DISPARITY

Poverty and illiteracy are the greatest challenges in the process of development. Though India has witnessed tremendous improvement
both in reducing poverty and increasing literacy rate, the inter-district variations and differentials within different population subgroups are
still large. Using the Census of India, 2011 data this paper attempts to understand the inter-district variations in poverty and literacy status
and also differentials of literacy rate among different social sub-groups. The census of India collects the information on seven household assets.
These are used to construct the wealth index as a proxy for consumption poverty using Principal Component Analysis from inter-district variations. The preliminary results show that the inter-district and intra-district variations are large in assets possession.

A research on measuring the distance of an object from an observer using a stereo camera has been carried out. The stages involved include camera calibration, image rectifying, disparity calculation, and three dimensional reconstruction. Distance of an object is determined using the central point of an object in a segemented bounding box. This distance is measured using the Euclidian distance measurement method to figure out the shortest distance from the center of the bounding box to both cameras. Results show that objects located 3 to 6 meters away are properly measured for their distances, with an average error of 4%.

L'exception tunisienne Variations sur un mythe 8 Les mots de la tribu et les maux de la cité Que veut dire Fréchich à Kasserine aujourd'hui ? [2017] 1 D'après le dictionnaire des idées reçues, les tribus auraient cessé « d'exister » en Tunisie. Cet attribut de l'exception tunisienne, comme tous les autres, procède d'un raisonnement à courte vue. L'insurrection de 2011 a mis en évidence la prégnance des particularismes à l'échelle des régions, des bourgades, des villages et des quartiers des grandes agglomérations. À tel point qu'elle a pu susciter des interrogations sur un « réveil des solidarités (açabiyyât) tribales 2 ». Assurément, il n'est plus de tribus, si l'on entend par là une reproduction à l'identique des pratiques et représentations des périodes précoloniale et coloniale. De nos jours, les tribus peuvent se réduire « à des mots et à des histoires 3 ». L'observation vaut tout autant pour la Tunisie où les tribus auraient disparu que pour des pays comme la Libye où elles renaîtraient 4. Ici et là, les tribus sont des « mots » qui en disent beaucoup sur la mobilisation de solidarités où la proximité géographique, la parenté, réelle ou imaginée, et les conditions de vie interfèrent. Signes, référents ou opérateurs d'une appartenance de groupe, elles instruisent sur les modes d'intégration et de domination. Dans cette perspective, je ferai cas de l'emploi des mots de la tribu par une population urbaine tunisienne, lors de l'insurrection : la revendication du nom de Fréchich par les habitants de Kasserine, chef-lieu d'un gouvernorat de la Tunisie centrale. Je m'interrogerai sur ce que les mots de la tribu veulent dire pour leurs locuteurs et sur ce qu'ils peuvent nous dire sur les maux de la cité ; ceux de la ville de Kasserine et plus largement, de la civitas, de la communauté politique tunisienne.

This study determined the level of competencies between male and female students in drafting technology as a subject of Grade 8 in secondary schools in Leyte. It assessed the profile of the students along with their age, grade in drafting technology and family income. It also looked into their attitude and study and work habits towards drafting technology. Likewise, it looked into the level of competencies along the different areas such as: Freehand drawing, lettering, geometric construction, orthographic drawing, pictorial drawing, and commercial Arts. The descriptive survey research method was used in this study. It was conducted in selected public secondary learning institutions in Leyte, Philippines with 345 randomly chosen respondents. Structured questionnaires were administered to generate the needed primary data. Findings revealed that majority of the students were 14-15 years old with satisfactory rating. They belong to families below poverty threshold. Both male and female students were moderately favourable towards drafting technology and exhibited satisfactory study and work habits. Their level of drafting competency was satisfactory having similar levels of competences for both male and female respondents. Inadequate drafting facilities were the top problems met by the students. In conclusion, both male and female students possessed good competency level in drafting technology course, exhibited moderately favourable attitudes and satisfactory in their study and work habits towards drafting technology. The study recommends that students should improve their attitude and study habits. State of the art facilities have to be provided by the administration to upgrade students' knowledge and skills in drafting technology.

Social equity has been recognized globally as an important contributing factor for inclusive growth and has been the focus of programming by many governments. The present study considers the status of social equity in Madhya Pradesh with special reference to health, education and socioeconomic aspects of social development. The policies along with central/state schemes focusing on sectors such as education, health, nutrition, WASH and tribal development have been reviewed. Attention was given to understand the impact of existing policies/schemes and to determine the gaps in the existing system. The paper is organized as follows. In the first phase, the study analyses the status of health, education, nutrition, and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sectors in Madhya Pradesh. Secondly, the global perspective is given in the local context to understand the various factors influencing the outcome indicators. Thirdly, policy prescription and recommendations are provided to confirm that the strategies and policies will be able to address those bottlenecks. These findings could have significant implications for the policies aiming to reduce social disparity and inequalities in the state.

