Econimics

The article is aimed at identifying the role, character and wealth of two main occupational groups of late mediaeval Warsaw –merchants and artisans. The analyzed data include: change in the number and value of record entries, asset and business structure as well as loan market involvement.

This study examines the impacts of commercial bank operations which
includes bank loan & advances, bank total deposit and bank total assets
on economic growth of Nepal. This study relies purely on secondary data and has conducted correlation and multiple regression analysis using panel data of twenty-eight commercial banks during the period of 1995/96 -2016/17. The data are collected from statistical bulletin of NRB and all “A class commercial bank financial reports and national accounts published by CBS. Trend Analysis has been done with the use of Ms-Excel 2019 and descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis has been done using SPSS Software Version 20. The empirical results show that bank loan & advances has negative impact on the economic growth of Nepal however the relationship between them is statistically significant. While total bank deposit and total bank assets have positive effects on the economic growth of Nepal though the relation of these two-independent variable with dependent variable seems statistically insignificant. The study implies that the policy makers in Nepal Rastra
Bank should focus their attention more on encouraging Banks to flow their more loan to productive sectors of Nepal which encompasses hydropower, agriculture, tourism, export, small and medium industries, pharmaceuticals, startups, cement and garments etc. that can create more employment opportunities in the country and bank loans should flown less loan to unproductive sectors which includes real estate, outstanding credit, share loan, mortgage . NRB should also encourage “A’’ class commercial banks to increase their total capital through various ways like merger, acquisition, FPO etc. Banks should also be directed to open branches in all local levels, which are designed on the basis of the federal structure. Banks should try to gain trust of more Nepalese people and companies by attracting them to open various types of deposit
account in their bank by providing various services along with opening an account like health insurance, mobile banking, ATM etc. Banks should be responsible to follow such directive and any defiance should be penalized as per the provision in the Nepal Rastra Bank.

The new designs for the US Paper Money between 1914 and 1918: Federal Reserve Notes and Federal Reserve Bank Notes during the Word War I. Contents:
BEFORE THE FED, THE FED, THE NEW NOTES, 12 BANK SEALS, THE NEW TRADITION, 2 TREASURY SEALS, DATES, FIVE-DOLLAR BILL, TEN-DOLLAR BILL, TWENTY-DOLLAR BILL, FIFTY-DOLLAR BILL, ONE HUNDRED-DOLLAR BILL, ONE-DOLLAR BILL, TWO-DOLLAR BILL, $500 BILL, $1,000 BILL, $5,000 BILL, $10,000 BILL, 4 AUTHORIZATIONS ON THE “FED” PAPER MONEY (1914-1918), FINAL WORDS.

Marketing is Strategy front n part of marketing management process where via this concept is expected corporate gets at realization. Success or failing even in t marketing strategy will take in big impact to corporate attainment. Ability in determines and performing marketing strategy in point, firm will feel failing equal to face emulation that progressively competitive at global market at a swoop gets to reach for business  success for corporate pertinent one.
Key word : Marketing’s Strategy and Global Business

In discussing about Entrepreneurship and Education, we are attempting to show the connection between innate and acquired abilities. Some individuals are born with certain traits that allow them transform ideas into reality (innate ability – entrepreneurship) while, others are able to do so via the process of training and capacity development (acquired abilities – entrepreneurship). It is for this reason that the Federal government of Nigeria has made it mandatory for entrepreneurship to be taught to all university students across the country.
This directive is based on a fundamental assumption that an entrepreneurially minded individual will rather than search for elusive jobs, become a job creator for others. Another fundamental understanding here is that education can boost
*entrepreneurship – because *it can be taught, learnt, and applied… and in-turn this enhances socio- economic transformation which ultimately defaults into national development.
In this paper we attempt to establish the linkages between education (…the acquiring, enhancing and transfer of knowledge…) and entrepreneurship (… which is a fundamental component of economic activities, and national development) as well as discussing or analyzing educational contributions to entrepreneurial development – in Nigeria.

Keywords:
Education, Entrepreneurship, innate-abilities, acquired-abilities, National Development.

