Dolomites

In the 19th century, a unique combination of scientific, social, political and cultural factors attracted crowds of visitors from all over the world to the Dolomite Mountains. This phenomenon had its epicenter in Fiemme Valley and in the town of Predazzo, where Michele Giacomelli and his family hosted a great number of these travelers in their hotel: the Nave d’Oro.
This book features a critical edition of the first manuscript volume of the guestbook of the hotel, the Memoriale (1820–1875): a document where countless characters intertwined their lives, jobs, works, and passions. A stratification of social and cultural contexts, languages and events which make this manuscript a precious source for understanding a crucial chapter in Italian and European history.

"The deepest degradation of the imperial authority to an empty title by the promises of its head to seek the approval of his person by the Pope before his entry into Italy, to appear in Rome for the coronation for only one day, but then to leave the city and never enter again a country of the Church, aroused the contempt of all people still thinking great," Ferdinand Gregorovius summed up over 100 years ago the results of the Italian policy of Charles IV in a devastating way.
Two elements justified the judgement of the great Italian researcher of the second half of the 19th century: on the one hand the disdain for Charles, on the other hand the idea that in the Late Middle Ages the monarchical top of the empire in Italy, in contrast to the heyday of the High Middle Ages, no longer played a role.
The negative image of Charles IV as "Pfaffenkönig" has been largely revised in the meantime, which is by no means a claim for the second element. The Italian policy of the late medieval Roman-German rulers is still a little cultivated field of research with many open questions and problems.
Unlike in the High Middle Ages, especially among the Ottonians and Staufern, this country played only a marginal role in imperial politics since the interregnum around the middle of the 13th century. This is the prevailing opinion. The rulers usually only visited it once for the coronation of the emperor, and apparently they no longer pursued long-term political concepts there.  Even the Italian trains themselves are difficult to see through. Continuities, parallels and sometimes fascinating insights only emerge on closer inspection.
***
„Die tiefste Entwürdigung der Reichsautorität zu einem leeren Titel durch die Zusagen ihres Hauptes, vor seinem Eintritt in Italien die Billigung seiner Person durch den Papst nachzusuchen, in Rom nur einen Tag lang zur Krönung zu erscheinen, dann aber die Stadt zu verlassen und kein Land der Kirche jemals wieder zu betreten, erregte die Verachtung aller noch großdenkenden Menschen“, so vernichtend resümierte Ferdinand Gregorovius vor über 100 Jahren die Ergebnisse der Italienpolitik Karls IV.
Zwei Elemente haben das Urteil des großen Italienforschers der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts begründet: zum einen die Geringschätzung Karls, zum anderen die Vorstellung, im Spätmittelalter habe die monarchische Spitze des Reichs in Italien im Gegensatz zu den Glanzzeiten des Hochmittelalters keine Rolle mehr gespielt.
Das Negativbild Karls IV. als „Pfaffenkönig“ ist inzwischen weitgehend revidiert, was man für das zweite Element keineswegs behaupten kann. Die Italienpolitik der spätmittelalterlichen römisch-deutschen Herrscher ist nach wie vor ein wenig beackertes Feld der Forschung mit vielen offenen Fragen und Problemen.
Anders als noch im Hochmittelalter, besonders unter den Ottonen und Staufern, spielte dieses Land seit dem Interregnum um die Mitte des 13. Jh. in der Reichspolitik nur noch eine marginale Rolle. So lautet die herrschende Meinung. Die Herrscher suchten es meist nur ein einziges Mal für die Kaiserkrönung auf, langfristige politische Konzeptionen verfolgten sie dort scheinbar nicht mehr. Auch die Italienzüge selbst bergen sind schwer zu durchschauen. Erst bei näherer Betrachtung ergeben sich Kontinuitäten, Parallelen und bisweilen faszinierende Einblicke.

“Io dico che la mia terra è uno dei posti più belli non già dell'Italia ma dell'intero globo terracqueo... la mia patria si chiama Belluno.”
Queste le parole con cui il celebre scrittore e giornalista bellunese Dino Buzzati faceva riferimento nel 1960 alla sua terra natia, esaltandone la bellezza. Certo, quella di cui l’autore parla è una terra che nei decenni successivi ha subito diverse trasformazioni, ma che tuttavia conserva ancora numerosi elementi che la rendono una realtà Alpina affascinante ed autentica. Il Comune che ha dato i natali allo scrittore (Belluno, appunto) assieme agli altri territori collocati nella parte meridionale della provincia, a partire proprio dagli anni ‘60 sono stati protagonisti di un aumento del benessere economico e della popolazione, sostanzialmente grazie allo sviluppo dei settori prima secondario e poi terziario. Se quest’evoluzione ha comportato un generale aumento delle infrastrutture, su tutta l’area si sono comunque ben conservati una serie di elementi di pregio naturalistico e storico-architettonico.
Il territorio nel suo complesso presenta una connotazione di stampo rurale, ed è collocato un un’area prealpina ben individuata. Secondo quanto riportato all’interno del Piano di Sviluppo Regionale Veneto 2007-2013 lo stesso rientra nella categoria delle “Aree rurali con problemi complessivi di sviluppo”, in quanto le “caratteristiche geomorfologiche e gli andamenti socioeconomici non hanno consentito nell’area l'innesco di dinamiche locali autopropulsive paragonabili al resto della regione”.
In letteratura è presente una discreta mole di materiale relativa alle opportunità di sviluppo di questa fattispecie di aree rurali, spesso caratterizzate da una marcata marginalità (a livello geografico, economico, sociale e demografico) ma altresì dalla presenza più o meno diffusa di risorse naturali, storico-culturali ed artistiche e di una serie di produzioni locali. Dall’analisi del materiale sopracitato emerge come il turismo possa rappresentare un’importante mezzo attraverso cui porre rimedio ad alcune delle problematiche sopra espresse.
D’altro canto, all’interno del mercato turistico si evidenzia la presenza di un segmento di domanda in crescita che dimostra un marcato interesse per quelle località che presentino un’identità propria e autentica e che siano in grado di offrire esperienze non banalizzate ed incentrate sul trinomio natura/storia/tradizioni, immerse in realtà non ancora
intaccate dal turismo di massa.
Con il presente lavoro di tesi si è voluto indagare se vi sono i requisiti per poter soddisfare le esigenze delle categorie di turisti di cui sopra, e quindi per poter sviluppare una politica turistica valida e efficiente all’interno della parte meridionale della Provincia di Belluno (comprendente i territori dell’Alpago, della Valbelluna e del Feltrino).

