Dalmacija

U članku se prikazuje razvoj sokolskog pokreta od prvih početaka u Češkoj i njegovo širenje u Hrvatskoj te istražuje povijest društva Hrvatski sokol u Makarskoj. Autor istražuje značenje sokolstva u Hrvatskoj, Dalmaciji i Makarskoj te uvjete njegova djelovanja. Poseban naglasak stavlja se na povezivanje sokolskog djelovanja s političkom situacijom u Hrvatskoj i Monarhiji te strankama koje su imale najveći utjecaj na Hrvatski sokol. Sokolsko društvo u Makarskoj osnovano je 1894., a prestalo je s djelovanjem 1914. uslijed zabrane rada sokolskim društvima u Monarhiji zbog početka Prvog svjetskog rata. U funkcioniranju mu je velike probleme stvarao otpor kotarskog poglavarstva i autonomaška stranka, no unatoč tome postiglo je veliki utjecaj u svakodnevnom gradskom životu.

Koristeći se talijanskim diplomatskim dokumentima u ovome radu prikazuje se i analizira talijanska vanjska politika prema jadranskom pitanju od izbijanja Prvoga svjetskog rata do zaključenja Londonskog ugovora u travnju 1915. Kada je rat zatekao Italiju na strani Centralnih sila, ona se proglasila neutralnom, računajući pritom ponajprije na razvoj jadranskog pitanja nakon rata. Za Italiju je dvojba bila sljedeća: ili će na Jadranu dominirati ojačana Austro-Ugarska (ako pobijedi u ratu) ili će Jadranom dominirati velika slavenska država (ako se Monarhija raspadne uslijed ratnog poraza). Rad slijedi pregovore Italije s Antantom, prikazujući taktiziranje s teritorijalnim zahtjevima koje je Italija tražila kao zadovoljštinu za ratni angažman protiv vlastitih saveznika – Austro-Ugarske i Njemačke. Ističu se različiti pogledi koje su na jadransko pitanje imali ministri vanjskih poslova Antonio San Giuliano i njegov nasljednik Sidney Sonnino koji pak je bio inspirator i kreator pregovora s Antantom i u konačnici postignutog dogovora nazvanog Londonski ugovor.

Од шездесетих година XIX века, када је после слома
апсолутизма започео парламентарни живот у Монархији Хабсбурга, односи између Хрвата и Срба почели су се затезати и реметити.Неспоразуми, спорови и сукоби Хрвата и Срба полако су захватали све области живота. Из политике увлачили су се у науку и публицистику, трујући читав јавни живот и реметећи међусобне односе до граница једва сношљиве. Због тога што је "Обзор" захтевао од Срба да јавно изнесу шта су им Хрвати криви, Руварац је књигу посветио Обзору. Међутим, Обзор није на њу никада одговорио, већ је, како је забележио Браник, лист Српске народно либералне странке из Угарске, искрени заговорник слоге и сарадње Срба и Хрвата, „у место одговора вицловао,називајући проту Руварца ’пабирчарем“.
Познати српски политичар, барон Јован Живковић осврнуо се на књигу Ево, шта сте нам криви!, који је једно време, као истакнути униониста, заузимао положај предстојника за унутрашње послове Хрватске и Славоније. Учинио је то успут, у чланку који је објављен у наставцима са намером да изнесе више конкретних и аутентичних појединости о томе зашто је дошло до размирице између Хрвата и Срба и ко за то сноси одговорност. Живковић је сматрао да је Руварац „врло добро учинио, што је, ’у његовој‘ врло поучној књижици Ево, шта сте нам криви! сакупио и као једну целину на свет издао све оне податке од 1848. године на овамо, који нам показују и чудновато расветљавају поступак и понашање браће Хрвата према нама Србима кроз цео тај низ од четрдесет и више година!“