This study applied the Index of Institutional Quality (IQ) methodology to measure the level of independence of the Reserve Bank of Malawi (central bank) and examine its impact on inflation. The IQ methodology assesses independence of central banks based on their actual practices. The methodology is suitable for developing countries whose practices do not fully conform to the laws of Banks that are in place. The study finds that the average independence index of the Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM) is 15.1, which is more than half below the total index value of 36. This clearly shows that the RBM is not convincingly independent. Although the results show an above-average value for index of monetary policy independence, indications are that the RBM is not free from political pressures as evidenced by below-average values for indices of political and fiscal independence. Using Ordinary Least Square (OLS), the results further show that the low degree of independence by the RBM has contributed to high inflation in Malawi.

Abstract:
In country like India where agriculture is the backbone of Economy, all the economic and socio-cultural development directly or indirectly is affected and affecting agricultural system. In the present work a district from a state in eastern part of India is been selected. The selected district Nadia is within the second most densely populated state West Bengal, and the district itself observes a fast growth of population. The district also plays an important role in production of commercial crops like jute and food crop production. The following study runs with an aim to highlight the temporal change in agricultural pattern specially on crop combination after Weaver’s method (1954) during 1993-94 and 2013-14.The discussion runs with the observation of published statistical data with an analytical study highlighting on relevant issues to the changes in crop combination with a keen notice in changes of production during the mentioned time span.
Key words: crop combination, crop production, temporal change, spatial change.

E' stato varie volte notato che Benedetto Croce è il migliore interprete di se stesso, la fonte privilegiata per l'interprete che non voglia saltare a piè pari i testi e perdersi in fantasiose interpretazioni. Basta leggere le varie prefazioni succedutesi, fino al 1941, alle riedizioni del volume Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica che raccoglie i saggi fondamentali scritti dal filosofo dal 1895 al 1900 per rendersi conto di come Croce abbia costantemente "invigilato" sulla sua opera storicizzandosi se così possiamo esprimerci. Il filosofo pubblicò, inoltre, in appendice al volume, "come utile commento e schiarimento", un saggio che offre all'interprete lettere e ricordi personali del tempo in cui la parte sostanziale di quel libro fu composta e pubblicata fra il 1895 e il 1900. Si tratta del saggio del 1937: Come nacque e come morì il marxismo teorico in Italia 1 che suscitò molte discussioni come l'altro del 1911, dal titolo altrettanto forte e programmatico, La morte del socialismo. 2 Il filosofo non intendeva, sia detto immediatamente, liquidare in poche battute la lunga e complessa storia del marxismo, del socialismo e del comunismo. E' bene fugare preliminarmente ogni possibile equivoco: si riferiva esclusivamente ad alcuni aspetti teoretici del pensiero di Marx e non al marxismo o al socialismo intesi come movimenti culturali e politici in generale. In tanti altri saggi minori, in interventi giornalistici, in risposte a varie obiezioni 3 , l'antico allievo di Labriola tenne a precisare che nelle dichiarazioni di morte egli si riferiva ad alcuni aspetti puramente filosofici del marxismo, o alle trasfigurazioni propagandistiche che di esso avevano compiuto i tanti epigoni. Benedetto Croce, com'è noto, riconobbe in Antonio Labriola, fondatore del marxismo teorico in Italia, il suo unico e vero maestro. Precisa, nelle già citate prefazioni, ma lo si desume chiaramente anche dallo scambio epistolare fra i due studiosi, che egli non fu, propriamente, comunista o socialista ma che, non per questo, avrebbe potuto negare che la lettura di Marx e dei saggi labriolani lo avessero infiammato di passione etica e politica e, soprattutto, aperto la strada agli studi filosofici e storiografici successivi alla stagione della erudizione e dell'aneddotica. E' il periodo della formazione giovanile di Croce: fra i venti e i trent'anni egli legge le opere di Marx, dei maggiori marxisti dell'epoca, e si dedica agli studi di economia per meglio comprendere il senso dell'opera del grande rivoluzionario tedesco. In quegli anni si 1 B. Croce, Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica, Laterza, Bari, 1961. La prima edizione del testo originario fu pubblicata da Sandron, nel 1900. 2 In B. Croce, Cultura e vita morale, Laterza, Bari, 1955, p. 152. 3 B. Croce, Scritti e discorsi politici, Laterza, Bari, 1973, pp 411 e segg.

