Criminal Justice System

As ciências criminais - criminologia, direito penal e política criminal - têm assumido distintas configurações desde a proposta de Franz von Liszt no início do séc. XX. O direito penal já foi a principal ciência que contava com o auxílio de ciências assessórias. Mais adiante, transformou-se no instrumento jurídico da política-criminal. Atualmente, existe a tendência a ver as disciplinas numa condição de igualdade com autonomia científica. As qualidades científicas próprias da criminologia e do direito penal constam insuficientemente sublinhadas, impedindo o melhor funcionamento complementar no entendimento e no tratamento do fenômeno desviante. O presente estudo busca descrever quatro diferenças essenciais entre a criminologia e o direito penal.

After the 1990s and the change of the political and economic system from a
communist system into a pluralist democracy and market economy, criminal
policy in Albania has gone through substantial changes both in its leadership,
ideology and content. As in all countries emerging from communist systems,
the forms of criminality have changed in Albania, following very quickly the
features of Western European criminality, but keeping part of the domestic
culture and tradition. Prevention and fight against criminality urged for the
approval of new laws and procedures. In that context, the criminal justice
system, built on the principles of the state of the proletariat’s dictatorship,
started to make its baby steps towards an independent, effective, efficient, and
professional system, based on the principles of the rights and fundamental
freedoms of the individual, and harmonized with the criminal justice systems
of the European Union, but preserving its specificity.
Criminal law evolved during this period, establishing the appropriate legal
basis for international cooperation in criminal matters, such as the fight
against organized crime. The special part of the penal code also became subject to substantial changes, criminalizing several offences, not known in the
past.
The penal code and the penal proceedings code existing before the approval of the Constitution of Albania (1998) were amended several times, mostly due to the need of harmonization with Conventions ratified by the Albanian Assembly. Thus, my analysis of criminal policy in Albania is focused on the impact of the models taken from Western countries and the transposition of recommendations deriving from international conventions and recommendations. This paper shows that, frequently, these changes took some time and were not based on scientific studies on crime in Albania. It also shows that criminal justice replied to the increase of crime by imposing a very harsh criminal system, consisting mainly in sentencing offenders to imprisonment and criminalizing new behaviors, but did not always lead to an
efficient criminal policy against the new types of crime.
In this paper, I argue that the reform of the criminal policy and the criminal justice system at large in Albania should be based on scientific and independent studies conducted by senior researchers with virtuous professional integrity, and provided with an appropriate financial support, and that national experts must participate in international scientific research.

Підтримано позицію науковців, що метою кримінального судочинства слід вважати забезпечення прав, свобод та законних інтересів осіб, які приймають участь у кримінальному провадженні або залучені до нього. Ця мета у діяльності, зокрема слідчого, визначає характер його діяльності, а свій вияв знаходить через всебічне, повне та об’єктивне встановлення ним обставин справи.

This paper analyzes recent developments in the outsourcing of prison contracts to highlight the relationship between oversight and legitimacy.  When the government outsources an inherently governmental function (IGF) or a function closely associated with an IGF, oversight and monitoring of the contractor becomes central to maintaining the direction of the contractor and control over government policy.  Developing greater methods of oversight and monitoring of government contractors will help overcome the informational asymmetries that arise between contractors performing such functions and the government.  Private prisons are but one example of how weak oversight can undermine the legitimacy of the government's decision to outsource a closely-associated function.

Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After you click the link, it's the first one in the queue; fast-forward to 15:00:  https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10

Section 77 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 sets out the orders that a court can make after finding an accused unfit to stand trial on account of his mental illness or intellectual disability. All the orders result in detention of the unfit accused in prison or a psychiatric institution (depending on the nature of the charges against the accused) in terms of the Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002. The court could not consider the treatability of the accused’s condition or any individual circumstances of the accused before ordering such detention. Section 77 was recently amended by the Criminal Procedure Amendment Act 4 of 2017. The Amendment Act resulted from the Constitutional court’s judgment in De Vos NO v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development 2015 (2) SACR 217 (CC) where the court found, inter alia, that such limited orders deprive the court of its discretion to craft an order that is suitable for the particular unfit accused. The court ruled on the constitut...