The Statute of Split from 1312 and its later revisions bear witness to the changes in the political makeup of the city. As a legal monument, and also as an important document of Split’s political and social state in the pivotal 14th century, the statute notes changes to the communal makeup of the local government and the closely related development of the Split’s nobility. The development of the city’s governing bodies and its nobility required an established legal order. Communal bodies and services operated ad hoc, and their jurisdictions were regulated by communal laws, however, with the development of the city and the growth of its administration, the need for clear legal regulation arose. The former commune, i.e. a community of citizens represented in a assembly in which they would make decisions together, during the time in which the statute was put together and its revisions were implemented, was narrowed down to only its noble core, the makeup of which came down to familial ties and politics. What were at first informal and counseling bodies that would prepare topics for the citizens’ assembly, grew over time into permanent councils and services tightly connected to the inner circle of citizens that would slowly define itself as the city’s nobility, and whose political primacy was statutorily established. This change was followed by the differentiation of the rest of the citizens. The statute reflects the balance between church and worldly authorities characteristic of the communal period. This was particularly present and notable in Split due to the exceptional influence of its metropoly. Church authorities had a vast degree of influence on communal institutions, which partially slowed down their development. The process of secularization in the government of Split was also slower than in other Dalmatian cities. Through a processes of political, institutional and class changes, the very concept of a commune was slowly redefined, until it no longer referred to a community of all citizens and instead came to mean the authority of the nobility that represented that community. All of these changes were observed and noted in statutory legislature. Therefore, Split’s statute and its revisions, along with the preserved records of the General and Secret councils of Split, reveal a great deal about civil law, civility, communal and aristocratic bodies and government services, as well as the definitions of the commune and the city (civitas), its citizenry and its nobility. The statute served as the anchor of autonomy and the backbone of resistance for the city’s management against Croatian and Hungarian noblemen and their attempts to reform the city’s legal system and push their interests forward. Split’s citizens, and later its noblemen, attempted to preserve the city’s autonomy and self-governing through their work in its communal institutions all through the Middle Ages. The preserved records from the General council in 1357-58 end symbolically; with a rejection of the Hungarian demands that countermand the liberties of Split and its citizens, in which many centuries of Split’s council striving for independence are reflected. The backbone of this struggle was the statute, the fundamental legal monument of Split’s commune, with its vast actual and symbolic significance; the most important sign of the autonomy and self-government of the city.

Područje Dračevca Zadarskog predstavlja značajno naselje i povijesno-arheološki lokalitet u sastavu grada Zadra, u kojem  su  zastupljena  gotovo  sva  povijesna razdoblja.  U  tom  kontekstu,  zbog  svojeg  izrazitog  graničnog  karaktera  kroz  svoju bogatu  povijest,  na  području  Dračevca Zadarskog  nalazi  se  monumentalni  mletački kaštel iz tursko-mletačkih ratova, koji se služio za obranu srednjovjekovnog Zadra. U novije doba, čuvenim Rapalskim ugovorom današnje naselje  Dračevca  Zadarskog  potpalo  je  pod talijansku  vlast,  dok  je  rubni  teritorij  izvan naselja  ostalo  pod  protektoratom  tadašnje Jugoslavije.  U  tom  kontekstu  znamenita  je sintagma „Sol u Italiji, papar u Jugoslaviji“. Na taj način stvorena je talijanska  enklava  u  Zadru  (Provincia  di  Zara)  kao  svojevrsni  “otok“ usred jugoslavenskog teritorija. U tom kontekstu već 30-ih godina 20. stoljeća započinje proces utvrđivanja spomenutog graničnog prostora, kao i izgradnja brojnih bunkera, vojnih objekata i skloništa, koji su i danas u vrlo dobrom stanju. Upravo su ti bunkeri na Dračevcu Zadarskom bili korišteni  u  svim  kasnijim  razdobljima,  počevši  od  njemačke  vojske (Deutsche Besetzung Zara) u Drugom svjetskom ratu, pa sve zaključno do Domovinskog rata, gdje su ih koristili hrvatski vojnici i civili. Također, hrvatski vojnici su na području Dračevca Zadarskog imali svoje stožere u podrumima  privatnih  kuća,  kakav  je  ujedno  bio  slučaj  sa  starom obiteljskom kućom hrvatskog branitelja Marina Lenkića iz Dračevca
Zadarskog.

Upravo  u  obrambenom  Domovinskom  ratu  područje  Dračevca
Zadarskog  još  jednom  postaje  granično  područje,  ovaj  put  naspram
nadiruće  srbočetničke  agresije  potpomognute  vojskom  JNA.  Tom
prilikom malobrojna, ali hrabra hrvatska vojska 5. listopada 1991. godine
uništava tenk T-55, onesposobljava drugi, nakon čega se agresorske snage povlače na početne položaje – brdo Križ i Babin dub. Na taj način hrvatska vojska zaustavlja nadiruću invaziju i proboj tenkova u osvajanju Dračevca Zadarskog i grada Zadra općenito. U čast tom herojskom događaju se na Dračevcu Zadarskom slavi Dan obrane grada Zadra. Također na ovom mjestu  valja  napomenuti  kako  se  u  neposrednoj  blizini  Dračevca Zadarskog, u Bibinjskom polju, nalazi još jedan tenk, kojeg su hrvatske snage  neutralizirale,  tako  da  ovaj  razmjerno  malen  geografski  prostor možemo smatrati zadarskom varijantom “groblje tenkova“.