Cathodoluminescent petrography (CL) is a well established technique that can provide a means to examine fabrics, diagenetic phases and cement relationships in sedimentary rocks.  CL is very useful in the study of carbonate rocks because of the activators and quenchers.  Mn is the most important CL activator in carbonate minerals and concentrations of ca. 20 ppm can cause luminescence, although levels of just a few ppm may be enough to cause weak CL depending on the amount of Fe present.  Fe begins to quench luminescence at levels of ca. 200 ppm, and effectively quenches luminescence at levels of 103 ppm.  Mn and Fe both have divalent reduced forms that readily fit into trigonal carbonate crystal structures and they have different redox potentials, so the concentration of these cations provide a baseline for understanding oxygen levels of the pore fluids from which the carbonate precipitated.
Dolomite is an important sedimentary mineral that can be difficult to interpret because many dolostones are composed of multiple stages of dolomite that typically represent very different geochemical processes of replacement, recrystallization, and cementation.  Because these processes usually occur under different redox conditions, dolomites record these changes in their crystals.  Dolomites of the Permian Phosphoria Complex provide an excellent case example that contains petroleum source rocks in basinal facies and petroleum reservoir rocks in shallow water peritidal carbonate facies.  The shallow water facies were subjected to extreme arid conditions and evaporation that led to an early mimetic dolomitization of CaCO3 sediments.  This first phase experienced recrystallization and overprinting by burial phases that also are major cementing phases. Cement recognition is important in carbonate rocks, and especially dolomite, because of its importance in determining the hydrologic properties of carbonate aquifers and petroleum reservoirs.

El origen y formación de las dolomitas ha sido un enigma por parte de la comunidad científica en las últimas décadas. En este trabajo de investigación, se llevó a cabo un estudio geoquímico de una secuencia litoestratigráfica de diversas facies de calizas macrofosilíferas y dolomitas, correspondientes al Miembro Punceres de la Formación El Cantil en La Cantera El Vivero, Sector Pertigalete, Edo. Anzoátegui - Venezuela, con el propósito de establecer su origen, las condiciones paleoambientales presentes durante la depositación y su evolución diagenética durante el tiempo geológico. Para cumplir con los objetivos planteados, se colectaron un total de once (11) muestras de roca; de modo que, diez (10) correspondían al Miembro Punceres (Fm. El Cantil), y una (1) al posible Miembro Caripe (Fm. Chimana). A cada muestra de roca se les realizó una previa descripción macroscópica, un análisis instrumental por Fluorescencia de Rayos-X (FRX) para determinar la concentración elemental de Al2O3, SiO2, K2O y V (ppm), y un posterior análisis químico por valoración complexométrica con EDTA (ácido etilendiamino-tetraacético) con el propósito de determinar la concentración elemental de MgO, CaO, MnO y Fe2O3. Por medio de la interpretación de los datos obtenidos a partir del levantamiento litoestratigráfico, se definieron tres (3) unidades informales, correspondientes al Miembro Punceres (Fm. El Cantil) (Unidad I y II) y al posible Miembro Caripe (Fm. Chimana) (Unidad III). Asimismo, se identificó la presencia de cuatro (4) facies de carbonatos dentro de las unidades informales I y II: 1) Mudstones diagenética o Cementstone; 2) Floatstone diagenética; 3) Rudstone diagenética; 4) Dolomicrosparstone; de las cuales, se estableció que el posible ambiente de depositación del Miembro Punceres se vincula a un evento de evolución progresiva de un complejo arrecifal rudístico, dentro de un margen de plataforma interna o semi-protegido por algún banco o montículo arrecifal, bajo condiciones ligeramente anóxicas, condicionado por eventos episódicos de transgresión y regresión marina; aunque también, se estableció la posible hipótesis de que algún evento tectónico posterior pudo haber afectado dicha secuencia carbonática, separando la misma en dos entes distintos (Unidad I y II). Por otra parte, en la Unidad III se identificó solo una facies de carbonato: 1) Mudstone pelágica; estableciendo un entorno de depositación más anóxico y de mayor profundidad en esta unidad, posiblemente, dentro del margen de plataforma externa. A través del análisis geoquímico se determinó que las dolomitas del Miembro Punceres, posiblemente, se originaron durante una diagénesis de soterramiento, a través de la filtración por reflujo de aguas de alta salinidad ricas en Mg y, quizás, por influencia de aguas de formación modificadas por la interacción agua-roca de origen sedimentario. Dichas dolomitas presentaron elevadas concentraciones de Fe2O3, MnO y V, a comparación de las calizas, indicando la evidencia de posibles fluidos dolomíticos enriquecidos en Fe2+, Mn2+ y VO2+, bajo condiciones ligeramente anóxicas; estableciendo niveles más anóxicos en los fluidos diagenéticos que originaron la capa de dolomita M2 - M3 (Unidad I), a comparación de la capa de dolomita M7 (Unidad II). Asimismo, en bases a las relaciones elementales MgO/CaO y MnO/CaO, se estableció una posible dolomitización más avanzada y más completa en la capa de dolomita M7. La baja concentración de K2O y CaO y el aumento de MgO, MnO y Fe2O3 en las capas de dolomitas, indica una posible sustitución iónica o reemplazo y recristalización durante el avance diagenético; sin embargo, las concentraciones de K2O en las capas de dolomitas M2 - M3 y M7 y la capa de caliza M1 (Unidad I) se vinculan con mayor criterio a un aumento en la salinidad en la plataforma carbonática; aunque también, se estableció que las elevadas concentraciones de K2O en las capas de calizas M4 a M11 (Unidad I, II y III) se debe, principalmente, a la presencia de minerales arcillosos, destacado por la contenido significativo de SiO2 y Al2O3 en las mismas.