Les croisements entre la criminologie et la sociologie politique sont fréquents, plusieurs ouvrages et articles s’étant effectivement affairés à mettre en lumière les liens entre les pratiques de gestion de la criminalité et la distribution inégalitaire du pouvoir dans une société donnée. Pensons entre autres aux travaux fondateurs de Donald Black et Hubert Blalock, en passant par les études récentes de la politologue Marie Gottschalk et les ethnographies d’Alice Goffman et Victor Rios. Ayant lui-même assisté à de nombreux procès à la cour d’assises de Paris, le philosophe Geoffroy de Lagasnerie propose dans Juger. L’État pénal face à la sociologie une sociologie critique de l’État, en étudiant attentivement ses mécanismes judiciaires et pénaux. Son analyse prend pour point de départ l’idée d’une « différence entre les logiques juridiques et les logiques réellement à l’œuvre dans le monde social » (p. 29), cette différence entre le fonctionnement du monde social et celui du monde juridique permettant d’expliquer, selon lui, un certain nombre de tensions analytiques et politiques entre les deux, tout en ouvrant la voie à une contestation du «traitement étatique de la réalité » (p. 32).

This paper aims to build on and contribute to earlier studies on use of force by the police, and examines both officer and suspect force levels during altercations. Prior attempts to study non-lethal force have only recently begun to examine the multiple levels of force that may be used within a single encounter, advocating the use of a “force factor” approach. This study examines 4,303 “use of force” reports from the two agencies in Florida for a five-year period. Similar to prior studies which utilized data gathered by observation, this current study finds that law enforcement officers are operating at a force deficit; officer levels of force are consistently less than suspect resistance levels. Data examined through police reports have certain inherent limitations, including the bias of the reporting officer. Analyses of these reports make it impossible for researchers to determine the length of each portion of a conflict. While verbal commands, threats, handcuffing, and takedowns may be important forces to review, they are not well represented in the data collected.These findings have critical implications for law enforcement by continuing to examine conflicts where police force is utilized, showing the importance of officers to be prepared to use decisive force at the point where verbal techniques and force de-escalation have failed. This paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it continues to expand the scholarly review of police use of force, utilizing existing force continua to analyze the data, and taking into account levels of suspect resistance.

Abstract
In the United States and in Western Europe there is a big number of investigations  which  focus  on  the  way  in  which  the  criminal  system  punishes women accused of murder. Although with nuances, these works underline that,  generally  speaking,  the  judiciary  shows  a  paternalist  attitude  toward women. In Latin America, the investigations on punishment of women are certainly scarcer. This article aims to be a contribution to this field of study by offering an analysis about Argentina. In the first place, we will present a brief bibliographic review in order to systematize the most relevant investigations (and hypotheses) on the way in which the judiciary punishes women accused of these crimes, paying special attention to those works produced in Latin America and the Caribbean. Secondly, we will employ the most recent penitentiary  census  to  analyse  and  compare  the  punishments  set  both  for women and men condemned for murder in Argentina. This will enable us to investigate whether the defendant’s gender biases the punishments set by judges, the way in which this occurs and, therefore, if the paternalist hypothesis can be useful for contexts like the Argentinean one

Resumen
Estados Unidos y Europa occidental concentran un gran volumen de investigaciones sobre la forma en que el sistema penal castiga mujeres acusadas de asesinato. Aunque con matices, estos trabajos sostienen que, en líneas generales, el sistema de justicia muestra un trato paternalista hacia las mujeres. Por su parte, en Latinoamérica, las investigaciones sobre la penalización de mujeres imputadas por asesinato son ciertamente más escasas. El presente trabajo se propone como una contribución a este campo de estudios ofreciendo un análisis sobre Argentina. En primer lugar, presentaremos una breve revisión bibliográfica que permita sistematizar las investigaciones (e hipótesis) más relevantes sobre la forma en que la administración de justicia castiga mujeres acusadas de estos crímenes, prestando particular atención a las producciones para Latinoamérica y el Caribe. En segundo término, sirviéndonos de la información del último censo penitenciario del país, analizaremos y compararemos las penas fijadas para mujeres y varones condenados por asesinato en la República Argentina. Esto nos permitirá investigar si el género del acusado por estos crímenes influye en las condenas impuestas por los jueces, de qué modo lo hace y, por lo tanto, si la hipótesis paternalista puede ser útil para dar cuenta de contextos como el argentino.