Na stanovitom broju arhivskih fotografija iz vremena Domovinskog
rata možemo na uniformama hrvatskih branitelja Dračevca Zadarskog
primijetiti vojnu oznaku Dračevački mališani, koja je pripadala I. satniji 
II. bojne 159. brigade – Zadar. Spomenuta oznaka nastala je 1991. godine u Zadru. Autori oznake su T. Nekić i S. Mešić. Kod ovdje obrađivane oznake zabilježena su dva načina izrade: upotrijebljen je sito tisak na platnu  i  sitotisak  na gumiranom  platnu  / ceradi.  Veličina  prve oznake  iznosi  103×67 mm,  dok  druge  oznake iznosi 90×60 mm. Što  se  tiče  samog oblika  oznake,  donji  dio je  pravokutnog  oblika,
dok  njegov  gornji  dio završava  polukružnim oblikom.  Na  zelenoj
p o d l o z i  m o ž e m o p r i m i j e t i t i  p r i k a z zrakastog sunca, u čijem se središtu nalazi hrvatski grb  sa  prvim  bijelim poljem. Na vrhu grba se nalazi  prikaz  križa  kao simbol  kršćanske  vjere. Uokolo  zrakastog  sunca nalazi se natpis postrojbe “Dračevački mališani“.

Glasnik Hrvatskog grboslovnog i zastavoslovnog društva: Hrvatsko grboslovno i zastavoslovno društvo osnovano je 2006. godine. HGZD je član The Croatian Heraldic & Vexillological Association was established in 2006. HGZD is a member of Fédération internationale des associations vexillologiques Confédération internationale de généalogie et d'heraldique.

Diese  Arbeit  präsentiert  eine  durch  interdisziplinären  Ansatz  (archäologische  Funde,  historische  Quellen, Überlieferung, archivalische Forschung, Stadtplanung, Onomastik, Religionswissenschaft ...) geprägte Übersicht der Distribution erkundeter und indizierter Amphitheater im Bereich der ostadriatischen Küste (Pola, Iader, Corinium, Burnum, Aequum, Tilurium, Salona, Epidaurum und Dyrrachium ). Auch römische Amphitheater werden durch das Prisma der Fragen, wie in etwa denen der Ortung, Datierung, Morphologie und Struktur der Amphitheater in den definierten Bereichen unter Wahrung ihrer individuellen Entwicklung und Spezifi tät bearbeitet. Angesichts der Stärke und Nachhaltigkeit eventueller Argumente und Indizien der Möglichkeit einer Existenzeiner einer solchen, zur Unterhaltung des römischen Volkes errichteten Einrichtung, kann man sagen, dass diese Arbeit die erste umfassende Untersuchung der römischen Amphitheater im Bereich der ostadriatischen Küste darstellt.



U ovom se radu interdisciplinarnim pristupom (arheološki nalazi, povijesni izvori, predaja, arhivska istraživanja, urbanizam, onomastika, religijska istraživanja...) daje prikaz distribucije istraženih i indiciranih građevina amfiteatara na prostoru istočnojadranske obale: Pola, Iader, Corinium, Burnum, Aequum, Tilurium, Salona, Epidaurum i Dyrrachium. Rimski se amfi teatri također obrađuju, i to kroz prizmu pitanja poput ubikacije, datacije, morfologije i organizacije građevina amfiteatara na definiranim prostorima, poštivajući pritom njihov zaseban razvoj i specifičnosti.

Razmatrajući jačinu i održivost možebitne argumentacije i indicija mogućnosti postojanja jedne takve građevine za zabavu
rimskog puka, može se reći da ovaj rad predstavlja prvu širu studiju rimskih amfiteatara na prostoru istočnojadranske obale.

Na području antičke luke u Zatonu kraj Nina pronađena je pri hidroarheološkim istraživanjima velika količina keramičkoga materijala, među kojim autor izdvaja i obrađuje dva zoomorfna reci-pijenta. Interdisciplinarnim radom autor nastoji objasniti simboliku ovdje obrađivanih zoomorfnih recipijenata. Komparativnim istraživanjima u vidu analogija upotpunjuje pregled i distribuciju ostalih zoomorfnih recipijenata maloazijske provenijencije pronađenih na prostoru antičke Liburnije. Također će u radu po prvi put biti naznačene poneke poje-dinosti izrazito dokumentacijske i tehničke naravi ovdje obrađi-vanih zoomorfnih recipijenata, poput dodjeljivanja inventarnoga broja, obrade arheološkoga materijala, kolorita i tonaliteta boje, dimenzija, zapremnine i drugih odrednica.

From  the  large  quantity  of  pottery  found  during  the  hydroar-
chaeological research in the ancient port of Zaton near Nin, the
author  singles  out  and  discusses  here  two  zoomorphic  recep-
tacles. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the author endeav-
ors to explain the symbolism of the zoomorphic receptacles dis-
cussed here. In his comparative research, the author uses analo-
gies to complement the overview and distribution of the other
zoomorphic receptacles of the Asia Minor origin found on the
territory of the ancient Liburnia.
Also for the first time, the work provides details of how these
zoomorphic receptacles were documented (e.g. the way of as-
signing their inventory numbers) and some technical details (the
processing of the archaeological material, its colors and shades,
dimensions, capacity and other determinants).