In this paper, we provide an overview of the historically known Triassic floras from the Eastern Southern Alps (e.g., Raibl and Recoaro), as well as the newer macro- and micro-plant assemblages that have been recorded during the 20th and 21st centuries. This includes some specimens stored in various European museums. The plant assemblages are presented here in chronostratigraphic order, starting with the Early Triassic, an interval of which only very few plant fragments are known from the area, whereas palynological data are available. In contrast to the Early Triassic, the Anisian floras (e.g., Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca) are quite diverse, in both macrofloras – including in situ spores – and palynological assemblages. Similarly, the Ladinian of the Eastern Southern Alps is well known from the flora of Monte Agnello, which is outstanding in terms of both diversity and in total number of specimens, with additional information being derived from a large number of smaller macrofloral collections. The Carnian flora of the Eastern Southern Alps is also represented by a wide range of plant fossils, in contrast to the Norian/Rhaetian floras, which are represented only by a low number of macroremains and dispersed pollen and spores findings. A special subject of interest is the presence of amber in some of the Triassic sediments of the Southern Alps. Between the Wengen/La Valle and Heiligkreuz formations, the Dolomites represent the largest Triassic amber deposit known to date.
In addition to macrofossil collections, the palynological data from many localities permits the reconstruction of environmental conditions during the various stages of the Triassic in the Southern Alps. They provide evidence for at least three shifts from xerophytic to hygrophytic palynoassemblages. Moreover, (chrono-)stratigraphic revision of the various localities enables a better understanding of the geographic and temporal distribution of the various taxa.
Focusing on the overview picture of Triassic flora in the Eastern Southern Alps, only one necessary systematic aspect is highlighted herein. We transfer the material described as Sphenozamites wengensis to the genus Macropterygium as Macropterygium wengensis (Wachtler et Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, 2000) Kustatscher et Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert comb. nov. The genus Macropterygium has been redefined for species with pinnate leaves with wedge-shaped segments that do not yield any cuticles and, thus, cannot be assigned to either the Cycadales or the Bennettitales, thereby distinguishing it from Apoldia and Sphenozamites.

Mudstones in the Sha-3 member of the Shahejie Formation, in the Tanggu area of the Huanghua Depression, have been found to contain analcime and ankerite. Hydrothermal sedimentation has been invoked to explain the origin of these two minerals, raising the question of whether hydrothermal activity occurred at a sufficient scale to significantly raise the salinity of the depositional environment. We applied a suite of organic petrological and geochemical methods to directly address this question. Maceral composition, kerogen type, and the distribution of n-alkanes, hopanes, and steranes indicate that the organic matter contained in these mudstones and dolomitic mudstones is mainly derived from algae and bacteria. The dominant acritarch genera, C31R/C30 hopane ratio, gammacerane index, Pr/Ph ratio, and the relationship between Pr/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18 suggest that the mudstones and dolomitic mudstones were deposited in an anoxic, saline lacustrine environment. Tmax, biomarker maturity indices, the Thermal Alteration Index (TAI) and Acritarch Alteration Index (AAI), and vitrinite reflectance all indicate that the organic matter is at an immature to early mature stage. The estimated maximum paleotemperature is close to the present-day burial temperature, and much lower than the homogenization temperature of the analcime veins in dolostones. Combined with the absence of unresolved complex mixtures on the n-alkane pattern, this suggests that hydrothermal activity had a negligible impact on the salinity and alkalinity of the depositional lake.

