Dialogical Teaching

La siguiente investigación analiza la educación con capacidad dialógica como principal característica de la pedagogía de la confianza como estrategia emancipadora contemporánea. Posibilidad que se sustenta sobre el reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural, la escucha ante los modos de ser que La Otredad ofrece, el encuentro intersubjetivo a modo de suceso que teje libertad. La educción se convierte en evento que humaniza en la medida que coordina praxis democráticas, promoviendo la expresión de la solidaridad y compasión como haberes específicamente humanos. Se trata de un análisis bibliográfico desde el enfoque racionalista-deductivo.
The following research analyzes education with dialogic capacity as the main characteristic of the pedagogy of trust as a contemporary emancipatory strategy. Este trabajo está depositado en Zenodo:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4963580
Possibility that is based on the recognition of cultural diversity, listening to the ways of
being That Otherness offers, the intersubjective encounter as an event that weaves
freedom. Education becomes an event that humanizes to the extent that it coordinates
democratic praxis, promoting the expression of solidarity and compassion as
specifically human assets. It is a bibliographic analysis from the rationalist-deductive
approach.

Courtney Cazden en Sarah Michaels hebben beiden een belangrijke rol gespeeld in het onderzoek naar de waarde van gesprekken in het onderwijs voor het leren van kinderen. Dit interview met Cazden en Michaels vormt de opmaat naar de special ‘Goede gesprekken met jonge kinderen’ die verschijnt in het decembernummer (2016) van HJK.

We live in a time of educational transformations towards more 21st century pedagogies and learning. In the digital age children and young people need to learn critical thinking, creativity and innovation and the ability to solve complex problems and challenges. Traditional pedagogies are in crisis and many pupils experience school as both boring and irrelevant. As a response educators and researchers need to engage in transforming education through the invention of new designs in and for learning. This book explores how games can provide new ideas and new designs for future education. Computer games have become hugely popular and engaging, but as is apparent in this book, games are not magical solutions to making education more engaging, fun and relevant. Games and Education explores new designs in and for learning and ofer inspiration to teachers, technologists and researchers interested in changing educational practices. Based on contributions from Scandinavian researchers, the book highlights participatory approaches to research and practice by providing more realistic experiences and models of how games can facilitate learning in school.

Architectural discourse has often appropriated the dialogical construct to introduce and promote new ideas that would otherwise be uneasily accepted or polemically rejected. The dialectical dialogue is thus scripted -i.e. designed - from the onset, with a precise outcome in mind, as in a reverse whodunnit in which the reader/spectator always already knows who the culprit is. Part of the pleasure in the unfolding of the dialogue - often presented as a confrontation - is the witnessing of the dexterity (and triumph) of the argumentative mastermind that opposes the erring or architecturally mistaken one. In this narrative performance the architect-writer is scriptwriter, editor, director, main actor, set designer, etc., and the proposed synthesis is already clear from the beginning. The pleasure lies in the argumentation, in the text, in the script and in the construction of the dialogue as "architectural project" - by definition unfinished and to be completed (and altered) only by inhabitation, use, weathering. So perhaps a dialogue in architecture is never resolutive, but it is used to open up and to inhabit contradiction. Only then can the audience/ witness-turned-(potential)-inhabitant enter the conversation. .....

While there is consensus that dialogic teaching should involve a repertoire of teaching and learning talk patterns and approaches, authorities who enjoin teachers to engage in dialogic teaching generally characterize classroom dialogue in terms of surface features such as open questions. But dialogic teaching is not defined by discourse structure so much as by discourse function. When teachers adopt a dialogic instructional stance, they treat dialogue as a functional construct rather than structural, and classroom oracy can thrive. Our research finds that dialogic talk functions to model and support cognitive activity and inquiry and supportive classroom relations, to engage multiple voices and perspectives across time, and to animate student ideas and contributions. Employing narrative analysis and cross-episodic contingency analysis, we tell a story in three episodes about how oracy practices promote dialogic functions in a third-grade classroom. We unpack how a particular teaching exchange—one we have selected specifically for its nondialogic surface appearance—reflects dialogic teaching. Findings show how supportive epistemic and communal functions of classroom talk are more important to successful dialogic teaching and learning than are surface dialogic features. We argue it is necessary to look beyond interactional form and unpack function, uptake, and purpose in classroom discourse. There is no single set of teaching behaviors that is associated with dialogism. Rather, teachers can achieve dialogic discourse in their classrooms through attention to underlying instructional stance.