Μπούργος Μ. (2015), ‘Βιώσιμη Ανάπτυξη και Περιβάλλον’, στο Παραγωγική Ανασυγκρότηση, Συστημική Προσέγγιση ή Κοινωνική Ανατροπή;, Διήμερο Επιστημονικό Συνέδριο του Μαρξιστικού Χώρου Μελετών, Παραγωγική Ανασυγκρότηση, Συστημική Προσέγγιση ή Κοινωνική Ανατροπή;, 12-13/3/2014, Αθήνα: Ταξιδευτής, ΜΑ.ΧΩ.ΜΕ., 64-71

У збірнику представлені матеріали науково-практичної конференції «Реалізація політики модернізації економічної системи в сучасних умовах». Розглядаються загальні питання економічної теорії, фінансів та страхування, банківської справи, міжнародної економіки, економіки природокористування та охорони навколишнього середовища.
Призначений для науковців, практиків, викладачів, аспірантів і студентів економічних спеціальностей, а також для широкого кола читачів.

¿Por qué las desigualdades, especialmente entre mujeres y hombres, son tan ubicuas y persistentes? Ciertamente, en el marco de la actual “teoría social” se han realizados grandes avances en el intento por responder a esta pregunta1. Sin embargo, más allá de elegantes y equilibrados modelos teóricos2, en lo que nos concierne quedarían muchas preguntas por responder: ¿cómo se manifiesta en nuestro contexto latinoamericano, y mexicano en particular, la desigualdad entre mujeres y hombres? ¿Cómo configura a los mercados laborales, a la distribución del gasto público y al ingreso? ¿Cómo se vincula con otros procesos, tales como las relaciones domésticas (incluso íntimas) y la reproducción biológica? ¿Cómo explica o determina la organización política y estatal, así como las luchas por el poder en general? ¿Qué papel juegan las dimensiones pública y privada, o lo rural versus lo urbano, en todo esto? ¿Por qué Karl Marx tiene aún tanto que decirnos sobre estos y otros muchos temas contemporáneos? ¿Qué rostros y qué voces tiene la desigualdad entre mujeres y hombres en nuestros contextos nacionales? ¿Cómo la desigualdad entre mujeres y hombres permite articular (o confrontar) diversos ámbitos sociales? ¿Por qué, si globalmente se verifica una mejoría en la vida de las mayorías, las mujeres siguen sufriendo comparativamente de exclusión y explotación? Y finalmente, ¿qué salidas posibles a este funesto círculo reproductivo podemos imaginar, dado el estado actual de las relaciones geopolíticas y los sistemas económicos local y global, entrampados como están en el garito del capitalismo financiero? Los trabajos reunidos en este volumen, Gasto público, reproducción social y mercado laboral femenino, contribuyen a responder esas preguntas.

This paper develops two scenarios, as part of a proposal that seeks to support decision making, given the notorious absence of financial literacy that have been referenced by institutions like the World Bank (2014; 2015) and the Mexican Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP, 2013), among others. This proposal is a scheme of advance annuities and a scheme of annuities with arithmetic gradient; all of them with the same interest rate and an equal number of payments. The results allowed observing different increments generated by each of the scenarios, in terms of interest generated. The best choice or at least the most attractive is an investment fund based on a scheme of annuities with arithmetic gradient which generates more profits.

Nowy pragmatyzm wydaje się być jednym z najważniejszych osiągnięć z dorobku
naukowego Grzegorza W. Kołodko. Wątek nowego pragmatyzmu pojawił się stosunkowo
niedawno, na przełomie poprzedniej i obecnej dekady. Celem tego rozdziału
jest dokonanie oceny koncepcji nowego pragmatyzmu przez pryzmat jego związków
i porównań z wybranymi innymi koncepcjami teoretycznymi współczesnej ekonomii
oraz polityki gospodarczej. Najpierw zostanie dokonana prezentacja najważniejszych
składników oraz cech nowego pragmatyzmu – swego rodzaju rekonstrukcja lub
rekapitulacja zawartości tej koncepcji na podstawie prac G.W. Kołodki. Następnie
zostanie przeprowadzona diagnoza i krytyczna ocena idei nowego pragmatyzmu.
Kolejnym krokiem będzie zaproponowanie zmian w koncepcji w kontekście jej lepszego
dopasowania do tytułowego postulatu pragmatyzmu, który zdaje się stanowić
jej najważniejszy wyróżnik.