The Causse of El Hajeb belongs to the Tabular Middle Atlas (TMA), in which thousands of karst landforms have been identified. Among them, collapse dolines and dissolution sinkholes have been highlighted as a source of environmental risks and geo-hazards. In particular, such sinkholes have been linked to the degradation of water quality in water springs located in the junction of the TMA and Saïss basin. Furthermore, the developments of collapse dolines in agricultural and inhabited areas enhance the risk of life loss, injury, and property damage. Here, the lack of research on newly formed cavities has exacerbated the situation. The limited studies using remote sensing or geophysical methods to determine the degree of karstification and vulnerability of this environment fail to provide the spatial extent and depth location of individual karst cavities. In order to contribute to the effort of sinkhole risk reduction in TMA, we employed remote sensing and geophysical surveys to integrate electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and self-potential (SP) for subsurface characterization of four sinkholes identified in the Causse of El Hajeb. The results revealed the existence of sinkholes, both visible and non-accessible at the surface, in carbonate rocks. The sinkholes exhibited distinct morphologies, with depths reaching 35 m. Topography, geographic coordinates and land cover information extracted on remote sensing data demonstrated that these cavities were developed in depressions in which agricultural activities are regularly performed. The fusion of these methods benefits from remote sensing in geophysical surveys, particularly in acquisition, georeferencing, processing and interpretation of geophysical data. Furthermore, our proposed method allows identification of the protection perimeter required to minimize the risks posed by sinkholes.

The aim of this study is to date the rich plant deposit recently discovered in the hemipelagic terrigenous-carbonate succession
of the Northern Dolomites (Italy), as well as to describe the rich Anisian palynomorph association observed in the studied section. For the palynological analyses the whole studied section was sampled and three different palynomorph assemblages are distinguished within the section. These assemblages were compared with various palynostratigraphic zonations proposed for the Southern Alps and the distribution of the main markers are discussed in relation to other coeval sections in Europe. Thus, the plant horizon can be positioned close to the middle – late Pelsonian boundary. One new genus and species, Braiessporites posenatoi gen. et sp. nov., are described and several other taxa are discussed for the first time in literature, such as Foveosporites sp. 1 and Convolutispora sp. 1. Several spores, including Striatella sp., are reported for the
first time from Anisian sediments. Morphological variability of other taxa are discussed such as Jerseyiaspora punctispinosa,
Uvaesporites gadensis and Converrucosisporites conferteornatus. The taxonomical position of Todisporites fungosus (Balme 1963) comb. nov. is discussed and a new combination is proposed.

"The occurrence of arthropods in amber exclusively from the Cretaceous and Cenozoic is widely regarded to be a result of the production and preservation of large amounts of tree resin beginning ca. 130 million years (Ma) ago. Abundant 230 million-year-old amber from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of northeastern Italy has previously yielded myriad microorganisms, but we report here that it also preserves arthropods some 100 Ma older than the earliest prior records in amber. The Triassic specimens are a nematoceran fly (Diptera) and two disparate species of mites, Triasacarus fedelei gen. et sp. nov., and Ampezzoa triassica gen. et sp. nov. These mites are the oldest definitive fossils of a group, the Eriophyoidea, which includes the gall mites and comprises at least 3,500 Recent species, 97% of which feed on angiosperms and represents one of the most specialized lineages of phytophagous arthropods. Antiquity of the gall mites in much their extant form was unexpected, particularly with the Triassic species already having many of their present-day features (such as only two pairs of legs); further, it establishes conifer feeding as an ancestral trait. Feeding by the fossil mites may have contributed to the formation of the amber droplets, but we find that the abundance of amber during the Carnian (ca. 230 Ma) is globally anomalous for the pre-Cretaceous and may, alternatively, be related to paleoclimate. Further recovery of arthropods in Carnian-aged amber is promising and will have profound implications for understanding the evolution of terrestrial members of the most diverse phylum of organisms.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences08/2012; 109(37):14796-801. · 9.68 Impact Factor "

Generally, lycophytes are not well represented in Anisian floras. Nonetheless, four different genera, each with one species, have been distinguished in the Anisian flora from Ku¨hwiesenkopf (Monte Pra` della Vacca), Italy. They were well preserved and yielded leaf cuticles in all four taxa and in situ spores in two of them. Lycopia dezanchei gen. et sp. nov. is the most common form; it is characterized by a dichotomising creeping prostrate rhizome (representing the primary shoot axis) from which arise aerial axes, apically bifurcated and covered with bundles of long leaves. This taxon cannot be attributed to any of the lycophyte orders, but most resembles Lycopodiales. Two representatives of the Isoetales have been found, of which Isoetites brandneri sp.
nov. is abundant. This species is characterized by a short
stem, which is unusual for this genus. In situ immature microspores and megaspores were found in some specimens.
Lepacyclotes bechstaedtii sp. nov. has a quadrilobe corm with
fertile scales inserted in whorls or slightly helicoidally. Short
sterile leaves arise distally from the corm in some specimens.
Selaginellales are very rare in the flora; Selaginellites leonardii
sp. nov. is represented by a strobilus that yielded both micro- and megaspores. Some sterile fragments have been
found associated, but never in organic connection.

The "Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability" (LOHAS) market segment is becoming increasingly important. Despite this emerging trend, no conceptual or empirical work in tourism and hospitality literature has focused on this market segment so far. This research note aims to stand as a reference point on such topic and to present the results from a study conducted on the perception of this market segment among managers of hospitality services in the South Tyrolean part of the Dolomites (Italy). Results show that the intention of hospitality managers to adopt LOHAS practices is largely determined by economic opportunities and by the demand for LOHAS features. However, their level of awareness of the relevance of the LOHAS segment is rather low.