Stand-Up comedians have an array of communicative techniques, transferrable to the Educational industry. The goal of the research is not to introduce ‘funny teachers’ into the classroom; the focus will be on improving communication and teacher-student engagement, modelled by the interactive relationship between the Stand-Up comedian and audience. ‘only the teacher and the stand-up comedian rely on the continuous interaction between themselves and the people in front of them’ (McCarron).

Ken Robinson states that the current teaching methods are still ‘modelled on the interests of industrialism.’ Imposing modes of ‘standardisation’ and linear thinking in a world that requires greater use of divergent and lateral thinking. An ability to problem solve creatively and socially is increasingly important for the modern work context; Stand-up comedy is a Socio-Cultural artifact and as such, a means to evaluate the presence of these skills. Studies in Neuroscience suggest that the application and appreciation of Stand-Up Comedy reflects the capacity for creative-social problem solving in both audience and performer. As Miller states, skills in ‘cooperation, empathy and flexibility’ are becoming more vital in the modern-day workplace. These are some of the chief components of Stand-up comedy and can be applied via Educational practice.

Scholars such as Sarason, have postulated links between Teaching and Performing Arts. This paper posits a closer link between Teaching and Stand-up Comedy performance, such as: the relationship dynamic between teacher and student body, an ability to adapt information differentially and the use of persona. Stand Up Comedy performance highlights the presence of the ‘moment’ (Allen) and the audience as an integral part of what Chow calls a ‘unique cultural experience’ in a similar way that teachers immediately facilitate the culture of learning.

The aim of this paper is to highlight intersections between Educational and Humour theory, with a further aim to produce a practical system of teacher training in the future.

Abstract: This article relates common ways of conceptualising action research as “intervention”, “collaboration”, “interactive research”, “applied research”, and “practitioner research” to a number of different ways of knowing extracted from the works of Aristotle. The purpose is not to disavow any of these practices but to expand the philosophical, methodological, and theoretical horizon to contain the Aristotelian concept of praxis. It is claimed that praxis knowing needs to be comprehended in order to realize the full, radical potential in action research providing real “added value” in relation to more conventional social research approaches. Praxis knowing radically challenges the divisions of labour between knower-researchers and the known-researched. Thereby it also challenges both the epistemologies and institutionalisations dominating both conventional research and conventional ways of conceptualising action research.

Actualmente la formación docente se ve interpelada por múltiples demandas tanto desde las variadas realidades de las prácticas en instituciones educativas cuanto desde los avances en los conocimientos disciplinares y educativos. La Didáctica Especial, como nexo entre ambos conocimientos y desde sus propias investigaciones e innovaciones,desarrolla aportes teóricos y prácticos para el diseño, implementación y evaluación de situaciones de enseñanza y de aprendizaje. Su problemática central es la interrelación entre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de contenidos,su transposición y comunicación. Cada clase está mediada por dichos procesos,donde ocurren transacciones, tanto sociales como cognitivas, guiadas desde las actuaciones de docente y estudiantes, desde las estrategias que se implementan y desde los materiales que se emplean. La Didáctica de las Ciencias, como la Biología, suma a lo anterior la influencia de las decisiones derivadas de las propias características del contenido. Por ello, actualmente se incluye como tema en la formación docente la noción de ?conocimiento didáctico del contenido? ya que enseñar va más allá del conocimiento de la propia disciplina.Lo anterior marca la necesidad de incluir diversos saberes, como los relacionados con la forma de secuenciar, organizar o ir complejizando el contenido, el diseño de actividades y las estrategias que lo posibilitan, entre otros. Construir una noción de ?estrategia de enseñanza?, en el proceso de formación docente, requiere analizar autores, reflexionar,cuestionarse y buscar ejemplificaciones en contextos particulares. Sabemos que las situaciones de clase transcurren guiadas por secuencias de actividades,organizadas en torno a estrategias de enseñanza. Ellas delimitan un contexto que da sentido y finalidad a un conjunto de actividades. En este capítulo, se presenta a la indagación dialógica problematizadora (IDP), que está focalizada en guiar el análisis de una situación problema,desde lo verbal. Se propone para movilizar representaciones, conocimientos previos y diferentes ángulos de análisis de una temática particular. Sigue un camino de cuestionamiento de ideas que permite ir complejizando el tratamiento de un tema a medida que se busca una respuesta al problema inicial. En este capítulo se proveen numerosos ejemplos para múltiples temas de Biología, en especial, biodiversidad y evolución.