Appian's Illyrian book (Illyrike) was originally intended to be just an appendix to his Macedonian book and today remains the only extant ancient work dealing with the early history of Illyricum which is preserved in its entirety. In this short work Appian puts together different local and regional histories in order to create a unified historical narrative and determines the historical and mythological coordinates of Illyricum inside the ancient world. This paper will discuss Illyrike in the context of the Roman construction of Illyricum as a provincial space, similar to some other regions in continental Europe such as, for example, Gaul or Britain. They were all firstly created through the needs of Roman political geography and later written into literary knowledge through the works of ancient history and ethnography. This paper will argue that Appian's Illyrike represented the final stage of the Roman construction of Illyricum from an imaginary to a provincial space, which was the point of its full coming of age as an integral part of the ancient world and the Roman Empire.

It is widely accepted that the Liburni, at some point in the Iron Age, ruled over much of the Adriatic. Professor Slobodan Čače was the first scholar to truly challenge these narratives through a critique of the written sources.  The aim of this paper is to build upon the work of Čače in seeking to rethink identities in pre-Roman Liburnia through analysis of ancient literary sources. It also takes a multidisciplinary approach, and seeks to address ideas about identity and cultural change through material culture. A re- examination is undertaken into Liburnian identity through archaeological evidence, and the transformations it apparently went through during the Iron Age, focusing on ideas about ethno-cultural identities and ‘Hellenization’ in interpretations of developments in Liburnia during the last 4 centuries BCE.

Prostor  današnje  općine  Lišane
Ostrovičke predstavlja bogat kulturno-
povijesni  i  arheološki  lokalitet  na
prostoru  sjeverne  Dalmacije.  Od
pamtivijeka  je  prostor  Ostrovice
s v o j o m  m o n u m e n t a l n o š ć u  i 
gigantnošću  plijenio  pažnju  brojnih
prolaznika  i  putopisaca,  ljubitelja
starina, među njima i čuvenog Alberta
Fortisa,  koji  je  u  svom  putopisnom
djelu Put po Dalmaciji posvetio jedno
čitavo  poglavlje  prostoru  Ostrovice,  u
kojem  kaže: 

"Njezina  tvrđava,  koja  se
uzdizala na stijeni strmo odsječenoj sa
svih  strana,  s  pravom  se  morala
smatrati neosvojivom prije nego što se
raširila upotreba topništva. Osvojio ju je
Sulejman 1524., ali zatim je opet prešla
pod  sretnu  mletačku  vlast.  Sada  više
ne postoji nikakav trag utvrđenja: to je
samo gola i osamljena gomila."
 
Upravo  sa  spomenutog  položaja
utvrde  u  Ostrovici  potječe  markantan
kameni  spomenik  s  prikazom
povijesnog grba Dalmacije.

Caius Iulius Solinus, Latin grammarian and compiler from the third century AD, wrote a curious sentence in his work Collectanea rerum memorabilium or Pol-yhistor. Solinus in 2.51 called the Liburni, indigenous group that inhabited part of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic – " Asiatic people " (… per Liburnos, quae gens Asiatica est). The scholarship never took this statement seriously as its historical inaccuracy is beyond any doubt in both written and material evidence. However, the very same historical inaccuracy prevented a more substantial analysis of this statement in the scholarship, making it just one of (quite a) few of Solinus' bizarre statements. The paper will use available written sources to explore the reasoning behind this statement. The analysis will show that Solinus was not inventing fairy tales but was utilizing existing Graeco-Roman ethnographic 'knowledge' about this part of the world, and the Liburni in particular. This 'knowledge' was in its essence inter-textual and orientalizing, combining descriptive literary techniques and information gathered through different phases of cultural contact with indigenous population in order to construct a 'barbarian other'. The statement about Asian origins of the Liburni does not have factual accuracy but is still extremely useful as it reveals insight into some of the ways indigenous communities from the eastern Adriatic coast were perceived by the ancient Greek and Roman intellectual elite.

This paper discusses the role of the Roman amphitheatre in Salona
during the rise of Christianity and subsequent prohibition of gladiator
games. Following the rich history from the times of Roman rule in antiquity, a degradation of once the most glorious edifices of the Roman Empire became prominent. With the rise of Christianity, sanctuaries of the goddess Nemesis were adapted into Christian memorial chapels to honor the martyr’s death of a priest Asterius and of four praetorians, that is, the soldiers of Diocletian’s body guard (Antiochianus, Gaianus, Paulinianus i Telius).
In the beginning of the 5th century, interacting gladiator fights in the amphitheatre were banned by Honorius’ imperial order from the year 404., but gladiator and beast fights continued, because the amphitheatre was in function until the 6th century, after which it was systematically used as a free stone quarry. It is also important to mention the unscrupulous conversion and adaptation of the edifice of Salonitan amphitheatre with the purpose of using it as a defensive fortress during the well-known Gothic-Byzantium wars.