Reservoir core measurements can help guide seismic monitoring of fluid-induced pressure variations in tight fractured reservoirs , including those targeted for supercritical CO 2 injection. We have developed the first seismic-frequency " room-dry " measurements of fracture-specific shear stiffness, using artificially fractured standard granite samples with different degrees of mating , a well-mated tensile fracture from a dolomite reservoir core, as well as simple roughened polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surfaces. We have adapted a low-frequency (0.01–100 Hz) shear modulus and attenuation apparatus to explore the seismic signature of fractures and understand the mechanics of asperity contacts under a range of normal stress conditions. Our instrument is unique in its ability to measure at low-normal stresses (0.5– 20 MPa), simulating " open " fractures in shallow or high-fluid-pressure reservoirs. The accuracy of our instrument is demonstrated by calibration and comparison with ultrasonic measurements and low-frequency direct shear measurements of intact samples from the literature. Pressure-sensitive film was used to measure real contact area of the fracture surfaces. The fractured shear modulus for most of the samples shows an exponential dependence on the real contact area. A simple numerical model, with one bonded circular asperity, predicts this behavior and matches the data for the simple PMMA surfaces. The rock surfaces reach their intact moduli at lower contact area than the model predicts, likely due to more complex geometry. Finally, we apply our results to a linear-slip interface model to estimate reflection coefficients and calculate S-wave time delays due to the lower-wave velocities through the fractured zone. We find that cross-well surveys could detect even well-mated hard-rock fractures, assuming the availability of high-repeatability acquisition systems.

The low salinity effect (LSE) in carbonate rock has been less explored compared to sandstone rock. Laboratory experiments have shown that brine composition and (somewhat reduced) salinity can have a positive impact on oil recovery in carbonates. However, the mechanism leading to improved oil recovery in carbonate rock is not well understood. Several studies showed that a positive LSF effect might be associated with dissolution of rock, however, due to equilibration, dissolution may not contribute at reservoir scale which would make LSF for carbonate rock less attractive for field applications. This raises now the question whether calcite dissolution is the primary mechanism of the LSF effect. In this paper we aim to first demonstrate the positive response of carbonate rock to low salinity and then to gain insight into the underlying mechanism(s) specific to carbonate rock. We followed a similar methodology as in sandstone rock (see Mahani et al. 2015) by using a model system comprised of carbonate surfaces obtained from crushed carbonate rocks. Wettability alteration upon exposure to low salinity brine was examined by continuous monitoring of the contact angle. Furthermore, the effective surface charge at oil-water and water-rock interfaces was quantified via zeta-potential measurements. Mineral dissolution was addressed both experimentally and with geochemical modeling using PHREEQC. Two carbonate rocks with different mineralogy were investigated: Limestone and Silurian dolomite. Four types of brines were used: High salinity formation water (FW), Seawater (SW), 25×diluted SW (25dSW) and 25×diluted SW equilibrated with calcite (25dSWEQ). It was observed that by switching from FW to SW, 25dSW and 25dSWEQ, the limestone surface became less oil-wet. The results with SW and 25dSWEQ suggest that the low salinity effect occurs even in the absence of mineral dissolution, because no dissolution is expected in SW and none in 25dSWEQ. The wettability alteration to less oil-wetting state by low salinity is consistent with the zeta-potential data of limestone indicating that at lower salinities the charges at the limestone-brine interface become more negative indicative of a weaker electrostatic adhesion between the oil-brine and rock-brine interfaces, thus recession of three-phase contact line. In comparison to limestone, a smaller contact-angle-reduction was observed with dolomite. This is again consistent with the zeta-potential of dolomite showing generally more positive charges at higher salinities and less decrease at lower salinities. This implies that oil detachment from dolomite surface requires a larger reduction of adhesion forces at the contact line than limestone. Our study concludes that surface-charge-change is likely to be the primary mechanism which means that there is a positive low salinity effect in carbonates without mineral dissolution.

Gli articoli scientifici e le recensioni della presente edizione rientrano nelle aree disciplinari della storia, dell’etnografia, dell’antropologia, degli studi letterari e della linguistica e sono – come di consueto – scritti in italiano o in tedesco. Nella parte finale si trovano le inserzioni riguardo alle recenti pubblicazioni dell’Istitut Ladin (2016–2021) nonché l’elenco degli 11 autori e autrici di questo volume.

Die wissenschaftlichen Artikel und die Rezensionen der vorliegenden Ausgabe fallen in die Sachbereiche Geschichte, Ethnographie, Anthropologie, Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik und sind – wie üblich – auf Italienisch oder Deutsch verfasst. Im Nachspann finden sich die Einschaltungen zu den jüngsten Publikationen des ladinischen Kulturinstituts (2016–2021) sowie das Verzeichnis aller 11 an diesem Band beteiligten Autorinnen und Autoren.

In the Victorian period, Venice was linked to an iconography devoid of any references to the Dolomite Mountains. The connection between the city and its Alpine horizon remained concealed under a veil of haziness. This paper seeks to unravel the conditions under which this haze was lifted. In a context in which classical aesthetic trends and nostalgic codes of travel reminiscent of the Venetian Grand Tour still held sway, Victorian travellers ventured along alternative routes into the wild and rocky Highlands of Venice, pioneering new travel styles that satisfied the desire of experiencing nature in landscape. Josiah Gilbert's 1869 travel-cum-art book, Cadore, or Titian's Country, typified this changing trend. In tracing a Petit Tour, off the beaten track, Gilbert transformed the Dolomites into a zone of prestige centred on Pieve di Cadore, the birthplace of Titian. Despite their uncharted and isolated topography, the Dolomites emerged progressively as a cultural landscape intimately connected to the cosmopolitan aura of Venice and the artistic legacy left in Titian's mountainous backgrounds. Configuring the real Dolomite landscape as if Titian had painted it faithfully, Victorian travellers to Titian Country enacted a ‘cult geography’ through which his paintings could be traced on foot.