"The modern period witnessed the increased gender disparity reflected in sex-ratio, literacy and education, employment and wage-rates and several other socio-cultural and behavioral indicators of empowerment.(Nangia, 2005) Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenges of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance -Kofi Annan (Personal, Archive, Mahanta, & Nayak, 2013). The present paper examines the extent of gender disparity in Belagavi District based on literacy and sex ratio using secondary data. We found that literacy rate in study area was 76.93 % in 2001 which is increased to 82.90 % in 2011 and sex ratio in the study area was 960 in 2001 which is increased to 973 in 2011. There are wide disparities from Rural to Urban sex ratio as well as Rural to Urban literacy rate. The urban sex ratio is higher than rural sex ratio in study area. The Rural sex ratio is 970 and urban sex ratio is 979 females per thousand males in the 2011. We found that in Belagavi district, there is reduction in gender disparities from 2001 to 2011 but the reduction rate is very slow. Manjunatha N K | Dr. S M Hurakadli""A Discourse on Gender Disparity: A Study on Taluks of Belagavi District"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2437.pdf
Article URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/2437/a-discourse-on-gender-disparity-a-study-on-taluks-of-belagavi-district/manjunatha-n-k"

Agriculture is an economic activity that manifests the
complex relationship between natural and human resources. The
growth of agriculture is prerequisite for overall development of
Indian economy. It contributes significantly to the export
earnings and affects the performance of other sectors of the
economy through forward and backward linkages. The present
paper analysis disparities in agricultural development in Aligarh
district at block level during the period of 2011-12. The analysis
of the study have been carried out by transforming and
combining data related to various variable, (percentage of literate
people to total population, percentage of agricultural workers to
total workers, percentage of net sown area to total geographical
area, fertilizers consumption in kg per hectare, percentage of net
irrigated area to net sown area, percentage of canal irrigation to
the net irrigated area, percentage of tube well irrigation to the net
irrigated area, number of agricultural implements per thousand
hectare, cropping intensity) using Z score to get composite score,
development of blocks have been categorized into three
categories i.e., high, medium and low. The results of the
aforesaid analysis the modern technological inputs have
reciprocal relationship with agricultural development in the study
area.

Since the emergence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the world has struggled to contain it and deal with the increasing number of deaths. There have been reported variations in the incidence, prevalence, and fatality rates. These variations were thought to be multifactorial rather than due solely to unique characteristics or interventions. This work reviews data publicly available regarding COVID-19 and discusses the possible reasons for the regional variabilities of prevalence and mortality.

Background/Objectives: Jammu and Kashmir is one of the northern hill states of India rich in climatic resources and knowledgeable population dividend. The people of the state particularly in rural areas face hardships in terms of healthcare, especially during harsh winter months. The state/central administration has carried out tremendous efforts for creation of better health related services in the region. Thus, the broader objective of the study is to assess and estimate the healthcare infrastructure & healthcare services available in the state. The study also assesses the regional variations in the healthcare facilities in the state. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In order to carry out the present study, the data was obtained from the secondary sources such as Health and family welfare department and department of Economics and Statistics, Government of J&K. The averages, percentages and comparative analysis of data have been made to draw logical inferences. Findings/Results: The results of the study reveal that huge amount of funds are required to establish adequate and requisite healthcare infrastructure in both rural and urban areas. The study further reveals that the state lacks qualified doctors/nurses/para-medical staff and other basic amenities resulting inaccessibility of the healthcare to only 40-50 per cent of the population in the state. Application/Improvements: The study is of great applicability for the betterment of the society in general and the quality of life index of the people of the state in particular. This study can be an eye opener for the policy makers and planners, so that necessary step shall be taken to improve the healthcare and health status of the state especially in the rural areas where hardly any medical amenity is available to them.

Les « outils économiques » avancés par les pays riches pour limiter le déficit écologique planétaire partent du principe du pollueur payeur. Dans un cadre d’augmentation des disparités de revenu, ce principe ne risque-t-il pas de jeter dans l’exclusion écologique un part très importante de la population mondiale ? Je montre par une approche théorique et empirique que, dans le cas de ressources limitées sans substitut, les « outils économiques » sont neutres quant à la diminution de l’utilisation des ressources. Seule une norme permet de réduire la consommation de ressources critiques. Par contre, ils opèrent une redistribution des ressources, des plus pauvres vers les plus riches. Ils sont donc inéquitables. Seule une redistribution raisonnée (« droit inaliénable ») peut assurer la justice environnementale.