In this paper, I interrogate Christian interpretations of punishment through atonement theories from the early church in the West and turn to the Eastern concept of theosis as a possible correction to retributive punitive philosophies. This larger discussion frames a narrower conversation on the continuities and discontinuities of systems of sacrifice from slavery to our modern prison industrial complex. More trenchantly, I examine the relationship between the cross and carcerality through Jesus' proximity to criminality. I argue that by entering into history through a criminalized body, Jesus' life, ministry and death demonstrates his proximity to and solidarity with those who are criminalized - including the first Christian community who had a 'criminal element,' Jesus' ministerial purpose to "set the captives free," his instructions for discipleship to visit the 'least of these' who are imprisoned, to extending reconciliation to a 'penitent thief' and being surveilled and persecuted by a State sanctioned execution. In the end, by tracing a kind of christological three-day event of criminality, I argue that Jesus died a criminal but did not wake up one. On the cross Jesus transcends criminality through the resurrection, which gives hope for liberation over and against carceral systems of sacrifice.

O presente artigo analisa as denúncias oferecidas pelo Ministério Público do Paraná, nos casos de feminicídio, com o objetivo de demonstrar qual tem sido a contribuição desse órgão para diminuição dessa violência máxima contra a mulher. Com base nas teorias
feministas descoloniais, identifica uma “denúncia padrão” pretensamente objetiva, que acaba por silenciar as vozes das vítimas
mais vulneráveis a esse crime. Para recuperar essas vozes, retrata como as ausências verificadas nessa peça acusatória dissimulam o racismo e o machismo estrutural que fazem das mulheres negras as vítimas preferenciais do feminicídio e dos homens negros os principais encarcerados por esse delito.

This is my syllabus for the introductory class at Cornell University on the criminal justice system. I rewrote it substantially for S 2021 to allow a great deal more discussion of the historic and current role of policing in America, and to broaden the discussion of the reform/abolition debates.

Informal institutions have profound effect on policy outcomes. Findings show that the tendency to focus on formal rules and institutions is insufficient for understanding the real incentives and constraints that underpin social and economic decisions. Understanding informal institutions becomes more compelling in case of Nigeria, where the informal sector accounts for as much as 57.9% of the GDP.
This paper investigates sources of conflict in wet markets and how wet markets as a critical component of the informal sector in Nigeria utilize informal structures, mechanisms and processes for internal governance, especially conflict resolution outside the formal courtroom and legal channels. These institutions and their codes are based on mostly unwritten codes of conduct whose enforcement relies heavily on fiduciary relationships, networks, enlightened self-interest and other mutual reinforcing mechanisms of responsibility.
The paper finds that there are established systems of rules and decision making processes inwet markets that have evolved from traditional socio-cultural codes and practices and these indigenous governance structures have great impact on enterprise and entrepreneurship in wet markets in Nigeria.

The severity, certainty and celerity (swiftness) of punishment are theorised to influence offending through deterrence. Yet celerity is only occasionally included in empirical studies of criminal activity and the three deterrence factors have rarely been analysed in one empirical model. We address this gap with an analysis using unique panel data of recorded theft, burglary and violence against the person for 41 Police Force Areas in England and Wales using variables that capture these three theorised factors of deterrence. Police detection reduces subsequent burglary and theft but not violence while severity appears to reduce burglary but not theft or violent crime. We find that variation in the celerity of sanction has a significant impact on theft offences but not on burglary or violence offences. Increased average prison sentences reduce burglary only. We account for these results in terms of data challenges and the likely different motivations underlying violent and acquisitive crime.