Lugardonia paradoxa gen. et sp. nov., a new strobilus with in situ spores from the Anisian flora of Kühwiesenkopf, the Dolomites, Italy, is described. These strobili show the general gross morphology of a gymnosperm (e.g. a seed fern) inflorescence with male organs consisting of pollen sacs on short stalks. However, they yield large trilete spores (c. 100 μm in diameter), almost circular in equatorial outline, with a
smooth inner layer and a granulate–verrucate outer layer (similar to exospore and perispore in fern spores). These spores suggest a pteridophyte rather than a gymnosperm affinity. Because of either macromorphological characters or spore morphology (based on light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscope
(SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis, most plant groups are ruled out as possible parent plants for these strobili. Only the ferns and seed ferns might be considered as potential parent plants. The possible affinities of these strobili within the ferns and seedferns are discussed in detail, with special emphasis on the ultrastructural features of the in situ spores. However, no definite conclusions can be drawn, although a fern affinity appears to be the more likely one based on spore morphology.

Bibliografia ragionata con recensioni e notizie di pubblicazioni socio- e geolinguistiche che riguardano la Ladinia dolomitica, l'Alto Adige e le isole linguistiche germaniche limitrofe. Bibliographische Berichterstattung ("Bibliografia ragionata/Bibliographie raisonnée" mit Rezensionen und Kurzbesprechungen) über variationslinguistisch relevante Publikationen zum Dolomitenladinischen, zur Sprachenlage in Südtirol sowie zu den benachbarten deutschen Sprachinseln.

The Laurinswand section in the Rosengarten/Catinaccio Massif (Dolomites, Southern Alps, Italy) covers the Permian-Triassic boundary in a proximal marine setting. The section has been studied for palynology, ostracods and carbonate microfacies. Five microfacies types are defined for the carbonates of the Bellerophon Formation (Changhsingian) in this section. Ostracod assemblages from the upper Bellerophon Formation show a moderate to high diversity and mostly indicate normal marine conditions, with some samples from the upper Casera Razzo Member being dominated by eurytopic forms. The ostracod fauna follows transgressive-regressive trends with low diverse assemblages occurring in the regres-sive parts. These trends are also reflected in the microfacies and can be assigned to three sequences. Palynological assemblages are dominated by phytoclasts, which is typical for proximal marine environments. Sporomorphs are represented predominantly by bisaccate and asaccate pollen grains and are mostly minor components of the palynofacies. Other minor , but consistent components in the Bellerophon Formation are acritarchs, Reduviasporonites and unidentified possible algae or fungi. The latter are particularly abundant in samples with ostracod faunas indicating restricted conditions. The Werfen Formation (uppermost Permian to Lower Triassic) yielded quantitatively poor palynological assemblages, with one sample from the Tesero Member showing a notable increase in spores and spore tetrads. This is indicative of the so-called "spore spike", a well-known signal from this interval. One sample from the overlying Mazzin Member demonstrated a high relative abundance of Reduviasporonites, which may be related to mass occurrences of this taxon in the Tesero Member at Tesero and at other localities near the Permian-Triassic boundary. Such a mass occurrence normally pre-dates the spore spike, whereas at the Laurinswand, the former postdates the latter considerably.

This work surveyed dragonfly population in the Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park. Since dragonflies are hemimetabolic insects whose larval stages are linked to aquatic environments, the investigation took place in both lotic and lentic habitat within the Park or in nearby locations. The Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park is located in the Belluno province (North-Eastern Italy) and belongs to the Alpine Biogeographical Region. The park encompasses medium and high mountain habitat in the Southern portion of the Dolomites mountain range. A total of 25 species have been recorded (9 zygoterans, 16 anisopterans), 13 of which within the boundaries of the park. The most common species were Cordulegaster bidentata, which finds its natural habitat in streams in hilly and mountain areas, and Aeshna cyanea, a common species of wide ecological niche.Two wetland areas outside the Park host species rated as "near threatened" by the IUCN Red List of Italian dragonflies. Such sites are the Vedana lake, which hosts 17 species (including Cordulia aenea) and the Prà Toront peat bog, which hosts the alpine and peat bogs species Somatochlora arctica. Riassunto-Vengono riportati i risultati di un'indagine sulle Libellule (Insetti, Odonati) del Parco Nazionale Dolomiti Bellunesi. Le Libellule sono insetti emimetaboli il cui stadio larvale è legato agli ambienti acquatici, per questo sono stati indagati gli ambienti umidi più rappresentativi, sia lotici sia lentici, all'interno del Parco e nelle immediate vicinanze. Il Parco Nazionale Dolomiti Bellunesi appartiene alla Regione Biogeografica Alpina e protegge ambienti di media ed alta montagna ubicati nella porzione meridionale delle Dolomiti in Provincia di Belluno. Sono state osservate 25 specie (9 zigotteri, 16 anisotteri) di cui 13 dentro i confini del Parco. Le specie più diffuse sono Cordulegaster bidentata, una specie tipica delle acque correnti in ambiente collinare e montano ed Aeshna cyanea, una specie plastica e ad ampia valenza ecologica. Due zone umide fuori Parco evidenziano interesse odonatologico ed ospitano specie valutate come Quasi Minacciate nella Lista Rossa IUCN delle Libellule Italiane: il Lago di Vedana, che ospita una ricca fauna (17 specie) tra cui anche Cordulia aenea, e la torbiera di Prà Toront, in cui è presente la specie boreo-alpina Somatochlora arctica.