Stereo vision is an imaging technique that gives us the 3D view of a image. It is area that deals with reconstruction of depth information from pairs of two dimensional images. Depth information of image is obtained from the Disparity map which is one of the key problems in 3D computer vision. We are finding Disparity map by using color image segmentation and different correlation based matching techniques like Sum of Squared Differences (SSD), Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD), Sum of Hamming Distance (SHD) and Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC). Mean-shift algorithm based segmentation method is applied for segmenting the input images into regions. The obtained experimental results demonstrate that the performance of segment based matching is competitive and the final disparity maps are close to the ground truth data.

This paper investigates the relationship between health policy, equity, and inequality in Nepal. It argues that current inequities in health facilities and outcomes are largely attributable to persistent inequities and biases in the health policy framework. We begin by surveying the complex, multifaceted reality of health facilities disparity in contemporary Nepal and trace these inequalities to exclusionary practices in the policy environment that have persisted in various forms since the inception of an federal state. We then show how these inequities contributed to the civil conflict that engulfed Nepal. Analysis and critique of the most recent policy trends, decentralisation and privatisation, provide insight into the future nexus of health policy and equity in Nepal. We conclude that it is imperative for policymakers to reconceptualise the relationship between health policy, inequality and equity at this critical juncture.

The Millennium Development Goals require all the nations to eradicate gender disparity at all levels of education by year 2015. Pakistan is far from attaining the target even at the school level. This study took a step forward and explored the gender disparity in high school mathematics achievement in the rural and urban areas of the Province of Punjab, Pakistan. The sample for the study consists of 22,824 boys and 23,796 girls from rural schools, and 18,805 boys and 21,905 girls from urban schools. In all, there are 957 rural schools and 596 urban schools. The data is analyzed by using correlation analysis, univariate ANOVA and multiple regression analysis techniques. It is revealed that the boys performed, on average, significantly higher than girls on mathematics achievement. It is also evident that students from urban schools significantly outperformed their counterparts. The effect of gender and school location was found to be independent of each other.

Racism in the criminal justice system is one of the most significant challenges in the United States. The minorities, especially the blacks and Hispanics, have been punitively punished and targeted in a more aggressive approach over similar crimes committed by their white counterparts. Law enforcement's racist approach can largely be blamed for the vile racism in the criminal justice system. Rampant racial profiling is a common approach within the criminal justice system that propagates injustice against minorities. Besides, overt racism occurs through legal setups that are set to impose retrogressive rulings on the minority groups and fail to cater to such people's unique needs. The citizens play a central role in making criminal justice systems anti-racists. The citizens can forge community-oriented policing strategies to ensure the interactions between the racial minorities and the police in their neighbourhoods complies with existing professional guidelines to deter unbiased racial profiling. Another step that can be taken by the citizens is collaborating with law enforcement agencies to explore alternative strategic plans and guidelines that promote the amicable handling of minority offenders and finding viable alternatives to detention and incarceration. Racism in the criminal justice system is a complex problem, but with the adoption of pragmatic approaches and tactics, the vice can be eliminated. One of the primary steps towards achieving such a goal is acknowledging the system's racial disparities' cumulative nature. The paper proposes future studies to focus on leveraging decision points to develop more stringent anti-racism measures in the criminal justice system.

This narrative was born out of a desire to examine the effects of healthcare disparities among minority populations. As a medical student, I had the opportunity to spend a 4-week rotation working with physicians specializing in palliative care during what is arguably the most challenging public health crisis in over a century. This provided a unique perspective that allowed the observation of the intersection of healthcare systems with underserved and vulnerable minority populations, and palliative medicine. It also allowed us to observe the negative consequences it has had, particularly during a hard-hitting global pandemic. The paper gives a brief introduction to the problem of healthcare disparities as described by the WHO and CDC. We discuss some of the statistical data that show how certain demographics like workers in service industries, or meat-packing facilities are more likely to contract the COVID-19 virus, and how these same populations are disproportionately affected by ...

