakensberg revient précisément sur ces logiques interactives entre les enjeux de préservation et de valorisation touristique. Depuis 2000, le massif sud-africain de l'uKhahlamba-Drakensberg est inscrit au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO en tant que bien mixte, statut par ailleurs confirmé avec la récente extension de juillet 2013 incluant le parc national de Sehlabathebe, versant Lesotho. Haut-lieu de la biodiversité, cet espace montagnard abrite également plus de 600 sites d'art rupestre, considérés comme les plus beaux du sud de l'Afrique (Lewis-Williams, 2003).

Launched in May 2016 on the izi.TRAVEL platform, the participatory project #iziTRAVELSicilia has been recognized as a best practice of digital promotion and valorisation through storytelling and participatory processes. Involving thousands of people, in just over two years over 170 audioguides have been produced. #iziTRAVELSicilia has become a real model of participation in the co-creation of cultural values, by practicing the principles set out by the Faro Convention, so revealing a serious impact on civil society made by this platform and its technologies. This project was soon transformed into a participatory process, involving just all the “heritage communities” cited by the Faro Convention and transforming them into smart heritage communities, from regional and local authorities to schools, without distinction of greatness and importance of heritage, but with the common aim of enhancing it.

Durante los últimos tres decenios el turismo patrimonial
ha experimentado un notable auge, el cual ha sido acompañado
por la aparición de unos campos temáticos y de unas líneas de
análisis similares, de manera que en el debate académico se ha
consolidado  también  el  turismo  patrimonial  como  tópico.  El
pre sente  artículo  ofrece  un  caso  aún  no  cumplido  o  anómalo
de conversión en turismo patrimonial: las ex haciendas de la región  de  Xalapa,  Veracruz.  La  discusión  de  este  caso  ayuda  a
repensar y a reabrir las asunciones implícitas de este tópico del
turismo patrimonial, de manera que se presentan otras formas
de visita y relación con estos enclaves turísticos situados en la
región estudiada