Dryopteris

The fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) is among the most common and species rich fern genera in temperate forests in the northern hemisphere containing 225-300 species worldwide. The circumscription of Dryopteris has been controversial and various related genera have, over the time, been included in and excluded from Dryopteris. The infrageneric phylogeny has largely remained unclear, and the placement of the majority of the supraspecific taxa of Dryopteris has never been tested using molecular data. In this study, DNA sequences of four plastid loci (rbcL gene, rps4-trnS spacer, trnL intron, trnL-F spacer) were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Dryopteris. A total of 122 accessions are sampled in our analysis and they represent 100 species of the expanded Dryopteris including Acrophorus, Acrorumohra, Diacalpe, Dryopsis, Nothoperanema, and Peranema. All four subgenera and 19 sections currently recognized in Dryopteris s.s. are included. One species each of Arachniodes, Leptor...

First record of Dryopteris affinis s. str. (Dryopteridaceae, Pteridophyta) in North Rhine-Westphalia. In Central Europe, five taxa of the Dryopteris affinis complex are now considered to be separate species, four of which occur in North Rhine-Westphalia. These include the triploid D. borreri, by far most com-mon species, and two other triploid species, D. pseudodisjuncta and D. lacunosa. The latter has only recently been described as new, and is only known in NRW from a single locality. Using flow cytometry, a plant with suspiciously small spores, from the Schwalm-Nette district, was identified as the diploid D. affinis s. str. In contrast to our initial expectations that this species would be restricted to lowland sites on the atlantic fringe of the extreme northwest of NRW, it was subsequently detected repeatedly in the Süderbergland as well. Using flow cy-tometry, a number of records of D. borreri were also confirmed as well as new stations for tetra-and pentaploid hybrid plants.

The presence of Dryopteris remota (A. Braun ex Döll) Druce in Poland was unclear (Piękoś-Mirkowa 1979). Recently the presence of this species in Poland has been confirmed and this paper presents a review and description of Polish localities. Fifteen new localities of D. remota were found in the Beskidy Mountains (S Poland), and two contemporary and six historical sites confirmed. Ecological requirements in Poland are described. Determination of the Polish specimens of D. remota was based on comparison with descriptions and iconography of this species and in consultation with specialists in Dryopteris. A map of the distribution of D. remota within Poland is provided.

Kurzfassung Im Flachland Nordrhein-Westfalens konnten in den letzten Jahren mehrere Vorkommen der montanen Sippe Dryopteris affinis s. l. (Spreuschuppiger Wurmfarn i. w. S.) beobachtet werden. Mögliche Tendenzen einer Arealexpansion der Sippe sowie in Frage kommende Ursachen für diese Ausbreitung wie z. B. ein für Nordrhein-Westfalen prognostizierter Klimawandel werden diskutiert. Des Weiteren werden Bestimmungshilfen für den kritischen Formenkreis Dryopteris affinis s. l. gegeben. Abstract Occurences of the Scaly Male Fern group in the lower parts of North Rhine-Westphalia The Scaly Male Fern (Dryopteris affinis s.l.), a montane taxon that is most abundant in areas with high humidity, was recently found in the lowlands of North Rhine-Westphalia. This atypical habitat expansion might be, amongst others, a visible result for changing climate in North Rhine-Westphalia. This and other possible explanations are going to be discussed in this study.

Aerial parts of six Dryopteris species collected in France were investigated for volatile organic compounds (VOC) for the first time. Fifty-three biosynthesized VOC from the shikimic, lipidic and terpenic pathways were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Many bioactive polyketide compounds as filicinic derivatives (from 8.5 to 23.5%) and phloroglucinol derivatives (from 8.2 to 53.8%) with various pharmacological activities were detected in high amount from five analysed Dryopteris species, in particular D. oreades and D. borreri, i.e., propionylfilicinic acid (> 10% in D. affinis and D. ardechensis) and 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-3-methylbutyrophenone (aspidinol) (19.1% and 14.6% in D. oreades and D. borreri, respectively). Several terpenic derivatives with a low odor threshold were identified, i.e., carota-5,8-diene (from 2.5 to 18.4%: floral, woody or fresh bark note), (E)-nerolidol (> 10% for D. borreri and D. cambrensis; floral or woody odor), alpha-selinen...