Aristotle has been continuously at the frontier of philosophical reflection for almost 2400 years. Throughout the 20th century the influence of his practical philosophy has been growing. His «non-modernist» concept of phrónêsis or practical wisdom is attracting increasing interest as an alternative to both «modernism» and «post-modernism». This book is a meticulous study of Aristotle's phrónêsis and its applications to the fields of personal development or character formation and of ethical virtues. It also relates phrónêsis to the wider context of Aristotle's theoretical philosophy and of his different ways of knowing, and to both theoretical and practical concerns within modern social and action research. The whole of Aristotle's thinking is radically practice-based and directed. However, it never loses its theoretical focus. His theoretical philosophy is fundamentally dialogical. Hence, the relevance of Aristotelian thinking is striking for the current reconfigurations in the social organisation of learning and knowledge production.

“Dialogue” combines the Greek dia (“across”) with logos (“word” or “speech”) to mean a mutual exchange of meaning across space and time. A dialogue involves two or more entities in communication with each other, taking turns in some physical or conceptual space that separates and distinguishes these entities. The discipline of philosophy is no stranger to the dialogue form. Philosophers certainly read many dialogues in their training and still assign them for students to read. However, philosophers today rarely write dialogues themselves or ask students to write them. Philosophy, along with most other academic disciplines, has moved away from the form. Straight, expository prose is now the standard for academic writing in and out of the classroom. Except in creative and play writing classes, the dialogue form is rarely used. Here I argue for its return, especially when it comes to student papers in philosophy.

This is my overall theory of Johannine composition, involving an early and a final edition of the Gospel, with the three Johannine Epistles composed by the Elder written between them--who was the final editor of the Beloved Disciple's narrative work. Included in this essay is an overlooked first-century clue to John's authorship, building on the ancient tradition of two "John's" buried at Ephesus. It is published in Structure, Composition, and Authorship of John’s Gospel, edited by Stanley E. Porter and Hughson Ong, The Origins of John's Gospel, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2015, pp. 169-218.

ABSTRACT
What makes the co-construction of a new alliance between school-adolescents-family and territory topical, necessary, vital and imperative?
The 21st century started with one of the most significant and profound educational emergencies of all times. The following elements characterize this crisis:
- the progressive loss of trust in the institutions and in the adult world;
- the disruption of communities and the solitude of families;
- the absence of new paradigms able to interpret and face changes under way, with the subsequent poor awareness of the impact on young generations and on the planet of the two revolutions under way: digital and biotechnological. The fourth revolution, as Luciano Floridi defines it (2018), which is transforming the world, does not find any critical space yet in educational curricula. A sort of “anthropological mutation” of digital adolescents is taking place which may appear as a surprise to the world of adults and in particular to all those who are in charge of education.
A dialogue-based approach can represent an effective “counter-device” (Agamben, 2006) capable of fighting dementia and digital solitude (Spitzer 2013, 2016), and of contributing to co-construct a new educational alliance based on responsibility, commitment and understanding. Dialogue is an inclusive practice where the entire educational community is involved, which is generously, carefully and profoundly listening to adolescents.
Dialogue, as a bridge with and between generations, develops higher awareness and critical skills with respect to the continuous and sudden changes under way and provides the ability to imagine the future.
In this article, the possibility to co-construct a new educational alliance between school – students – families – territory is analysed. School managers and teachers, “coach facilitators” of this process, are in charge of generating dialogue, facilitating it and keeping it open.

Keywords: Educational alliance, Dialogue, Concern, Reflexivity, Responsibility, Responsiveness, Polyphony, Generativity, Coaching, Mindfulness, Imagining the Future.

AUTHOR NOTE: Please address all correspondence regarding this article to Prof. Marco Braghero marco.braghero@gmail.com

We examined the effects of a teacher development programme focused on the implementation of dialogic teaching. A change in classroom discourse parameters was identified. The amount of talk with reasoning increased. Student talk with reasoning is related to the occurrence of other indicators of dialogic teaching. a b s t r a c t This study deals with the impact of a teacher development programme focused on the implementation of dialogic teaching practice. Four indicators of dialogic teaching were measured: student talk with reasoning, teachers' open questions of high cognitive demand, teacher uptake, and open discussion. An analysis of video recordings made before and after the programme showed a change in classroom discourse and an increase in the amount of student talk with reasoning, attributed to changes in teacher communication behaviour. The participants were eight Czech teachers in lower secondary schools who took part in a one-year action research teacher development programme.