Monte Alto di Pelsa, a minor summit of the Monte Civetta massif in the Dolomites (NE Italy), presents a peculiar stratigraphic sequence far more complex than the ones outcropping in neighboring areas along the same ridge. By means of drowning and subaerial exposure events within the carbonates outcropping at Monte Alto di Pelsa, three growth phases of Middle Triassic carbonate platforms can be identified. Due to the lack of biostratigraphic data, a direct age determination of each individual carbonate platform could not be achieved; however, by means of a sequence stratigraphic approach this sequence could be successfully compared with the Middle Triassic stratigraphic schemes currently available, allowing the identification of the individual carbonate platform formations in a sedimentary sequence dominated by eustatic control.

Primo volume dei quaderni dedicati all'architettura rurale bellunese che esplora il borgo di Montagne in Val Canzoi (BL). Il paese della Scaglia Rossa custodisce autentici dettagli di architettura rurale in un ambiente dall'elevata biodiversità.

We review the Triassic record of terrestrial plants and animals from the Southern Alps at more than 60 sites. The Triassic tetrapod track record seems to mirror the global body fossil record of diapsids (with the exception of the Olenekian record), but is almost completely devoid of synapsids and amphibians. During the Bithynian-Pelsonian interval (early-late Anisian, Middle Triassic) the ichnoassociation documents a diverse tetrapod fauna composed of lepidosauromorphs, basal amniotes, archosauriformes (“rauisuchians”) and possible dinosauromorphs, whereas the body fossil fauna is represented only by small lepidosauromorphs and archosauriformes (“rauisuchians”). The rich flora is one of the best examples of early recovery of ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic event. The Illyrian (late Anisian, Middle Triassic) ichnoassociation reflects a faunal composition of lepidosauromorphs, archosauriformes and dinosauromorphs, while the body fossil assemblage is only
represented by a few remains of archosauromorphs. Tetrapod footprints are missing from the Fassanian (early Ladinian, Middle Triassic), while scattered skeletal remains document the presence of large and small archosauromorphs. Fassanian plant fossils record a flora dominated by conifers and seed ferns. The Longobardian body fossil record (late Ladinian, Middle Triassic) documents the presence of archosauromorphs and mammallike-
reptiles, whereas tracks are completely absent. During this period, floras still show some typical Early-Middle Triassic elements and are dominated by conifers. The Longobardian fossil record is biased by taphonomic selection, as these specimens are found only in basinal successions. Middle and early Late Triassic rich plant fossil associations record some interesting evolutionary trends, such as the radiation of modern fern families and the appearance of entire new groups (e.g., the bennettitaleans). During the Carnian (Late Triassic) the flora reaches its highest diversity and shows the first occurrence of
unequivocal bennettitaleans and the first putative cheirolepidiacean conifers. From the latest Carnian to the end of
the Norian (Late Triassic), faunal associations are dominated by dinosaurs, while archosauriformes, drepanosaurids,
protorosaurs, pterosaurs, lepidosauromorphs, “rauisuchians” and dinosauromorphs are only minor components of the fauna. Norian floras are poorly known but seem to be dominated by conifers, with rare fragments of Bennettitales.
The numerous tetrapod track associations provide a series of snapshots trough time that show a huge increase in variability reflecting the morphological diversity spanning from a stem-amphibian to a crurotarsan to a dinosaur foot. The nearly-complete absence of non-diapsid tetrapods appears to be possibly correlated with the paucity of fluvial-lacustrine environments, while the dominance of dinosaurs in the Norian has to be understood in the context of a monotonous, harsh, carbonate-platform environment. The Norian sites document the presence of a variety of archosaurs, prolacertiforms and lepidosauromorphs whose diversification may have been the result of strong evolutionary pressures triggered by the unstable environment.

Scientific studies dealing with the intimate relationship between geology and First World War appeared in Italy already during the conflict, or in the first decade after the end of hostilities. In this note we have focused on two leading Italian geologists, Enrico Fossa-Mancini and Federico Sacco which dealt with the possible use and importance of geology in military operations, from territorial defense, to detection of optimal areas for large troop movements. Despite the similarity of the subject, and the not excessive time interval between the scripts, the works of the two authors show a dramatically different approach and point of arrival. The analysis by Fossa-Mancini is more objective, detached and pragmatic, being carried out with a 'clear mind' after the end of the conflict. His study is polished and purposeful, identifying the actions required in time of peace to 'geologically' prepare a nation to a potential conflict. Differently, the analysis by Sacco does not take into account the real situation highlighted by Fossa-Mancini (e.g. the complete unpreparedness of the high Italians command in terms of military use of geology), and uses his writing to exalt the primacy of the Italian army in the consideration of geology in military conflicts. In Sacco, geology and the study of the Italian natural territory it is expertly used as a justification and reason for the war, which it is perceived by the author as necessary, of liberation and redemption.

Excellent dolomite exposures are observed in the eastern Salt Range (Pakistan), where the Cambrian Jutana Formation consists of two distinct units (i.e. oolitic – pisolitic unit and massive dolomite unit). Field observations revealed that the lower, oolitic-pisolitic unit mostly comprises medium to thick bedded, interlayered brown yellowish dolostone containing ooids/pisoids and faunal assemblages, and grey whitish sandstone with distinct depositional sedimentary features (i.e. trough-, herringbone- and hummockycross bedding). The upper massive dolostone unit consists of thick bedded to massive dolostone. These two units are separated by shale. Petrographic studies identified three dolomite types, which include: fine crystalline dolomite (Dol. I), medium-coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. II) and fracture associated, coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. III). Stable isotope studies indicate less depleted δ18O values for Dol. I (-6.44 to -3.76‰V-PDB), slightly depleted δ18O values for Do...