Формирование макрорегионов в контексте опыта экономического районирования 20-х годов ХХ века (на примере Нижнего Поволжья) 1 Forming of macro regions in the context of experience of economic zoning of the 20th years of the xx century (on the example of lower Volga area)

Según la teoría económica el mecanismo de precios es una herramienta adecuada para solucionar el problema de congestión vehicular. El objetivo de este artículo es diagnosticar el grado de congestión vehicular de la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia) y proponer alternativas que den solución a dicho problema desde la óptica de la teoría económica. A diferencia de otros estudios, esta investigación analizó la relación entre el gasto de las familias en transporte y la elección de transporte (público o privado) a través la metodología de elasticidades. Se encontró evidencia a favor de la hipótesis de los precios como mecanismos para desincentivar el uso del automóvil privado, pues a medida que aumenta el nivel de gasto en transporte (asociado a un supuesto peaje urbano), la probabilidad de usar transporte privado disminuye, mientras que la probabilidad de utilizar transporte público aumenta.

The main objective of this study was to provide detail information on production costs and gross profits of coffee production under smallholder farmers. The study was conducted at four districts of Jimma zone namely Limu Kosa, Gomma, Manna and Gumay Districts. A total of 110 coffee plots from 90 coffee producing households were selected for this study. Data was categorized under five coffee growth stages and analysis was undertaken based on the stages. Stage I covers from coffee establishment stage to coffee age of one year. Stage II covers a coffee age of two and three years. Stage III covers coffee age of four to eight years. Stage IV covers a coffee age of nine to twelve years. Finally, stage V covers coffee age of greater or equals to thirteen years of age. Descriptive, gross margin, benefit-cost ratio, sensitivity, and break-even analysis was conducted to summarize the data. The result of the study showed that at stage I, seedling purchase cost is the most important cost. For the establishment of a hectare of new coffee and plant management until one year, Birr 79920.95 is needed. A single coffee tree need Birr 31.9 at this stage. At stage II, the highest cost is cost of slashing followed by watering and digging. The mean total variable cost at this stage is Birr19053.14 and the mean cost per tree is Birr 7.62. At stage III, the highest cost share goes to harvesting followed by weeding and digging. The mean per hectare total variable cost at this stage is Birr 22039.29 and the mean cost per tree is Birr 8.82. Harvesting, weeding and digging are three important cost of coffee production at stage IV. The mean total variable cost and per tree cost is Birr 18247.00 and Birr 7.3, respectively. The highest cost at stage V goes to harvesting and digging. The mean total variable cost at this stage is Birr 19843.27 and the mean per tree cost is Birr 7.94. The overall mean cost of coffee production per year per hectare of land was Birr 24696.53. The maximum clean coffee yield per hectare was observed at stage III (867.05 kg/ha). Gross Margin is negative at stage I and stage II, and it is positive and peak at stage IV. The highest benefit-cost ratio was observed at stage IV (2.01) followed by stage III (1.67). The overall gross margin was Birr 3156.40 and the benefit-cost ratio was 1.13. The study realized that high cost of production at all stages has jeopardized the gross margin. Therefore, encourage utilization of improved coffee seeds and seedlings to boost the gross return and cost minimization through utilization of different creative and innovative ideas such as machines are crucial to increase the gross margin.

Настоящий стратегический анализ представляет собой исследование проблем и систему конкретных социально-экономических рекомендаций, способных не только минимизировать возникшие угрозы и риски, но и реально укрепить экономическое и политическое могущество России, повысить уровень ее суверенности, международного авторитета и влияния. Важным преимуществом настоящего стратегического анализа является проработка мер не только на краткосрочную, но также среднесрочную и долгосрочную перспективы. Система мероприятий структурирована не только по срокам, но и по направлениям. Стратегический анализ рассматривает угрозы и риски России, возникшие в результате ухудшения внешнеполитической и экономической ситуации, в широком контексте мирового развития и мировых кризисных явлений, технологических перспектив, геополитической обстановки, опираясь на многолетние исследования авторов в области геополитических, мир-системных, глобальных, демографических, цивилизационных и прочих проблем.