Consultation is an important feature of research and, increasingly, researchers are required to work in partnership with stakeholders to increase the impact of their work. Our aim is to demonstrate what can be learned from the scholarship on, and practice of, member checking to facilitate productive knowledge exchange. Using dialogical analysis we explore three member check interactions from three different qualitative psychology projects focusing our analysis on difficult moments between researchers and participants conceptualised here as ‘sore spots’. We identify two major genres in these sequences: participant ambivalence and participant challenge. We then consider passages that allow us to explore a more theoretical understanding of these two genres in terms of the metaphor of portraits and mirrors. Overall, we outline how implicit epistemologies and theories of subjectivity (uncomplicated, blank, and complex) may be linked to the way in which stakeholders approach research. We also provide a map with regard to the theories within which member checks can be undertaken, associated research practices in terms of a range of researcher responses to stakeholder ambivalence and challenge, and implications of these moments for knowledge exchange for qualitative research but also for psychological science as a whole. We conclude that sore spots in knowledge exchange process can be productive opportunities of transformational validity.

Keywords: member check; knowledge exchange; research impact; dialogical analysis; participant validation

In the following report the author will be attempting to outline the binary opposition of monologic and dialogic approaches so that an educational practitioner can move from the univocal to authentic communicative exchanges. To introduce this report the author has chosen to use a passage from Lord Alfred Tennyson’s poem of ‘Ulysses’ (1842). I feel that this encapsulates and demarcates the report and the ultimate goal of dialogic teaching i.e. democratic learner participation and higher order cognitive processing.

“I am part of all that I have met;
Yet all experience is an arch
Wherethro’
Gleams that untravell’d world,
whose margin fades
For ever and for ever when I move.”

This article relates common ways of conceptualising action research as “intervention”, “collaboration”, “interactive research”, “applied research”, and “practitioner research” to a number of different ways of knowing, extracted from the works of Aristotle. The purpose is not to disavow any of these practices but to expand the philosophical, methodological, and theoretical horizon to contain the Aristotelian concept of praxis. It is claimed that praxis knowing needs to be comprehended in order to realize the full, radical potential in action research providing real “added value” in relation to more conventional social research approaches. Praxis knowing radically challenges the divisions of labour between knower-researchers and the known-researched. Thereby it also challenges both the epistemologies and institutionalisations dominating both conventional research and conventional ways of conceptualising action research.

Del Prette, Z. A. P., & Del Prette, A. (2001). Habilidades sociais e educação: Pesquisa e atuação em psicologia escolar/educacional. In: Del Prette, Z.A.P (Org.), Psicologia Escolar, Saúde e Qualidade de Vida (pp. 113-141). Campinas: Alínea.

The Philosophy for Children in Schools Project is an ongoing research project to explore the impact of philosophy for children (P4C) on classroom practice. This paper reports on the responses of head teachers, teachers and local educational authority (LA) officers in South Wales, UK, to the initial training programme in Philosophy for Children carried out by the University School of Education. Achieving change in schools through the embedding of new practices is an important challenge for head teachers. Interviews and qualitative questionnaires were used to explore perceptions of and attitudes towards the dialogic practice of P4C and the related challenges for school leaders. The results provide an insight into how head teachers planned to embed the new practice of P4C in their schools. Results from the interviews and questionnaires have been subject to iterative analysis and categories derived under which to discuss the findings. There are many similarities in the ways in which different head teachers go about planning change n their schools as well as differences. The results provide insight into the role of initial continuing professional development (CPD) in school development and the processes by which individual heads plan to embed change in practice across the whole school.

EDITORIAL
Oľga Zápotočná:
Pedagogy, Education and Society Today

ARTICLES
Anneli Frelin, Jan Grannäs:
The Production of Present and Absent Presences in Education

Metka Mencin Čeplak:
Heteronormativity: School, Ideology, and Politics

Jana Plichtová:
Scottish and Slovak University Student Discussions about Stigmatized Persons: A Challenge for Education – Moving towards Democracy and Inclusion

Ping Wang:
Perspectives on English Teacher Development in Rural Primary Schools in China

Gilbert S. Suzawa:
The Learning Teacher: Role of Ambiguity in Education

Zuzana Petrová:
To the Relevancy of Using Vygotsky´s theoretical Framework
to Legitimize the Dialogic Teaching/Learning