After the description of the flora from the La Valle (Wengen) Formation (Ladinian) in the Dolomites (Wachtler & van Konijnenburg - van Cittert, 2000a, b), some new material was found and an extensive search of the old collections in various museums and universities in Europe also unearthed many additional specimens. Moreover, there appeared to be nomenclatorial problems with some taxa

Per quel che riguarda presentazione, strutturazione e documentazione, il presente contributo poggia fondamentalmente sull’indice dedicato alle prime 30 edizioni della rivista “Ladinia”.1 Il prospetto attuale si riferisce alle prime 40 annate della rivista, il cui sottotitolo (Sföi cultural dai Ladins dles Dolomites) è stato cambiato, nel 2010, in Revista scientifica dl Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü. Nel 2014, l’Agenzia Nazionale di Valutazione del sistema Universitario e della Ricerca (ANVUR, Roma) ha riconosciuto a “Ladinia” il più alto livello di scientificità, valutando la rivista come migliore pubblicazione scientifica nel settore degli studi sulle comunità ladine. Nel 2015, “Ladinia” è stata inserita, come prima rivista retoromanza, nell’European Reference Index for Humanities and Social Sciences (ERIH+) dell’European Science Foundation (ESF).
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Der vorliegende Beitrag basiert, was Präsentation, Aufbau und Dokumentationsleistung betrifft, auf dem Indexband zu den ersten 30 Ausgaben der Zeitschrift “Ladinia”.1 Die nunmehrige Übersicht deckt die ersten 40 Jahrgänge der Zeitschrift ab, deren Untertitel im Jahre 2010 von Sföi cultural dai Ladins dles Dolomites in Revista scientifica dl Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü umbenannt wurde. Im Jahre 2014 wurde die “Ladinia” von der italienischen Agentur ANVUR (Agenzia Nazionale di Valutazione del sistema Universitario e della Ricerca) als bedeutendste wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Ladinistik klassifiziert und 2015 wurde sie als erste rätoromanistische Zeitschrift in den European Reference Index for Humanities and Social Sciences (ERIH+) der European Science Foundation (ESF) aufgenommen.

The San Lucano Valley (Belluno, Italy) was the core topic of the symposium: "L'armonia fra uomo e natura nelle valli dolomitiche” held in Agordo (Belluno) on the 12th and 13th November 2010. In this work the valley is analysed according to the following features: geological, geomorphological, structural, stratigraphic and ecological. The purpose of this paper is to review these features in order to establish the origins underlining the intrinsic geomorphodiversity of this unique area in dolomites. By walking along the river and observing landscape geomorphology or reading micro- and macroscale evidence on the mountainsides, the valley clearly reveals the keys to comprehending the geological history of dolomites from Triassic to present. A full list of geomorphosites has been appended in order to improve the scientific documentation of this valley.

Book review of:

Erika Pignatti & Sandro Pignatti 2014. Plant Life
of the Dolomites. Vegetation Structure and Ecology.
Publication of the Museum of Nature South Tyrol Nr. 8.
Naturmuseum Südtirol. Springer Heidelberg New York
Dordrecht London. ISBN 978-3-642-31042-3, ISBN
978-3-642-31043-0 (eBook). 790pp.

Erika Pignatti & Sandro Pignatti 2016. Plant Life of
the Dolomites. Vegetation Tables. Publication of the
Museum of Nature South Tyrol Nr. 11. Naturmuseum
Südtirol. Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht
London. ISBN 978-3-662-48031-1, ISBN 978-3-662-
48032-8 (eBook). 552pp.

EN How can cultural heritage be identified and documented in a participative way? This is the question Emanuel Valentin has dedicated this volume to. He demonstrates how complex the interaction between heritage, community and participation can be and what new and to date unused opportunities the digital age offers for participatory projects in the field of cultural heritage. The research topic is the cultural heritage of the Ladins of the Dolomites, an ethnic minority whose area of settlement was declared UNESCO World Heritage in 2009. DE Wie kann Kulturerbe auf partizipative Weise identifiziert und dokumentiert werden? Dieser Frage widmet sich Emanuel Valentin im vorliegenden Band. Er zeigt auf, wie komplex das Zusammenspiel zwischen Heritage, Community und Partizipation sein kann und welche neuen und bis dato ungenutzten Möglichkeiten das digitale Zeitalter für partizipative Projekte im Bereich des Kulturerbes bereithält. Forschungsgegenstand ist das kulturelle Erbe der Dolomitenladiner, einer ethnischen Minderheit, deren historisches Siedlungsgebiet seit 2009 zum UNESCO-Weltnaturerbe zählt. IT Come si può identificare e documentare il patrimonio culturale in modo participativo? Questa è la questione alle quale Emanuel Valentin ha dedicato questo volume. Dimostra quanto possa essere complesso l’intrecciamento tra heritage, community e participazione e quali possibilità finora inutilizzate l’era digitale possa offre per i progetti participativi nel settore del patrimonio culturale. L’oggetto di ricerca è il patrimonio culturale dei ladini delle Dolomiti, una minoranza etnica la cui zona di insediamento è stata dichiarata patrimonio culturale dell’UNESCO.