DENTAL SCIENCES

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus transmission in a dental setting more commonly occurs due to inadequate/improper use of safety measures by the dentist Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of hepatitis infection among the dental student. Methods: This study was conducted among 300 dental professional in Sriganganagar district, Rajasthan. A validated questionnaire regarding the awareness and knowledge about hepatitis infection and their control measures was distributed among the undergraduate dental students of different year of study. The data extracted were analyzed and tabulated Results: Out of 300 questionnaires delivered, 92% of the dental professionals were aware of the fatal issues of hepatitis infection and 85% thinks that the Current Curriculum Makes them Fit To Manage Patients With Hepatitis B .75% of the dental professional were not Vaccinated, which is because of lack of Knowledge (46%) and fear of vaccination (83%). Conclusions: Although a basic knowledge in regards to hepatitis B among the health care providers are available but the rate of dentist who have been vaccine is low. Keeping this in mind, a high priority should be established in providing dental Professionals with copious knowledge as well as training session related to the same.

— " Biomimetics " is the field of science that uses the natural system for synthesizing materials through biomimicry. This method can be widely used in dentistry for regeneration of dental structures and replacement of lost dental tissues. This is a review paper that states its scope, objectives of different types of biomimetic material based on composition, and its further use in dentistry.

Geriatric Dentistry is a branch of dentistry which deals with treating and preventing oral diseases in older patients.
Throughout the world, the numbers of older adults are increasing, and these individuals are retaining more teeth. Older
people have limited regenerative abilities and are more prone to disease, syndromes, and sickness than other adults. This
population has unique changes in their physiology as well as immunity that necessitate alterations in their treatment plans.
They use more medications, many of which can cause problems such as xerostomia and decreased saliva. Thus, aging can
significantly alter the host immune response and inflammatory reaction to bacterial plaque and in different ways than in
younger population. In these older adults, education, nutrition, counseling, regular dental care, and compensatory home
and professional care technique may be required. This review focuses on the change in the tissue that occurs with age and
immunological alterations with age that contribute to the causation and perpetuation of periodontal disease

The effective treatment of generalized periodontitis (GP) is among priorities in modern dentistry, knowing the fact of different proposed approaches and techniques. Also it is well known the connection and influence of GP on development of chronic diseases, that is very important point for health of citizens of every country. According to Biloklytska G. the effective treatment of GP is very actual for citizens of Ukraine, where statistics of disease prevalence shows very high percent of patients involvement. But even knowing this, our patients continue to loose periodontally involved teeth that lead to different consequences: esthetic, phonetic, articulation and occlusion problems, need for expensive prosthodontics. That is also often cannot be solved effectively because of timing and treatment cost in case of big reconstructive treatment. But growing tendency among our patients to treat and to leave natural tooth on place and not to extract it-enforce us to search for more favour and adapted to our patients expectations, treatment approaches, or to modify the classical methodics. Also the situation can be explained with existing situation in Ukraine where periodontology still is not recognized speciality in the country, this fact leads to such consequences as absence of precise postgraduate educational course and specialization, treatment of GP can be provided by each general dentist. Effective treatment of GP in Ukraine should be solved according to the provided and adopted treatment protocols, screening, development of dispensary system. In the review the proposed complex treatment approach will be showed and discussed in patients with moderate and severe GP, clinical occasion will be showed.

Mixed dentition is important to evaluate and intercept developing malocclusion as it otherwise becomes worse and can lead to various consequences. This is the article presenting clinical cases of anterior cross bite, midline diastema, crowding due to supplemental teeth and impacted teeth and correction of these anomalies using segmental fixed orthodontics. It provides an alternative to removable appliances as it offers many advantages.

Aim: To Evaluate the Retromandibular transparotid approach in open reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) for Subcondylar Fracture of Mandible. Objectives: To report on-Maximum Mouth Opening (MMO), Occlusal derangement (OD), Deviation of mandible on mouth opening (DOM), scaring, salivary fistula, and facial nerve weakness (FNW) associated with Retromandibular transparotid Approach in open reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) for Subcondylar Fracture of Mandible. Methodology: The prospective study with sample of 16 subjects fulfilling the stated inclusion and exclusion criteria were subjected to RMTP Approach in open reduction and ORIF for Subcondylar Fracture of Mandible based on Eckelt and Rasse Criteria. The stated objectives were evaluated by comparing maximum mouth opening and scar lengths before and after surgery follow up of 3 months. The other complications are presented in percentages with recovery time in months. Results: RMTP approach was successfully employed in 16 cases. No post-operative incidence of salivary fistula, OD and DOM on mouth opening were noted. Facial nerve weakness was observed in 4 cases during immediate post-operative review. In all the cases the mouth opening significantly increased from 20.06±4.33 mm to 39.88±4.13 mm postoperatively. Post-surgery scaring significantly reduced in 3 months follow-up review. Statistical analysis: paired t tests. Conclusion: The open reduction and internal fixation method of subcondylar fracture with the Retromandibular transparotid approach was found to be an effective and safe technique having a good access, esthetic and functional results with low morbidity.. Facial nerve weakness was found to be transient change which was lost in 3-4 months.