Although allopolyploidy is a prevalent speciation mechanism in plants, its adaptive consequences are poorly understood. In addition, the effects of allopolyploidy per se (i.e. hybridization and chromosome doubling) can be confounded with those of subsequent evolutionary divergence between allopolyploids and related diploids. This report assesses whether fern species with the same ploidy level or the same altitudinal distribution have similar germination responses to temperature. The effects of polyploidy on spore abortion and spore size are also investigated, since both traits may have adaptive consequences. Three allotetraploid (Dryopteris corleyi, D. filix-mas and D. guanchica) and three related diploid taxa (D. aemula, D. affinis ssp. affinis and D. oreades) were studied. Spores were collected from 24 populations in northern Spain. Four spore traits were determined: abortion percentage, size, germination time and germination percentage. Six incubation temperatures were tested: 8,...

Der Dryopteris affinis-Komplex hat in Deutschland seinen Verbreitungsschwerpunkt im Süden des Gebietes, kommt aber auch im Harz, dem nördlichsten deutschen Mittelgebirge, vor. Im Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2018 wurden von den Autoren eine Reihe von Exkursionen in den Harz zum Studium dieser bestimmungskritischen Gruppe durchgeführt. Zur korrekten Identifizierung der Sippen wurden Proben für durchflusszytometrische Analysen sowie mikro- und makromorphologische Untersuchungen gesammelt. Folgende Sippen und Cytotypen konnten nachgewiesen werden: D. affinis (diploid), D. borreri, D. cambrensis subsp. insubrica und D. lacunosa (triploid), D. ×complexa nothosubsp. complexa und „D. affinis s. l.“ (Sippe vom Rehberger Graben), die keiner aus Deutschland bekannten Sippe zugeordnet werden konnte (tetraploid) sowie D. ×critica (pentaploid).

Längen und Breiten von Sporen bzw. von Stomata wurden vermessen und ihre Eignung als Bestimmungsmerkmale getestet. Die Zusammenhänge dieser Messgrößen werden in Punktdiagrammen veranschaulicht, die auch den 95 %-Erwartungsbereich bei drei Cytotypen (di-, tri- und tetraploid) zeigen. Für die Sporen ergibt sich bei den di- und triploiden Sippen durch das Auftreten extremer Messwerte eine deutliche Überlappung der Erwartungsbereiche, während dies bei den Stomatamessungen an Pflanzen aus dem Harz nicht der Fall ist. Allerdings treten, wie ein Vergleich mit Pflanzen aus Bayern ergibt, regionale Unterschiede bei den Stomatamaßen auf, wodurch sich die Erwartungsbereiche verschieben und es zu Überlappungen kommen kann.

Five French ferns belonging to different families were investigated for volatile organic compounds (VOC) by GC-MS using organic solvent extraction. Fifty-five VOC biosynthesized from the shikimic, lipidic and terpenic pathways including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and carotenoid-type compounds were identified. The main volatile compound of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Pteridaceae) was (E)-2-decenal with a plastic or "stink bug" odor. The volatile profiles of Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth (Woodsiaceae) and Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth (Blechnaceae) showed similarities, with small amounts of isoprenoids and the same main volatile compounds, i.e., 2-phenylethanal (odor of lilac and hyacinth) and 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom-like odor). The main volatile compound of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Dryopteridaceae) was (E)-nerolidol with a woody or fresh bark note. Polyketides, as acylfilicinic acids, were mainly identified in this fern. Oreopteris limbosperma (Bellardi ex. All.)...

Five French ferns belonging to different families were investigated for volatile organic compounds (VOC) by GC-MS using organic solvent extraction. Fifty-five VOC biosynthesized from the shikimic, lipidic and terpenic pathways including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and carotenoid-type compounds were identified. The main volatile compound of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Pteridaceae) was (E)-2-decenal with a plastic or "stink bug" odor. The volatile profiles of Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth (Woodsiaceae) and Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth (Blechnaceae) showed similarities, with small amounts of isoprenoids and the same main volatile compounds, i.e., 2-phenylethanal (odor of lilac and hyacinth) and 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom-like odor). The main volatile compound of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Dryopteridaceae) was (E)-nerolidol with a woody or fresh bark note. Polyketides, as acylfilicinic acids, were mainly identified in this fern. Oreopteris limbosperma (Bellardi ex. All.)...

One of the main concerns of current environmental toxicology is the low number of taxa used for standard bioassays. Ferns, with more than 10000 living species, are the second largest group of vascular plants and are important components of numerous plant communities. Fern spores and gametophytes have long been recognized as useful models for plant research since they constitute a naturally miniaturised and economic higher plant model. Mitochondria are the main energy source in eukaryotic cells and any toxic damage will ...