This paper describes, evaluates and reflects upon the design and conduct of an empirical inquiry into a guest speaker series entitled Careers in Criminal Justice (CCJS) and considers its significance for my professional practice. The objective is to investigate the impact guest speakers have on student learning and knowledge of career options. There is very little published about guest speakers in the classroom and in the criminal justice environment (Payne et al, 2003), perhaps a reflection of the aversion of academics to integrate this technique into the criminal justice curriculum, preferring instead an ad hoc approach and reliance on traditional teaching methods (Sims, 2006).

This report aims to illustrate the effects of excessive and uncontrolled publicity of criminal cases on basic human rights, such as fair trial, the presumption of innocence, and the right to private life, and to explore ways in which the latter could be balanced against the freedom of speech and the right to information. The examination of twelve criminal cases in four different EU Member States has shed light on various patterns and common malpractices of. media practitioners and public authorities. International non-legal instruments providing recommendations and guidance on communicating information about criminal proceedings to the public include standards that address two main audiences: 1) public authorities such as law enforcement agencies and judicial practitioners, and 2) media practitioners and journalists. The selected criminal cases are analysed in the context of the recommended standards for communicating information on ongoing criminal cases with the aim to demonstrate gross and widespread misconducts or negligence in relation to the presumption of innocence.

Twelve percent people of London are black. Sounds unfair, but reality, the law enforcement agencies are more likely to proceed against the black men for the crimes committed in any area of London e.g. Stephen Lawrence case. Survey says the BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) groups are disproportionately being targeted by the police. The period of their imprisonment is generally longer than the white people stays in the custody. These racial disparities in the criminal justice system raise a question mark on the whole justice procedure. Whenever there are disparities in the system because of racism, it is creating impediment to the whole structure of the justice process. Thus, this article intends to critically explore how racism causes prejudice to a particular group in the criminal justice system of the UK.

