Economic Crimes

Warning _ it has been brought to my notice that the links that belong to Linkedin on my actual draft article are no longer functioning so that you have to pick up the URLS of the articles mentioned and view them on the internet . Some are provided in this abstract . The Linkedin links have been replaced by the actual article links as well as being archived and you can access the first section on my Research stack on Internet Archive : https://archive.org/details/economic_202109
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ABSTRACT

This is a rough draft of  the data on which a paper will be written on the Economic Crime of the 20th Century; The rape of Russian Federation Assets in the 1990`s aided by the West by a clique of Oligarchs. The last link connect  Robert Maxwell a a Mossad agent involved in removing Gorbachov so that Zionist stooge Yeltsin replaces him to facilitate
the Jewish Russian cabal in raping over RUS Fed 50% of the country`s assets. There are 40 ethnicities in the Russian Federation. For these Zionists the other 39 do not count. This is a Human Rights Issue!

https://archive.org/details/THEECONOMICCRIMEOFTHE20thCENTURY
Timeline of Soros Khodorkovsky Rothchild Kissinger Obama Hartman

The role of Rothchild in Russian Federation 1990`s http://archive.is/FGwfz
Why the US Regime Hates Vladimir Putin  https://archive.ph/nIhfU

Harvard Mafia, Andrei Shleifer and the Economic Rape of Russia
Chronicles of Harvard University Russian Economic Team Scam and Deep Corruption of Academic Economics
http://www.softpanorama.org/Skeptics/Pseudoscience/harvard_mafia.shtml
https://archive.is/Am3Ny
http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/oligarchs.htm
https://archive.is/KO7QF
http://archive.is/qK9UT
https://www.voltairenet.org/article30105.html Khodorkovski , Bush and  Bin Ladens
https://www.stalkerzone.org/khodorkovsky-spends-millions-shadow-support-opposition-navalny/ Khodorkovsky continues his attempt to control Russian Fed by sponsoring cocaine user and convicted felon Navalny
*Paul Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin: Boris Berezovsky and the Looting of Russia, Harcourt, Inc., New York, 2000.
*Chrystia Freeland, Sale of the Century: Russia's Wild Ride from Communism to Capitalism, Crown Business, New York, 2000.
*Marshall I. Goldman, Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1996.
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https://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/opinion/columnists/datelinedc/s_165315.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2Cl8lSv9Is
http://www.softpanorama.org/Skeptics/Pseudoscience/harvard_mafia.shtml
http://www.softpanorama.org/Skeptics/Political_skeptic/Fighting_russophobia/Propaganda_as_creation_of_artificial_reality/Browder/index.shtml
https://www.voltairenet.org/article168007.html
http://archive.is/Am3Ny
http://archive.is/lUhrt
http://archive.is/TAaR1
http://archive.is/vqIll
http://archive.is/Uillg
http://archive.is/QAj5I
http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/oligarchs.htm
http://archive.is/FGwfz
http://archive.is/qK9UT
https://www.voltairenet.org/article30105.html
https://www.stalkerzone.org/khodorkovsky-spends-millions-shadow-support-opposition-navalny/
https://archive.is/KO7QF
https://archive.org/details/THEECONOMICCRIMEOFTHE20thCENTURY

Este artigo tem o foco de analisar a questão geral do crime de lavagem de dinheiro através de paraísos fiscais, abrangendo a origem desta expressão, bem como conceitos teóricos e métodos utilizados no emprego do cri- me. Ainda, visa observar e conceituar, de maneira objetiva, paraíso fiscal como destino de capital oriundo de atividade ilícita. Atualmente, verifica-se a dificuldade de repatriar este capital, uma vez que já incorporado na economia do Estado receptor, e, assim, caracterizando a transnacionali- dade do crime, uma vez que incide em ordenamentos jurídicos dos Estados envolvidos. Com este trabalho, tenta-se enfatizar e estudar a cooperação internacional para a recuperação deste capital, interpretando leis e acordos internacionais e, ao final, apresentando considerações sobre o empenho internacional em coibir a prática do crime.