Cervical lymph node enlargement may be an incidental finding on examination in a patient seeking oral health care, or may be associated with a patient's complaint. The condition is generally not a disease by itself; rather, it may be a symptom of one of many possible underlying problems. It may be localized, limited or generalized in location and/ or acute, subacute or chronic in duration. The etiologies for cervical lymphadenopathy fall under a wide range of spectrum and usually history and physical examination alone may lead to diagnosis. But, unexplained cervical lymphadenopathy is a cause of concern for the physician as it could be a manifestation of an underlying malignancy. However, a methodological approach to lymphadenopathy can disclose the accurate diagnosis causing minimal discomfort to the patient and also less time consuming for the physician. This article reviews the common causes of lymphadenopathy and presents a methodical clinical approach to a patient with cervical lymphadenopathy.

The design and materials of a prosthesis affect the loading of dental implants and deformation of the bone. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of prosthesis design and materials on the stress distribution of implant-supported prostheses.A 3-dimensional finite element analysis method was selected to evaluate the stress distribution in the bone. Three different models were designed as follows: a 3-unit implant-supported fixed partial denture (FPD) composed of a metal framework and porcelain veneer with (M2) or without a cantilevered extension (M1) and an FPD composed of a fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) framework and a particulate composite veneer without a cantilevered extension (M3). In separate load cases, 300-N vertical, 150-N oblique, and 60-N horizontal forces were applied to the prostheses in the models. von Mises stress values in the cortical and cancellous bone were calculated.In cortical bone, the highest von Mises stresses were noted in the M2 Model with a vertical load; whereas, higher stresses were observed in the M1 Model with horizontal and oblique loads. The lowest stress values were determined in the M3 Model for all loading conditions. In cancellous bone, decreased stress values were found with all 3 models under the applied loads.Prosthesis design and materials affect the load-transmission mechanism. Although additional experimental and clinical studies are needed, FRC FPDs can be considered a suitable alternative treatment choice for implant-supported prostheses. Within the limitations of the study, the 3-unit FPD supported by 2 implants with a cantilevered extension revealed acceptable stress distributions.

Background/purposes: The beneficial effect (bond strength and longevity) of the addition of different chitosan/antioxidant
hydrogels to dental restoratives was reported. However, it still needs to be verified whether their presence would not
damage the pulp cells. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relative cytotoxic effect of resveratrol,
propolis and β-carotene in relation to their respective chitosan/antioxidant hydrogels on mouse Balb/c mouse 3T3 fibroblast
cells.
Materials and Methods: The mentioned hydrogels were prepared by the dispersion of the corresponding components
in glycerol and acetic acid with the addition of the chitosan polymer. The cell survival rate was determined over a 24hour
period according to the standard MTT assay.
Results and Conclusion: The Kruskal-Wallis Multiple-Comparison Test and Bonferroni test showed significant differences
in the cell survival rates (p<0.05) amongst resveratrol (31%), propolis(64%) and β-carotene (95%):Also amongst
chitosan(114%), chitosan/resveratrol(87%) and resveratrol(31%); chitosan(114%), chitosan/β-carotene(100%) and
β-carotene(95%); chitosan(114%), chitosan/propolis(95%) and propolis(64%). To conclude, this study showed: 1) that
chitosan-H has a positive effect on the cell survival rate of Balb/c mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells and therefore most probably
also on human pulp fibroblast cells, 2) these chitosan hydrogels are safe to be used to improve the bond strength
and longevity of a tooth dental material, and 3) it further proved that chitosan in itself improved the cell survival rate of
various antioxidants. The mean cell survival rate was found to be: resveratrol (31%); propolis (64%); β-carotene (95%),
chitosan+resveratrol (87%), chitosan+propolis (95%), chitosan+ β-carotene (100%) and chitosan (114%).
Keywords: Chitosan Hydrogels; Cytotoxicity; Fibroblast Cells; Bond Strength.