Straipsnyje analizuojama įvykių registracijos tvarka Lietuvos teisėsaugos institucijose. Vadovaujantis įvykių registraciją reglamentuojančiais teisiniais aktais, gauta informacija apie nusikaltimą ar teisės pažeidimą turi būti užregistruota teisėsaugos struktūros atitinkamame popieriniame žurnale. Įvykiui turi būti suteiktas registracijos eilės numeris, žurnale surašomos pagrindinės įvykio charakteristikos. Priėmus procesinį sprendimą, pasikeičia tiriamo įvykio statusas. Jis turi būti užregistruotas kitame žurnale kaip kitos rūšies įvykis. Perdavus įvykį tirti kitai teisėsaugos institucijai, ji tyrimo medžiagą taip pat privalo užregistruoti. Dėl to vienas įvykis yra registruojamas keletą kartų, jam suteikiamas vis kitas numeris, perrašinėjama ta pati įvykį charakterizuojanti informacija – pareiškėjo, nukentėjusiojo duomenys, trumpas įvykio aprašymas, vieta, data, laikas ir t.t. Teisėsaugos padaliniai, naudojantys kompiuterius, įvykių informaciją perrašinėja dar ir į magnetines laikmenas, nes įvykių registraciją reglamentuojantys norminiai aktai nenumato galimybės atsisakyti popierinių registracijos žurnalų. Taip teisėsaugos struktūrose dirba daug registratorių, kurie didelę darbo dalį skiria informacijos perrašinėjimui. Straipsnyje siūloma sukurti naują, visoms teisėsaugos institucijoms vienodą tiriamų įvykių registracijos sistemą: įvykiui, užregistruotam bet kurioje struktūroje, kitas numeris ne-būtų suteikiamas. Šioje sistemoje siūloma naudoti kompiuterines technologijas – informacijos nebereikėtų perrašinėti. Straipsnyje aptariami galimi perėjimo prie naujos įvykių registracijos sistemos etapai. Pateikiamas konkretus vienodos įvykių numeracijos modelis. Siūloma pa-rengti naujus suvienodintą įvykių registraciją reglamentuojančius norminius dokumentus ir suteikti juridinį statusą kompiuterinėse laikmenose esančiai informacijai. Plėtojantis informacinėms technologijoms, Straipsnyje analizuojama įvykių registracijos tvarka Lietuvos teisėsaugos institucijose. Vadovaujantis įvykių registraciją reglamentuojančiais teisiniais aktais, gauta informacija apie nusikaltimą ar teisės pažeidimą turi būti užregistruota teisėsaugos struktūros atitinkamame popieriniame žurnale. Įvykiui turi būti suteiktas registracijos eilės numeris, žurnale surašomos pagrindinės įvykio charakteristikos. Priėmus procesinį sprendimą, pasikeičia tiriamo įvykio statusas. Jis turi būti užregistruotas kitame žurnale kaip kitos rūšies įvykis. Perdavus įvykį tirti kitai teisėsaugos institucijai, ji tyrimo medžiagą taip pat privalo užregistruoti. Dėl to vienas įvykis yra registruojamas keletą kartų, jam suteikiamas vis kitas numeris, perrašinėjama ta pati įvykį charakterizuojanti informacija – pareiškėjo, nukentėjusiojo duomenys, trumpas įvykio aprašymas, vieta, data, laikas ir t.t. Teisėsaugos padaliniai, naudojantys kompiuterius, įvykių informaciją perrašinėja dar ir į magnetines laikmenas, nes įvykių registraciją reglamentuojantys norminiai aktai nenumato galimybės atsisakyti popierinių registracijos žurnalų. Taip teisėsaugos struktūrose dirba daug registratorių, kurie didelę darbo dalį skiria informacijos perrašinėjimui. Straipsnyje siūloma sukurti naują, visoms teisėsaugos institucijoms vienodą tiriamų įvykių registracijos sistemą: įvykiui, užregistruotam bet kurioje struktūroje, kitas numeris ne-būtų suteikiamas. Šioje sistemoje siūloma naudoti kompiuterines technologijas – informacijos nebereikėtų perrašinėti. Straipsnyje aptariami galimi perėjimo prie naujos įvykių registracijos sistemos etapai. Pateikiamas konkretus vienodos įvykių numeracijos modelis. Siūloma pa-rengti naujus suvienodintą įvykių registraciją reglamentuojančius norminius dokumentus ir suteikti juridinį statusą kompiuterinėse laikmenose esančiai informacijai. SUMMARY: The article analyses the established order of event registration in the judiciary structures of Lithuania. In some cases one event must be registered several times in different journals during investigation. Different numbers must be ascribed to the same event. Characterising information of the event such as the data of the declarant, the place, a short account of the event, the date, the time, etc., must be rewritten several times. The author suggests to create a new system of event registration unified for all the judiciary structures of Lithuania and based on the principle not to ascribe a new numbers if the event has already been registered in any judiciary structure. The author presents a model of unified event numeration. Both the model and the use of computers and new information technologies enable to avoid rewriting the same information. Some legal acts must be changed.

With the advent of a postmodern society that questions the established fabric of 'culture' and attempts to deconstruct conventional gender roles, various pertinent issues have emerged. One of these issues is forcible sexual assault on a woman without her consent, recognized as the offence of rape. It is considered to be one of the most heinous offences which can be committed against the person of an individual and demands urgent attention due to the spike in the rate of its occurrences. In this article, an attempt has been made to formulate a uniform sentencing policy for rape convicts and to analyse the ramifications of allowing out-of-court compromises, between the convict and the victim, upon such a policy. It begins by tracing the extent of sexual violence in India, defining and discussing the offence of rape as provided in the Indian Penal Code. Thereafter it examines how courts have dealt with the question of allowing rape convicts to make compromises with the victims by, for instance, agreeing to marry them and the effects such compromises have on the overall sentence of the offender. It further explores the need for maintain uniformity with regard to the sentencing policy for rape cases in light of the fundamental principles of sentencing laid down by Indian as well as international courts. The article concludes with certain recommendations about the creation and implementation of such a uniform sentencing policy in rape cases.
https://nujssacj.wordpress.com/2018/08/31/developing-a-uniform-sentencing-policy-for-rape-with-special-reference-to-the-issue-of-compromise/

Indictable criminal offences are generally more serious offences that can only be dealt with by higher courts of law because of the higher sentences such courts can impose. 
This article deals discusses which indictable offences in Queensland Courts can or must be dealt with in the Magistrates Court, and in what circumstances. This article concerns criminal law practice and procedure in the Queensland jurisdiction.