Öz:
Gerçekleştirdiği ekonomik kalkınmayla tüm dünyanın ilgi odağında yer alan Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC)’nde ekonomik
düzeni koruyan ceza hukuku ve idari ceza hukukunun oluşumu, kapsamı ve bu düzeni korumadaki rolü, ekonomik
kalkınmayı öncelik edinen gelişmekte olan ülkeler bakımından incelemeye değer bir konudur. ÇHC ceza ve idare
hukukunun genel özellikleri ele alındıktan sonra, ÇHC’de ticari hayatı düzenleyen kuralların ihlali halinde uygulanacak
ceza ve idare hukuku yaptırımlarının neler olduğu bazı örneklerle açıklanacaktır. Ortaya çıkan tablonun Türkiye
açısından örnek teşkil edip etmeyeceği sorusu sonuç ve değerlendirme kısmında ortaya konulacaktır.

Abstract:
Evolution and scope of Chinese criminal and administrative law protecting economic order of People’s Republic of
China (PRC), which is placed in the spotlight of the world with its rapid economic development, is a worth examining
subject for developing countries as well as its role to protect this order. After the general characteristics of PRC’s
criminal and administrative law are dealt with, it will be explained by examples which criminal and administrative
sanctions are imposed on the violations of rules regulating the business life. At last, it will be delivered whether or
not the outcome would be an example for Turkey at the end of this work.

O estudo trata da incorporação no ordenamento nacional de um standard probatório sem o devido apontamento dogmático e uma análise crítica acerca da sua aplicação. A iniciativa traz distorções de ordem sistêmica que resultam em um acervo de violações constitucionais e do próprio modelo de raciocínio probatório.

Although, economic crimes are not new phenomena in Nigeria, however, their size, sophistication and magnitude have changed in recent times. Theoretical literature on economic crimes and economic growth has generated a rich debate over the last few years producing scholars who theorized that economic crimes could be growth-enhancing and others who see it as growth-reducing. Where is Nigeria in this great debate? The failure to determine the nature of the relationship between economic crimes and economic growth in previous empirical works affected the choice of methodology employed by previous empirical works on Nigeria. This study is an attempt to offer a better methodology and proxy in the estimation of this relationship. Therefore, this study aims at providing robust econometric analysis, which deepens the understanding of the relationship between economic crimes and economic growth in Nigeria both in the short run and long run within the uninterrupted democratic dispensation perio...

Para que o tema do direito penal tributário volte a ser estudado em sua dimensão dogmática séria, é de fundamental importância rever, por exemplo, a posição sumulada pela Suprema Corte em relação ao momento consumativo dos delitos tributários. Um bom caminho é reler e considerar o que doutrinou Félix Fischer em seus acórdãos no Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Lições de boa dogmática penal que não podem ser abandonadas.

Corruption is a negative phenomenon in modern conditions, which has penetrated into all areas of the state's functioning, causing significant damage to its development. Therefore, overcoming this phenomenon is the main problem, which negatively affects the stability and security of society, and levels democratic institutions and values. International experience in preventing corruption indicates that corruption is a factor that threatens national security, economic development, and social and democratic principles of society. The purpose of the study is to define the concept, content and features of legal regulation of corruption, analyze and summarize the state of corruption in Ukraine, and determine the results of preventing corruption in Ukrainian legislation and international practice

Kaznena odgovornost pravnih osoba uvedena je u hrvatsko kazneno zakonodavstvo 2004. godine, Zakonom o odgovornosti pravnih osoba za kaznena djela, čime je napušteno načelo societas delinquere non potest. Do tada su pravne osobe bile odgovorne za prekršaje i privredne prijestupe kao posebnu vrstu kažnjivih radnji koja ne ulaze niti u sferu prekršaja niti kaznenih djela. Kažnjavanje pravnih osoba predviđa i Preporuka Vijeća Europe br. R (88), Konvencija o transnacionalnom organiziranom kriminalitetu, Kaznenopravna konvencija o korupciji Vijeća Europe i Konvencija o kibernetičkom kriminalu, s kojima je Hrvatska uskladila svoje nacionalno kazneno zakonodavstvo. Zakon o odgovornosti pravnih osoba za kaznena djela kao lex specialis sadrži uz materijalnopravne odredbe kojima su propisane pretpostavke kažnjivosti pravnih osoba za kaznena djela te kaznenopravne sankcije koje im se mogu izreći, i procesnopravne odredbe koje se odnose na progon pravnih osoba za kaznena djela, o kojima će biti raspravljano u radu. Nastavno, ukazano je na dileme kažnjivosti pravnih osoba u slučajevima kada nije utvrđena krivnja odgovorne osobe kao i na pitanja koja se odnose na kaznenu odgovornost pravnih osoba izvan područja njihove djelatnosti za koja su registrirana. Autori su u radu ukazali i na stanje u sudskoj praksi u pogledu progona i kažnjavanja pravnih osoba za kaznena djela. Petnaest godina od stupanja na snagu cit. Zakona, prilika je za promišljanje o budućnosti sustava kaznene odgovornosti pravnih osoba. Na žalost, teorija tu priliku, barem za sada, nije iskoristila.