Abstract: The challenges of the leadership faced by the dialogical coach, are: to succeed in opening a permanent thoughtful and reflective space, focusing on dialogue. The dialogical coach faces the growing complexity and acts as a service transformational, participative leadership, which makes a 'generous listening, meaning to be deeply conscious of the other’s aim, of the meaning of his future possibilities. A leadership capable of crossing and going beyond boundaries, that divide and at the same time link, capable of being 'social, a leader who is a capable and active follower. The coach is capable of 'causing' capabilities, of widening these capabilities, he is capable of negotiating among the different parts, among the different points of view. The coach considers leadership as relational action in an evolving context.
Key words: Dialogue, Coaching, Leadership, Exotopia, Awareness, Transformational

In this essay David Kennedy argues that children represent one vanguard of an emergent shift in Western subjectivity, and that adult–child dialogue, especially in the context of schooling, is a key locus for the epistemological change that implies. Following Herbert Marcuse's invocation of a " new sensibility, " Kennedy argues that the evolutionary phenomenon of neoteny — the long formative period of human childhood and the paedomorphic character of humans across the life cycle — makes of the adult–child collective of school a primary site for the reconstruction of belief. After exploring child–adult dialogue more broadly as a form of dialectical interaction between what John Dewey called " impulse " and " habit, " Kennedy identifies three key dimensions of dialogic schooling, all of which are grounded in a fourth: the form of dialogical group discourse called community of philosophical inquiry (CPI), which is based on the problematization and reconstruction of concepts through critical argumentation. As a discourse model, CPI grounds practice in all of the dialogic school's emergent curricular spaces, whether science or mathematics, whether literature, art, or philosophy. Second, CPI opens a functional space for shared decision making and collaborative governance, making of school an exemplary model of direct democracy. Finally, CPI as a site for the critical interrogation of concepts encountered in the curriculum (such as " alive, " " justice, " " system, " and " biosphere ") and as a site for democratic governance leads naturally to expression in activist projects that model an emergent " new reality principle " through concrete solutions to practical problems on local and global levels. School as Archetype In this essay, I aim to offer one normative definition of " school " as a form of intentional community in which certain social, psychological, and political possibilities are present in the purposeful interaction between youth and age that act as agents of cumulative cultural evolution, or " cultural ratcheting. " 1 I argue that school, when organized as a purposeful site of intergenerational dialogue or " meeting " in the strong sense, opens spaces for the ongoing reconstruction of habit and belief that are promised both in the long period of neuronal development offered by human childhood, or " neoteny " ; and by the related phenomenon of " paedomorphism, " or the extent to which Homo sapiens, in comparison with its forebears, is marked throughout the life cycle by both physiological and psychological characteristics that are childlike. 2 But I also argue that, while (1) political democratization and class mobility — the rise, specifically, of a new class of " free men " in fifth-century BC Athens that challenged aristocratic hegemony 3 — first created a social space for the emergence of this form of adult–child collective, (2) the school's full potential as a transformative social and cultural institution has only been realized through a widespread transformation of 1. Michael Tomasello, Why We Cooperate

Kumpulainen, K., & Rajala, A. (in press). Dialogic teaching and students’ discursive identity negotiation in the learning of science. In C. van der Veen, & B. van Oers (Eds.) Special issue: Classroom discourse and learning outcomes. Learning & Instruction.

***

This study sought to understand how dialogic teaching, as enacted in everyday classroom interaction, affords students opportunities for identity negotiation as learners of science. By drawing on sociocultural and sociolinguistic accounts, the study examined how students' discursive identities were managed and recognized in the moment and over time during dialogic teaching and what consequences these negotiations had for their engagement in science learning. The study used video data of classroom interactions collected from an elementary science learning project and placed a specific analytic focus on four students in particular. The results reveal evidence of a rich variety of discursive identities exposed during dialogic teaching, thus demonstrating how the students' identity negotiations were configured according to the social architecture of classroom discourse. Addressing the temporal dimension of dialogic teaching points out critical shifts in the students' discursive identities, of which identification is argued to be pivotal when creating equitable science learning opportunities.

The research presented below is enquiring in to whether verbal and non-verbal learning behaviour increases after collaboration with an expert. The group participated in two differing learning dyads (i.e. expert-novice and same-ability) and completed a pre-training activity; a worksheet and an assessment.
The results show two distinct dis-ordinal interactions (1) VB of the participants actually decreased after collaboration with the expert; however, the NVB’s increased and (2) the use of sub-type and prototypical ontologies by the participants during the pre-training can be seen to decrease in the sub-type ontological category and increase in the prototypical ontological category during student-student interaction.
The reduction in the use of sub-type ontologies; the increase in NVB’s and use of prototypical ontologies suggests that collaboration with an expert not only increases a person confidence, but also implies that mediated learning can semantically modify sub-type ontologies so the learner can contribute to the learning situation without the threat of being stigmatized or rejected. Hence, the hypothesis was not fully supported by the evidence collected.