In Why Honor Matters, Tamler Sommers argues for reviving honor culture as a means to reduce many of the social ills we face today. A.C. Spivey’s review examines Sommers’s arguments, in particular how a revived honor culture might have an impact on the criminal justice system. Spivey finds several theoretical and practical problems in Sommers’s account, but argues that the book is still worth reading, at least in part, because of the case it makes for restorative justice.

The primary focus of this paper is to assess the impact of the death penalty system on American society. From its origins in the colonial era, to the varying methods used over the period time; coupled with some current statistics of the general demographics within it, to a neutral outlook on the endless debate regarding the matter, this paper attempts to provide a succinct overview of the topic and its entirety.

This paper considers the basis of child marriages in Northern Nigeria. It is an Islamic practice rooted in the interpretation of the Quran. Significantly, the caveat that copulation should be delayed until such girls are mature is often ignored as these child brides are engaged in sex. This paper analyzes the report of a Senator in Nigeria married to a 13-year-old bride. More painfully, he divorced a 15-year-old child bride who already had a child for him. It argues that such young teenagers may not be able to give informed consent to the marriage. In addition, because of their tender years, they are unable to express their sexual autonomy. Against this background, it canvasses that the implications of this practice are multi dimensional, drawing from the Yemen example. It analyzes the provisions of Child Rights Act on child marriages against the background of other jurisdictions. This paper concludes that the practice can be jettisoned highlighting the Egyptian example.

I. General
overview
1. Legal and
political
system
s
2. Historical
brief
3. Brazilian “legal market”
II. Crime
1. Crime classification
Felonies
Misdemeanours
2. Age of
criminal
responsibility
3. Drugs
4. Cyber crime
5. Corruption 6. Organized crime 7. Crime statistics
8.
“Normal crime
” and social order
III. Crime
victims
1. Crime
victim
survey
findings
2. Victim/
witness/
offender
assistance
3. Victim's
roles
4. Victims'
rights
legislation
IV. Legal aid
V.
Criminal procedure and related matters
1. Investigation,
search,
seizure,
detention
2. Pretrial
release/
preventive
detention
3. Legal
rights of
suspects/
accused
4. Pretrial
diversion
5. Case
dismissals
6. Trials
7. Sentence and
penalties
8. Appeals
9. Pro
batio
n
10. Parole
V
I. Police
1. Police militarisation
2. Federal Police 3. National Guard
4. State patrol police
5. State judicial police
6. Municipal guards
7. Police accountability
8. Legal authority 9. Police unions
10. Special
police forces
VI
I. Prosecutors
1. Functions
2. Organisation
3. Rate of conviction
VIII. Defence bar
1. Attorneys
2. Defendants
3. Public defenders and private defence attorneys
IX. Judiciary
1. Court jurisdiction
2. Legal process: case attrition
X. Probation
1. Conditional discharge
XI. Prisons, jails, houses of correction
1. Administration and present conditions
2. Government proposed measures
XII. Juvenile justice
1. Jurisdiction and organization
2. Adult, child, and juvenile crime survey findings
XIII. Indigenous criminal justice system
XIV. Transnational/ international crime and justice
1. Transnational crime and justice contacts
2. Procedures
3. Foreigners in Brazilian prisons
XV. ‘People’s justice’ and society
XVI. Restorative justice
XVII. A technical note on systems of justice
XVIII. Sources
About the author