Ključne riječi: Zakon o odgovornosti pravnih osoba za kaznena djela, kaznena odgovornost i progon pravnih osoba, gospodarska kaznena djela.

Durante toda la historia se han creado numerosos mecanismos para luchar contra la corrupción. Sin embargo, casi paralelamente han aumentado los casos que la involucran. Por ello es necesario hacer un alto en el camino y evaluar si estos medios creados están siendo suficientemente eficaces o si por el contrario muchos de ellos son meros instrumentos selectivos determinados por una agenda coyuntural. Este texto pretende realizar una aproximación al análisis criminológico de la corrupción, con el objeto de valorar el alcance de la política criminal que se ha diseñado para prevenir y sancionar este fenómeno. Este artículo comienza con el estudio del concepto, las características y las principales perspectivas criminológicas creadas frente a la corrupción; más adelante se analiza la efectividad de las funciones de la pena en relación con la corrupción, y, al final, se realizan una serie de reflexiones sobre la eficacia del modelo actual en la lucha contra la corrupción. El objetivo de este artículo es criticar el abordaje positivista que se le ha dado a la lucha contra la corrupción, y se plantea que cualquier persona puede incurrir en un acto de corrupción, aunque en niveles distintos, dependientes de las formas de control social. Por Resumen: La corrupción tiene tres elementos: uno interno (desviación de interés), uno adjetivo (abuso de poder) y otro material (ánimo de obtener un be-neficio extraposicional), circunstancias que aisladamente son frecuentes en una sociedad. Por lo anterior, no se trata de situaciones que sean cometidas por in-dividuos antisociales como lo plantearía una criminología positivista, sino de desviaciones cuya punibilidad depen-derá de factores normativos. Por ello, las funciones de la pena han sido com-pletamente ineficaces para combatir el fenómeno: (i) la prevención no funciona por la anomia generalizada que muchas sociedades tienen frente a conductas como el amiguismo, el clientelismo o el tráfico de influencias; (ii) la retribución opera solo de manera selectiva frente a la masividad del fenómeno y; (iii) la prevención general positiva no solo no restablece la confianza de los individuos, sino que la aumenta, porque con cada escándalo de corrupción la sociedad considera que es aún más grave. Por ello, en muchos casos la persecución de este fenómeno solo sirve como un placebo para desviar la atención a pro-blemas estructurales del sistema que el Estado no tiene la intención de corregir, o para finalidades políticas o electorales. En este sentido, el control y la sanción deben ser generalizados más allá de se-lectivos y ejemplarizantes, como se ha intentado plantear en la política criminal de muchos países. Palabras clave: Corrupción, derecho penal, criminología, criminalidad económica, delitos de cuello blanco.

Este artigo foi publicado na Revista Justiça do Direito, vol. 32, n. 2, em agosto de 2018 e tem como objeto os métodos consensuais de resolução conflitos como política pública alternativa ao encarceramento nos delitos econômicos. Os métodos consensuais de resolução conflitos como política pública alternativa ao encarceramento nos delitos econômicos Resumo No Brasil, o Conselho Nacional de Justiça por meio da Resolução nº 125, de 29/11/2010 dispôs sobre o tratamento adequado dos conflitos de interesse no âmbito do Poder Judici-ário Nacional, afirmando a importância do consenso nas lides. Com base nesta resolução, este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a eficácia dos meios consensuais de resolução de conflitos como política pública capaz de humanizar as respostas penais aos delitos econô-micos, diante das críticas à intervenção do Estado no direito econômico via sistema penal. Conclui-se que os meios consensuais de resolução de conflitos representam um modelo de resposta ao delito econômico capaz de diminuir a política do encarceramento, ainda que não implique a total supressão do modelo retributivo atual, podendo ser utilizados de maneira residual nos casos de maior gravidade.