The hinterland of the eastern Adriatic suffered a great injustice in Fernand Braudel's The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. The great historian repeatedly sees this region as backward and poor, and its society as timeless and unchanging. This „barbarism“ of the hinterland is sharply juxtaposed with distinctive civilization he attributes to the Dalmatian coast and its cities. Braudel did not invent this dichotomy, but rather drew on the existing discourse in travelling and scholarly literature. The roots of this discourse can be traced to two centuries earlier, to the influential travel diaries of Venetian Alberto Fortis (Viaggo in Dalmazia [Venice 1774]). In his narrative Fortis constructed the inhabitants of the Dalmatian hinterland as the Morlacchi – exotic „noble savages“ of early modern Europe.
This paper engages with this discourse on civilizational inequality and the cultural dichotomy between the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland. Subversion of Braudel is best done using Braudelian tools, so the paper presents a longue-durèe examination of interaction between the Dalmatian coast and its hinterland from the Late Iron Age to the end of antiquity. The focus of enquiry is placed on tracing cultural mediation and exchange of ideas in the domain of religion through several different periods. The paper presents the eastern Adriatic hinterland as a distinct space of invention and interaction, where local traditions are continuously combined with outside influences in an original and unique fashion.
Two chronologically distinct examples are analysed. First is the negotiation of Graeco-Mediterranean and La Tène cultural influences in a late Iron Age indigenous religious context. Particular focus is placed on material finds from an indigenous sanctuary in Gorica near Grude in Herzegovina, dated from ca. seventh to first century BC. A second example is the use of ‘global’ cults, such as those of Silvanus and Diana, as an interface for communicating and displaying local and imperial Roman identity during the second and third century AD.

The article is about the work of Joseph Hatzinger, son of builder Paul (Pál) Hatzinger from Székesfehérvár (Hungary), and Joseph’s sons Heinrich and Paul. Joseph worked in Osijek and in Slavonia in the second half of the 18th century. In the early 19th century, his older son Heinrich spent almost a decade as a professor at the Genie-Akademie (Military Academy of Engineering) in Vienna and designed two important Early Neoclassical churches at Terezin and Josefov fortresses in Bohemia. His younger son Paul, after a brief period as a lecturer at the Genie-Akademie, worked as an engineer in various parts of the Habsburg Monarchy during the first half of the 19th century, from Galicia, across Dalmatia, to Vienna and Lower Austria in the final phase of his career. Finally, his great-great-grandson Gusztáv Kasper, the grandson of Paul Hatzinger Jr, became a Hungarian railway engineer at the turn of the 20th century.

U prvom dijelu rada donosi se sinteza šibenskog opusa Nikole Ivanova, dopunjena novijim spoznajama i zapažanjima o našem najplodnijem renesansnom kiparu i arhitektu. Ističe se važnost njegovih šibenskih ostvarenja, s posebnim naglaskom na katedralu sv. Jakova, unutar njegova opusa ali i šire, u okvirima dalmatinske, pa i europske renesanse. Drugi dio donosi prijedloge za dvije nove atribucije: prva se odnosi na bogato renesansno ukrašenu oltarnu nišu koja se sve donedavno nalazila ispod mlađih slojeva baroknog oltara Gospe od Zdravlja ili sv. Kristofora, ugrađena u južni bočni zid katedrale. Prema raspoloživim podacima pokušava se rekonstruirati povijest kultova štovanih u kapeli kojoj niša pripada. Druga atribucija tiče se bočnog portala crkve sv. Dominika, koji se do prije stotinjak godina nalazio na glavnom pročelju srednjovjekovne crkve. Nacrt i arhitektonska koncepcija portala pripisuju se Nikoli Firentincu, a izvedba njegovoj radionici koja je tada u punom zamahu radila na katedrali. Analizom ornamentalnih motiva i rješenja specifičnih upravo za njegovo stvaralaštvo te komparacijom s ostalim djelima nastoji se unaprijediti poznavanje izvorišta iz kojih je crpio predloške za neke od svojih karakterističnih motiva na arhitektonskoj plastici.

A synthesis of Šibenik opus of Niccolò di Giovanni is presented in the first part of the paper, supple- mented with new knowledge and observations on our most prolific Renaissance sculptor and architect. The importance of his achievements in Šibenik, with a special emphasis on the cathedral of St. James, is highlighted within his opus. His work is also evaluated from a wider perspective, within the framework of the Dalmatian and even European Renaissance. The second part of the paper provides suggestions for two new attributions: the first one relates to the rich Renaissance-style decorated altar niche, which was, until recently, beneath the younger layers of the Baroque altar of Our Lady of Health or St. Christopher, built in the south side wall of the cathedral. The history of cults worshipped in the chapel to which the niche belongs is to be reconstructed according to available data. The second attribution concerns the lateral portal of the church of St. Dominic, which was located on the main facade of the medieval church until about a hundred years ago. The design and architectural concept of the portal are attributed to Niccolò di Giovanni, and the execution to his workshop, which was then in full swing at the cathedral. By analysing the ornamental motifs and solutions specific to his creativity and by comparing them to other works, we are trying to improve our knowledge of sources from which he has drawn patterns for some of his characteristic motifs on architectural decoration.