Anthropometric measurements especially facial measurements are important for determining various face shapes. The present study was conducted in department of anatomy, NIMS medical college, Shobha Nagar Jaipur, on 140 adults from Rajasthan region comprising of 70 males and 70 females in different age groups 17-25 & 26-30 and 31-35 years. Two measurements, the morphological facial length, bi-zygomatic breadth were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments. Form the study it was concluded that the facial index in male and female was 88.13 and 85.58 respectively in 17 to 25 years' age group, the mean facial index in male and female is 85.12 and 82.42 respectively in 26 to 30 years' age group, the mean facial index in male and female is 85.28 and 82.21 respectively in age group 31 to 35 years' age group. Data of this study will be useful to anthropologist, plastic surgeons, anatomists and forensic experts.

Although many types of retainers are available, the Hawley retainer and the vacuum-formed retainer are the most commonly used clinical retainers.
Aim: To evaluate and compare the effects of Hawley retainer and vacuum formed retainer on frequency of vowels and consonants over a period of time.
Methodology: 30 subjects were included in this study. The subjects were divided in groups of the Hawley’s retainer (Group 1) and vacuum formed retainer group(group 2).The articulation abilities of subjects were evaluated before and after the initiation of retainer wear.
Results: Articulation of /d/and /t/ is most affected in VFR group while /t/ and /m/ were the most affected by wearing of Hawley’s retainer.
Conclusion: Patients experience articulation problems when wearing retainers initially, but these problems gradually decrease such that on the seventh day of appliance wear, disarticulation problems mostly disappear completely. Both VFR and Hawley’s retainer affected the speech. The /t/ was most affected in both group but Hawley’s retainer affected the most.
Keywords: Hawley retainer, vacuum formed retainer, speech assessment, vowels, consonants

The aim of this study was to compare the micro-shear bond strength of composite resin cured with halogen visible light
and blue light emitting diode curing units. Flat enamel surfaces of 50 segments of teeth were prepared. 50 cylindrical composite
resin specimens were bonded to the prepared teeth segments. Specimens were divided into 5 groups, three groups
were cured for 10, 20 and 40 seconds using blue light emitting diode and 2 groups were cured for 20 and 40 seconds using
halogen light. Specimens were submitted to micro-shear bond test at 1mm / min cross-head speed. Mean micro-shear bond
strengths were analyzed by analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) and Tukey's test at P<0.05. At 40 seconds curing, the
halogen light produced significantly higher bond strength than that of blue light emitting diode. No significant difference
was found between both lights at 20 seconds. There were no significant differences in bond strength ratios between 10 and
20 seconds blue light emitting diode, and 20 seconds halogen light. At 40 seconds, the blue light emitting diode produced
significantly higher bond strength than that of blue light emitting diode at10 and 20 seconds, and halogen light at 20 seconds.
It was concluded that despite the higher micro-shear bond strength of halogen light at 40 seconds, blue light emitting
diode curing unit provided sufficient output to exceed minimum requirements in terms of composites’ micro-shear bond
strength according to ISO 11405, 1994. During incremental application of composite resin, 10 seconds blue light emitting
diode curing time is sufficient to produce acceptable micro-shear bond strength values.
Keywords: Micro-Shear Bond Strength; Enamel; Halogen Light-Curing; LED Light-Curing.

Management of non-vital teeth with open apex is a challenge to dental practitioners. In this scenario, it is difficult to maintain the obturation material within the confines of root canal without encroaching into periapical area. Apexification aims to induce apical closure of the open root apex with hard tissue barrier, against which root filling can be compacted. Also, a thin dentinal wall of canal is matter of concern. Hence, the present case report present the use of MTA to form an apical plug in open apex followed by root canal obturation using thermoplasticized gutta-percha and reinforcement of weekend root with customized fiber post.

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are essential for existence of the entire human race but complications during this period leading to termination have negative impact on the women mentally, physically and emotionally. To prevent this, “Safe Motherhood Initiative” was launched in 1987 but even then India’s maternal and under-5 mortality remained high which can be attributed to lack of knowledge and poor attitude regarding these practices among pregnant women hence this study was done to assess the level of knowledge and attitude about safe motherhood practices among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics.
Methods: A questionnaire based survey was conducted among 374 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at a tertiary hospital in Belagavi for 4 months. Sociodemographic data and details of knowledge and attitude about safe motherhood practices were collected using a predesigned pretested questionnaire. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS.
Results: In this study participants’ mean age was 23.9 years, majority of the participants had completed their middle school (20.3%), almost half of the participants were unemployed (53.7%) and more than half of them (67.1%) during their marriage were aged less than 20 years. 84% of the pregnant women had average knowledge while all of them had positive attitude regarding Safe Motherhood Practices.
Conclusions: The need of the hour is to use the positive attitude to increase the knowledge. These findings can be used to plan Health Awareness and Intervention Programs aiming to increase knowledge of pregnant women towards Safe Motherhood Practices.