In this research, it is aimed to investigate in depth the thoughts and practices of primary teachers regarding the practice of dialogical teaching. This research is designed as a phenomenological. Within the scope of the study, the researcher examined the conditions under which the experiences of dialogic teaching in the learning-teaching process are realised, focusing on the phenomenon of dialogical teaching. Research data are gathered through interviews and observations. 11 primary teachers participated in the interviews as well as with the observations in the classroom of four teachers. In the analysis of the interview data, Moustakas data analysis technique is used. The findings of the interviews show that teachers care about interaction and try to regulate the learning environment accordingly. On the contrary, the findings obtained from the observations do not support the interviews. It is observed that the learning environment is monologue rather than dialogic.

In this chapter, the authors introduce research-based strategies to engage beginning teachers in learning as reflexive praxis, a continuous inquiry into teaching. They argue that mastery of such mediational means of reflection as verbal/visual narratives, artmaking, and dialog mediate the development of reflection as a tool-mediated action, reflexive praxis, and support teachers' transformation into agents of their praxis. The discussion concerns the development of teachers' visual narratives, from descriptive to critical, and their ability to engage in critical reflection of their practice. The cycles of verbal narrative, dialog, and visual narrative in a course of artmaking activity scaffolded the development of teachers' reflections from descriptions of the critical event in practice to critical reflection. The chapter includes a detailed protocol for a multi-media triptych activity that can be used by both teachers and teacher educators for developing teachers' reflexive praxis.

This paper offers a genealogy of dialogic education, tracing its origins in Romantic epistemology and corresponding philosophy of childhood, and identifying it as a counterpoint to the purposes and assumptions of universal, compulsory, state-imposed and regulated schooling. Dialogic education has historically worked against the grain of standardized mass education, not only in its view of the nature, capacities and potentialities of children (and therefore of adults as well), but in its economic, political and social views, for which childhood is understood as a promissory condition. Dialogic education is oriented to what Dewey called “a future new society of changed purposes and desires,” made possible by an emergent form of social character. It has followed its own developmental trajectory from its origins in Pestalozzi’s Rousseau-inspired innovations, through anarchist theory and practice and the Progressive Education movement, to its current most salient formulation in the Democratic Education movement, whether as an enemy within the gates of standardized education or as expressed in innumerable alternative forms of schooling or unschooling. The paper highlights several key characteristics, gleaned from all those forms, of the dialogic school—identified as intentionality, transitionality, emergence, aesthetic temporality, interdisciplinarity and group governmentality--and argues further that community of philosophical inquiry theory and practice as a form of post-Socratic group dialogue that emerged in the 1970’s, is a pedagogical praxis that offers a grand operational template for dialogic education as a form of schooling

1. Einleitung                                                                                                    1                                                                                                      2. Praxisorientiertes Wissen als Lernziel                                                    2                                  3. Dialogische Wissensvermittlung im Systemansatz                              2                                         
4. Vernetzte Wissensordnungen zur Kontrolle lebensfähiger Systeme 3                                 
5. Einführung in das Systemdenken (am Beispiel)                                    4                    6. Beschreibungs- und Dialogsprachen: Systeme, Modelle, Symbole    4                       
7. Entwurf eines praxisgerichteten Lehr- und Lernsystems                    4                      4

Education is commonly considered to be a transformational practice that contributes both to forging the personality of individuals and to promoting social entanglements. For this reason, education always has a normative character that rests on a particular concept of what humanity and society should be. However, educational policies and practices are frequently unaware of these theoretical presuppositions, and for this reason, they frequently appear to act in a naïve and superficial manner. This is particularly the case for citizenship education, which, if superficially implemented, risks being distorted into a form of civic education that reproduces established norms and social relations, without promoting any meaningful social change. Thus, the first part of this article aims to deepen the notion of citizenship, in particular by studying what the concept of ‘consensus’ means, conceiving of it not as a synonym of social resignation, but rather as a collective conspiracy towards a common political project. Accordingly, the article defines the basic characteristics that education should always possess to effectively promote a democratic and participative citizenship education. In particular, it identifies five constitutive contrasts in relation to the ways in which information is transmitted, reasoned, emotionally perceived, and then discussed and countered both by individuals and society. The article therefore presents an overall theory of education, seen as a momentous practice of dialogue and common action that opens the way for a democracy in progress.