Općina Poličnik - kulturno-povijesni pregled

Općina Poličnik nalazi se u sjevernoj Dalmaciji, smještena u središnjoj zoni Ravnih kotara, u neposrednoj blizini grada Zadra. Predstavlja sastavni dio Zadarske županije i čine je sljedeća naselja: Briševo, Dračevac Ninski, Gornja Murvica, Gornji Poličnik, Lovinac, Murvica, Poličnik, Rupalj, Suhovare i Visočane.

Toponim „Poličnik“ potječe od srednjovjekovnog naselja i bivše župe Polisane, po svoj vjerojatnosti  romanskog podrijetla (od Polisanum / Polyxenum).  Ljudski život na ovim područjima potječe još iz starijeg kamenog doba, a osobito se može pratiti od ilirsko-liburnskih vremena. U srednjem vijeku pripada hrvatskoj župi Luka. Na području današnje općine Poličnik zabilježeno je nekoliko glagoljičnih spomenika (natpisi, spisi, knjige i drugo), osobito na prostoru Briševa, Grusa, Murvice i Visočana. Za vrijeme hrvatskih knezova i kraljeva utvrda je obnovljena, a za mletačke uprave bila je u posjedu zadarske plemenitaške obitelji de Pecchiari, nekoć Martinussi, koji su je držali do 1581. kada je zauzeše Turci. Pod Turcima je bila do 1647. godine, kada je Mlečani zauzeše i spališe zajedno sa selom ispod nje, da ne bi ponovo došla pod vlast Turaka. Nakon što je po završetku Kandijskog rata (1669.) nastupio mir, staro se kršćansko stanovništvo vraća i podiže svoju kapelu sv. Luke, koja je bila stara župna crkva, a uz novu, koju podižu u drugoj polovici 17. st. i posvećuju sv. Luki, za koju 1769. nabavljaju dio crkvenog namještaja u srebru od koludrica zadarskog samostana sv. Nikole.  Nekad značajno utvrđenje u sjevernoj Dalmaciji, poznato još u srednjem vijeku, mada često oštećivano i rušeno održalo se do naših dana. Međutim, o naselju koje se razvilo podno nje zna se vrlo malo.

Premda su općina i samo mjesto Poličnik nadomak Zadru, njihov povijesno-geografski razvoj tekao je u oskudnim gospodarskim i društvenim okolnostima. Stanovništvo se uglavnom zaokupljalo poljodjelstvom i stočarstvom kao glavnim izvorom uzdržavanja. Komunalna infrastruktura nije zadovoljavala ni minimalne potrebe stanovništva, a školu i poštu dobiva tek između dvaju svjetskih ratova. U vrijeme Domovinskog rata oslobođen je čitav prostor općine Poličnik u vojno-redarstvenoj akciji „Maslenica“ početkom 1993. godine, nagovještujući time ostvarenje povijesnih, kulturnih i drugih prava na vlastito samoodređenje i samosvojnost sveukupnog prostora Republike Hrvatske.

Općina Poličnik osnovana je 13. travnja 1993. godine, u sklopu upravno-teritorijalnog ustroja Republike Hrvatske i sve se brže razvija. Otkad je osnovana obnovilo se, uredilo i izgradilo te mnogo uložilo u infrastrukturu i izgled same općine.

Zastava općine Poličnik je jednobojna plave boje, dimenzija omjera dužine i širine; 2:1. U sredini zastave, na sjecištu dijagonala nalazi se grb općine obostrano, obrubljen zlatno/žutom trakom. Grb je smješten na  sjecištu dijagonala u sredini zastave. Grb je u polukružnom štitu u crvenom polju - srebrni bijeli pladanj sa zatvorenom knjigom i tri kugle povrh (1-2) koje u vidu atributa simboliziraju zaštitnike Poličnika: Sv. Ivan Krstitelj Glavosijek – pladanj, Sv. Luka - knjiga i Sv. Nikola tri kugle.