"Women education plays a very important role in the overall growth of the country. It does not only help in the development of half of the human capital but also improves the standard of living. The progress of the nation or region is shown by the level of education and literacy of its population. Education, particularly among women has been considered as one of the major aspects for socio-economic development of the people of a region. Belagavi district is among the rapidly developing districts in Karnataka with respect to socio-economic and agricultural development. According to 2011 census, average literacy rate of Belagavi district (73.48%) is lower than the average literacy rate of Karnataka state (75.60%).(Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2011) This can be attributed to greater regional disparities throughout Belagavi district in literacy. In this paper, we present Provisional Population Totals of census 2001 and 2011 and examine the extent of literacy disparities at the taluk level. Here, we found that literacy rate in the study area was 64.21 % in 2001 which has increased to 73.48% in 2011. We also found that the urban literacy (85.56%) is significantly greater than the rural literacy (69.28%) which is concurrent to the wider gender disparities from the rural to the urban population. Manjunatha N K | S M Hurakadli""Trends and Levels of Female Literacy in Belagavi District"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2392.pdf
Article URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/2392/trends-and-levels-of-female-literacy-in-belagavi-district/manjunatha-n-k"

Turtles (Testudinata) are a diverse group of amniotes that have a rich fossil record that extends back to the Late Triassic, but little is known about global patterns
of disparity through time.We here investigate the cranial disparity of 172 representatives of the turtle lineage and their ancestors grouped into 20 time bins ranging from the Late Triassic until the Recent using two-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Three evolutionary phases are apparent in all three anatomical views investigated. In the first phase, disparity increases gradually from the Late Triassic to the Palaeogene with only a minor perturbation at the K/Textinct event. Although globalwarming may have influenced this increase, we find the Mesozoic fragmentation of Pangaea to be a more plausible factor. Following its maximum, disparity decreases strongly towards the Miocene, only to recover partially towards the Recent. The marked collapse in disparity is likely a result of habitat destruction caused by global drying, combined with the homogenization of global turtle faunas that resulted from increased transcontinental dispersal in the Tertiary. The disparity minimum in the Miocene is likely an artefact of poor sampling.

The paper discusses-by way of a case study-the effects of globalisation on small businesses in Malaysia. It examines how globalisation affects the work values of Malaysian corporate managers, which in turn influence their decisions regarding the small business community. Due to weaknesses in domestic governance systems and their own limited understanding of human rights and business management, small business owners often find it hard to overturn many of these decisions which inevitably cause hardship for them. The case is analysed in the context of existing literature on globalisation, cultural homogeneity and economic disparity, and derives implications for various stakeholders. The final part of the paper recommends measures that can help Malaysian small businesses enhance sustainability in a highly globalised environment. These measures include building a united and persistent small business community, improving domestic governance, raising public awareness of the rights of small business players and improving their innovativeness, efficiency and effectiveness.

We propose in this paper a real-time dense stereo matching algorithm using variable support window for  disparity map computing. Basic real-time local algorithms relying on a fixed and rectangular correlation  window suffer  from  the difficulty  for window-based methods  lies  in determining  the best window  shape and  size  for  each  pixel.  This  work  proposes  a  novel  local  approach  using  a  combination  of  the DSI (Disparity Space Image) structure and gradient information. Two improvements are introduced so that an accurate and fast result will be reached. The first one concerns the proposition of a new strategy in order
to  optimize  the  computation  time  of  the  initial  disparity  map.  The  second  one,  concerns  the  pixel similarity measure  for matching  score  computation and  it  consists  to  use  in addition  to  the  traditional pixel intensities, the magnitude and orientation of the gradients providing more accuracy. Experimental results on real data sets are conducted and a comparative evaluation of the obtained results relatively to the state-of-art methods is presented.

355 specimens belonging in various taxa of Dinosauria (Sauropodomorpha, Theropoda,
Ornithischia and Aves) and Mammalia (Prothotheria, Metatheria and Eutheria) were
analyzed under the Compositional Data Analysis (CDA) methodological framework. A novel metric comparison of the appendicular skeleton of both fore and hind limb proportions
of different vertebrates using the CDA methodology is presented – Aitchinson Distance (A.D.).
Morphospaces occupation patterns of the different limb elements are described and quantified. Different approaches have been previously proposed for describing and quantifying compositional data in vertebrate studies. Until now none of those referred methodologies has taken into account the specificities of compositional data, i.e., the unit sum constraint which invalidates the usual interpretation of covariances and also of correlations. The CDA, proposed twenty years ago by Aitchinson, offers a resolution to most
of the problems in compositional data. A special focus has been put on Sauropodomorpha dinosaurs and the A.D. has been used as a measure of disparity in limb elements proportions of that group in order to infer some aspects of functional morphology, namely the bipedal-quadrupedal
locomotion transition that occurred among sauropodomorphs. This episode constituted a major evolutionary transition, which is reflected on the appendicular skeleton.
Additionally, a review of previously published compositional morphospaces of different vertebrates and associated methodologies is performed and compared with the CDA.