Global Resource Bank - Copionics the Earth science of natural abundance.

Everyone owns one share in GRB. GRB shareholders value Earth's copious wealth of natural resources at six quadrillion (q) GRB ecocredits (e). GRB converts US dollar assets to ecocredit. The GRB ecocredit reserve provides shareholders accounts e40/day for 20 years. Seven hundred trillion ecocredits are invested in ecosystems and e500 trillions in GRB.net. The GRB income account receives ecocredit from an ecosystem impact charge on shareholders and commercial accounts, and exchanges ecocredit with the GRB reserve to maintain equilibrium. Five percent of GRB income sustains GRB.net and e40/day goes to fully funded shareholder accounts. GRB shareholders invest 5% of their GRB income in ecosystems. Earth's ecocredit wealth of natural resources and GRB income distribution adjusts to shareholders feedback. After one year of inactivity GRB accounts revert to the reserve. The GRB manager is chosen by majority.  FAQ @ www.grb.net

На сьогодні в Україні аутсорсинг знаходиться ще в стадії формування і є досить новою формою організації підприємницької діяльності. Деякі його види розвинені більше, деякі чекають сплеску попиту, щоб на практиці розробити дієві схеми рішень типових проблем. Аутсорсинг–це процес виведення традиційних для підприємства функцій (найчастіше допоміжних) за межі підприємства. Отже, сутність аутсорсингу полягає у використанні зовнішнього джерела чи ресурсу або передачі організацією, на підставі договору, певних видів або функцій виробничої підприємницької діяльності іншої компанії, що діє в певній області.

Taking as basis the research on the introduction and application of lean production (LP), the authors describe the development sequence of LP tools that allowed the formulation of a modern LP tools system. Considering also the classical principles of LP, the article proposes a conceptual model of the multidimensional modern content of LP based on a multi-level understanding of the LP apparatus and takes into account its organizational components and the scale of the required transformations in the organization's activities.

This study applied the Index of Institutional Quality (IQ) methodology to measure the level of independence of the Reserve Bank of Malawi (central bank) and examine its impact on inflation. The IQ methodology assesses independence of central banks based on their actual practices. The methodology is suitable for developing countries whose practices do not fully conform to the laws of Banks that are in place. The study finds that the average independence index of the Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM) is 15.1, which is more than half below the total index value of 36. This clearly shows that the RBM is not convincingly independent. Although the results show an above-average value for index of monetary policy independence, indications are that the RBM is not free from political pressures as evidenced by below-average values for indices of political and fiscal independence. Using Ordinary Least Square (OLS), the results further show that the low degree of independence by the RBM has contribut...

This study aims to explain the knowledge sharing behavior of business teachers of Pakistani Universities using the theory of planned behavior. For this purpose, data was collected from 157 business teachers serving in the Pakistani Universities. Smart-PLS has been used to analyze the collected data. Factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha confirmed the validity and reliability of the measurement scales. Similarly, Structural model were applied to find out the relationship among independent variables (attitude towards knowledge sharing, subjective norms of knowledge sharing, perceived behavioral control of knowledge sharing) and dependent variable (knowledge sharing intention and knowledge sharing behavior). The findings show positive and significant relationship among all the study variables.

This paper focuses on the study of one of the most recent and successful technology-based startups, whose nature is the hospitality industry. Airbnb is part of the model peer to peer of the collaborative economy, which means it is participating in a community market based on trust the host-guest experience for travelling richer than it would simply stay in a hotel. For the development of this work the research methods will be descriptive and analytical due to the interest of not only explain the origin and strategies that practices the company, but also doing an analysis of the tendency of users, both the hosts and guests about their perception of the services offered and whether it will become the preferred way to rent a space. The trends show that the explosive growth since its inception continues to be a trend, as long as the regulations imposed by different governments are met and that trust between users stays strong.