Na  prostoru današnje općine Lišane Ostrovičke nalazi  se  značajan  arheološki
lokalitet iz prapovijesnog razdoblja sa brojnim
gradinama  i  ostacima  liburnskog  naselja. 
Važan  aspekt  kulturne  baštine  također predstavljaju
antički spomenici poput numizmatičkih nalaza,
rimskih  arhitektonskih  elemenata  ili  pak
ostataka  villae  rusticae  u  zaseoku  Kusale
podno  Gradine  u  Ostrovici.  Nadalje,  postoji
čitav  niz  starohrvatskih,  predromaničkih  i
srednjovjekovnih  spomenika  od  iznimne
važnosti za prostor općine.  U tom kontekstu
znamenita  je  srednjovjekovna  tvrđava
Ostrovica, posjed Bribirskih knezova koji su
je 1347. godine zamijenili za utvrdu Zrin i od
tada  se  nazivaju  knezovi  Zrinski.  Iz
starohrvatskog  i  srednjovjekovnog  vremena
znamenite  su  i  nekropole  i  grobovi  sa
signifikantnom grobnom arhitekturom, u kojem
su  pronađeni  brojni  kosturi  sa  zanimljivim
artefaktima.  Područje  ostrovičke  Gradine
ujedno  predstavlja  lokaciju  najstarijeg
poznatog hrvatskog (dalmatinskog) grba s tri
okrunjene  lavlje  ili  leopardove  glave  iz
vremena  kralja  Ludovika  I.  Anžuvinca. 
Ostrovicu 1523. zauzimaju Turci.  Potpuno je
razorena u mletačko-turskim ratovima u XVII. st. 
Nakon tog vremena raste značenje Lišana
Ostrovičkih,  koji  postaju  važnije  naselje  od
obližnje  Ostrovice,  a  od  1735.  i  sjedište
katoličke župe.  Od 1828. prostor općine je u
sastavu Šibenske biskupije.

In the mid-15 th century a number of foreign engineers arrived in Dubrovnik and Venetian Dalmatia to supervise the renovation of the defensive system so that it could withstand the inroads of the Ottoman. The article refers to a new document in which the excellent builder Pietro Angeli Santi is said to have gone with the Venetian envoy to the border of Bosnia in 1463. According to the mention of correspondence with Niccolo di Giovanni Fiorentino it is concluded that there was a connection between these architects and that they came to the area as engineering aid from the Papal West. Fiorentino's arrival in Dalmatia is accordingly dated earlier, in connection with a will drawn up in Venice in 1462.

ÖZET:

“Hırvat Milliyetçiliğinin Doğuşu: 19. yy’ın İlk Yarısında Milliyetçi Kişi ve Kuruluşlar” adlı bu tezde, 19. yüzyılın ilk yıllarında Slavonya ve Dalmaçya’da gerçekleşmiş diriliş hareketini başlatan nedenler ve bu hareketin özellikleri anlatılmaktadır. Tezde diriliş hareketini şekillendiren iç ve dış faktörlerin yanı sıra, hareketin yapısına katkıda bulunan tarihi olaylardan da bahsedilmektedir. Tezin ilk bölümünde Hırvatların kökenleriyle ilgili teorilerden bahsedilecektir. Sonraki bölümlerde ise Devrim Hareketinin yapısını ve yönünü etkileyen unsurlar işlenecektir. Başlangıçta bu hareketi etkileyen unsurlar; kilise, ekonomi, diğer etnik gruplar, Panslavizm, Osmanlı, Yunan ve Roma dönemleriydi. Tezin genel konusu olan Slavonya ve Dalmaçya’dakidiriliş hareketi özelliklerinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi amacıyla, Slavonya ve Dalmaçya’da geçmişte yaşamış halklar da ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümde işlenen başlıca konular Devrim Hareketinin önemli isimleri, hareketin yayılmasında etkili olmuş unsurlar, hareketi öne çıkaran önemli olaylar ve bu olayların medyadaki yeridir. Tezin yazılmasındaki asıl amaç ise, 19. yüzyılda yaratılmaya başlanmış ve modern bir ülkenin temellerini atmış karmaşık bir hareket olan Slavonya ve Dalmaçya’daki diriliş (milli) hareketini aydınlatmaktır.

ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Ulusal Hareket, Diriliş Hareketi, Hırvatistan, 18. yüzyıl, 19. yüzyıl, Slavonya, Dalmaçya ve İstirya bölgesi

ABSTRACT:

National movements in Croatia (end XVII and first half of the nineteenth century) is the theme that describes the national (Revival) movement in what is now the Republic of Croatia (Slavonia and Dalmatia with Istria). Through this thesis we will briefly describe the basic external and internal influences that shaped this national (Revival) movement, as well as the historical background that influenced their design. A lot of attention will be given to the marking of the population of the region of Slavonia and Dalmatia in the past, in order to obtain a clearer picture of this complex issue. The first part of the thesis will be devoted to theories about the origin of the Croatian Ethnus. Later on, it will be given more details about the influences on the design and direction of the Revolutionary Movement. In the first place, there are different influences; influence of the church, economic influence, influence of the other ethnos, influence of pan-Slavism, influence of the Ottoman, Greek, and Roman period. At the very least it will be given some basic information about the main elements of the revival movement in Slavonia and Dalmatia in the end XVII and first half of the nineteenth century. Here we primarily think of the main actors of the Revolutionary Movement, the institution that contributed to the realization of the movement, the important events and the media through which the movement manifested itself. This thesis will try to illuminate the problem of the revival (national) movement in Slavonia and Dalmatia. It will try to illustrate in a simple way, the complexity of creating a nation in the 19th century, and shaping it into an modern Country.