Monografijoje nagrinėjamas dviejų pagrindinių informacijos šaltinių apie nusikalstamumą – registruoto nusikalstamumo statistikos ir viktimologinių tyrimų (apklausų) duomenų – panaudojimas vertinant nusikalstamumą. Šie du informacijos šaltiniai atskleidžia labai skirtingą nusikalstamumo vaizdą ir vienas kitą papildo. Monografijoje apžvelgiama šių dviejų šaltinių panaudojimo užsienio šalyse patirtis. Sukurtas šių duomenų integravimo (sujungimo) modelis ir jis pritaikytas nusikalstamumui Lietuvoje tirti bei vertinti. Aptariamos nusikalstamumo prevencijos mūsų šalyje problemos ir perspektyvos. Pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos, susijusios su nusikalstamumo Lietuvoje vertinimu ir jo prevencija. Monografija bus naudinga studentams, mokslininkams, praktikams, plačiajai visuomenei – visiems, kas domisi nusikalstamumu Lietuvoje bei jo prevencija.

The Criminal Justice System of Pakistan aims at instituting the principles of rule of law. Critically analyze this statement with reference to Sughran Bibi case.

The point of discussion of this paper is to have a detailed overview of the criminal justice system of Pakistan. It begins with an understanding of the criminal justice system as a general. I would briefly dilate upon several components that constitute and become part and parcel of the criminal justice system of Pakistan; and of course, the objectives of the criminal justice system. Also, this paper penned down the stages of crime. Principles arising out of various case laws related to the administration of justice have been provided. Also, the legal basis of the criminal justice system of Pakistan will be laid down.
This paper will explain the landmark criminal case: Mst. Sughran Bibi v The State (PLD 2018 SC 595). I would not have done justice to the subject-matter of the case in hand had if I not touch the topic of F.I.R as this case has direct relevance to the concept of F.I.R. I would throw light upon the judgment with regard to the rule of law and its impact on the judicial system of Pakistan. Furthermore, it will be discussed how the current system is flawed. In addition to that, this paper will do a comparison between criminal justice of Pakistan with developed states. In the end, it’ll give a hand full of recommendations to reform the criminal justice system of Pakistan. Relevant case laws have been cited.

REFERENCES ARE ATTACHED. TO ACCESS FULL PAPER, CONTACT THE AUTHOR.

The concept of penal populism can be used as an analytical tool to monitor the recent changes in criminal justice and criminal policies in Turkey. This concept expresses in the most general sense that the stance and sensitivity that the public has exhibited regarding the punishment of the criminals is used by policy makers for political purposes and benefits. In Turkey sample it is possible to reveal penal populism with some determinations through examples such as frequently changes of punishment laws, criminal justice area shaped by everyday politics, recent death penalty discussions and violent crimes too frequent in the media. Crime news in the media can be determinant factor on punishments, or on the one hand, death penalty discussions continuing and on the other hand many times during the history of the republic there were many amnesty. Punishments are constantly subject to pressure from society, which is reflected in policy makers in this area but the real question is the demands, expectations and sensitivities of society to the punishments, how being used by politicians. In this study, which is based on penal populism, first point of view is to make a different dimension of the relationship between punishments and society on the Turkish case. In order to fulfill this purpose, a historical comparative method has been adopted. The study here on the one hand is from political sociology and on the other hand sociology of crime and sociology of punishment. It is argued that the main factors that is shaping criminal justice and determining criminal policies can be determined by the penal populism in Turkey. In order to support this claim, firstly the theoretical developments related to penal populism and the reflections of this concept on the developed western democracies will be discussed, and after that will follow by the evidence on criminal justice and criminal policies in Turkey about penal populism.

The report aims to look at the various manifestations of the presumption of innocence in the context of media coverage of criminal cases. It represents a collection of papers by different authors, each highlighting a particular aspect of the topic: from the international legal framework and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights to the disclosure of information in cases of terrorism, cases against politicians and other high-profile cases. By shedding light on different problems related to the implementation of the presumption of innocence, the report intends to draw the attention of policy makers, criminal justice practitioners and the media on the importance of safeguarding the rights of suspects and accused persons in criminal proceedings as a key prerequisite for fair trial.