KEY WORDS: National Movement, Resurrection Movement, Croatia, 18th century, 19th century, Slavonia, Dalmatia and Istirya region.

U radu autor na temelju arhivske građe, periodike i relevantne literature istražuje događaje tijekom i nakon serije potresa na Makarskom primorju u siječnju 1962. Najsnažniji udari, koji su odnijeli i dva ljudska života, zabilježeni su 7. siječnja u 11:03 i 11. siječnja u 06:05. U danima nakon 11. siječnja organizirana je evakuacija stanovništva, tijekom koje je oko 6500 osoba s Makarskog primorja evakuirano diljem Hrvatske i Jugoslavije, dok je ostalo stanovništvo smješteno u sabirne centre po Primorju. Na području makarskog kotara potresom je ukupno oštećeno gotovo 12.000 stambenih zgrada, od čega oko 3000 nepopravljivo, te 130 javnih objekata. Time je oko 13% stanovništva kotara, pretežno iz podbiokovskih zaselaka, nakon smirivanja situacije ostalo bez krova nad glavom. U idućem razdoblju oni su se planski gotovo u potpunosti preselili u mjesta na obali, te na taj način umnogome utjecali na oblikovanje modernog Makarskog primorja.

The purpose of this work is to show the change of political and ideological stances in the ranks of the Croatian Social Democrats in the First World War. The topic is analysed in the methodology of the constellational research, in the connection with the events in German and Austrian Social Democracy, as well as in the context of the war policy of the Central Powers. The first part of the work discusses the shift of political and ideological views of the Croatian Social Democrats that occurred in the first two years of the war, while the second part discusses this topic during the last two years of the war, until the creation of the National Council of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in Zagreb at the beginning of October 1918. It is shown that the primary shift from the revolutionary and internationalist principles towards the reformist principles of the leading Croatian Social Democrats occurred due to the complex political and war circumstances, as well as the pressure of the state. The events of the last two years of the war, especially after the October Revolution in Russia, caused visible stratification of political and ideological views in the ranks of Croatian Social Democracy, primarily with regard to the revolutionary/international and reformist/national tactics.

""The Delmatae, wine and formation of ethnic identity in pre-Roman Illyricum

This paper deals with the lack of archaeological finds that confirm wine-drinking habits amongst the Delmatae in Illyricum. The thesis of Dietler, that the demand for goods is not an automatic response but rather something that should be understood in regional political and cultural relationships, is used to link the absence of wine and the construction of Delmataean ethnic identity.
Focusing on the wider clash of drinking ideologies in ancient (and modern) Europe, this paper suggests that the change in alcohol-consumption habits from Continental beer/mead/cider-drinking to Mediterranean wine-drinking amongst the neighbours of the Delmatae is the consequence of wider socio-political transitions and the establishment of the core-periphery model of exchange in pre-Roman Illyricum, after Greek penetration into the Adriatic in the 4th century BC. The foundation of the Delmataean alliance in c. 3rd century BC is considered to be an attempt to redistribute the networks of exchange in Illyricum that were controlled by its Delmataean neighbours, who were strongly impacted by Mediterranean ‘globalisation’. At the same time the Delmataean political alliance was recognised as the core of the Delmataean ethnic identity, further strengthened through the conflicts with their neighbours such as the Liburni, Illyrians, Issaean commonwealth and certainly, the Roman Republic.
Differences in consumption of alcoholic beverages are essentially a part of Bourdieu’s social habitus, and Barthian “cultural stuff ”, that is not directly involved in the process of construction of identities. However, in the background of the Delmataean conflicts with their neighbours who accepted some elements of Mediterranean culture, including consumption of wine, the choice of alcoholic beverage becomes an “ethnic boundary” that significantly influences the construction of ethnic identity. This paper concludes that the newly-formed identity of the Delmatae, amongst other things, incorporated a strong anti-Mediterranean sentiment that draw the Delmatae closer to their northern neighbours, the Pannonii, and that sentiment is visible through their unity in the bellum Batonianum, but can be assumed even earlier in the bellum Pannonicum jointly fought against the Romans.
Thus, lack of evidence for consumption of wine amongst the Delmatae is the fact that reveals a complex regional process of formation and transition of ethnic identities in pre-Roman Illyricum. This process was caused by wider ‘tectonic’ historical movements that corresponded with the formation of the ‘global’ Mediterranean world and the incorporation of Illyricum and its heterogeneous ethnic communities in that world."""