Afghanistan constitutes a good example of how the absence of transitional justice measures leads human rights violators of past regimes to remain in positions of power with impunity and to continue to engage in other forms of crimes. In particular, this article focuses on land grabbing as a form of economic-state crime in the country. Relying on data gathered from fieldwork in Kabul in 2013 and 2014, we illustrate that economic crime, which is instigated, supported and carried out by the state apparatus, is a form of state crime, which criminology needs to address more seriously. Criminologi-cal literature on socioeconomic rights violations as a form of economic and thus state crime is very limited, particularly in conflict and post-conflict situations. By focusing on economic-state crime in the (post-)conflict situation of Afghanistan, we aim at bridging the classical divide between transitional justice studies on one hand and criminology on the other hand.

Purpose of the researcher was to study and analyze the experience of the international community in counteracting administrative misconducts in the sphere of economic activity on the example of the implementation of such measures in Germany and Poland. In the course of the study, the general scientific method of formal logic, the system-structural method, the method of rising from the abstract to the concrete, technical-legal, statistical and concrete sociological methods have been applied. In foreign countries, different approaches are used to regulate liability for economic crimes. In some countries, criminal sanctions are included in the positive administrative legislation (Poland), in others - in the criminal codes (Germany). The conducted study makes it possible to analyze international experience and choose the most effective model for national legislation. Research centers around developing the theoretical principles for the construction of administrative regulations on liability for economic crimes, including a system of interrelated provisions of international legislation.

A utilização da via criminal é vista hoje pelos tribunais internacionais de proteção de direitos humanos como eficiente defesa de bens jurídicos cuja violação atinge direitos sociais, que são afetados com as condutas àa ordem econômica, em especial contra a livre concorrência. Contudo, a eficiência da persecução penal em face das condutas de concorrência desleal é comprometida quando não são dirimidas questões sobre competência para conhecer eo julgar os casos. Se por um lado o interesse da União é realçado para investigar e sancionar violações nas esferas administrativa e cível, a jurisprudência vem entendendo que tal interesse deve ser negado em relação às repercussões criminais. O artigo busca demonstrar o interesse da União para fixar a competência federal também na esfera criminal, como fruto da afirmação do bem jurídico "tutela do mercado" e também da proteção dos direitos difusos envolvidos, superando-se a divisão na persecução das infrações contra a leal concorrência na busca da efetividade na punição dessas condutas.

The affirmation of the role of criminal law in promoting accountability for human rights violations and the struggle against impunity emerges from the jurisprudence of human rights bodies. This includes the protection of economic and social rights, which are affected by crimes against the economic order, especially antitrust violaetions. However, unsolved questions concerning concurrent jurisdiction between state and federal courts are serious barriers to the effectiveness of prosecution and investigation. If, on the one hand, the Federal Union's interest is emphasized to investigate and sanction violations in the administrative and civil spheres, the jurisprudence has been understanding that such interest should be denied in relation to their criminal repercussions. The article seeks to point out the Federal Union's interest in establishing federal jurisdiction also in the prosecutions of antitrust crimes, as a result of the affirmation of the "protection of the market" and also of the protection of the diffuse and collective rights involved, overcoming this division in the pursuit of violations against fair competition and business practices.

Serious economic crimes and violations of economic, social and cultural rights have often been neglected in criminal proceedings and/or reports of truth commissions following economic transitions or armed conflict. Although economic crimes have often resulted in a substantial loss of profit to economies and societies at large, they have neither been widely nor effectively prosecuted. Central- European and the Balkan region are not exception to this rule. However, as argued, from Nuremberg on, there have been attempts and successful examples of prosecuting war profiteering cases. Even quite recently, the International Criminal Court's prosecutor called for such a prosecution to be conducted before the ICC. The study focuses on criminal responsibility for severe economic offences committed in transitional periods, as well as on establishing serious economic criminal offences as crimes under international law. it explores legal and social preconditions under which serious economic offences may be characterized as crimes under international criminal law.

Recientemente aparecido en español el libro “Los crímenes de la economía” de Vincenzo Ruggiero, CRIMINT y En Letra Penal se dispusieron a conversar con el autor para conocer más detalles del trabajo, como así también sobre su vida y sus intereses académicos. En la conversación, el destacado criminólogo de la Universidad de Middlesex hace un recorrido por las vivencias personales que lo fueron llevando a la academia y, específicamente, a la criminología. Las anécdotas recopiladas explican en buena medida sus posiciones científicas e invitan a conocer más de lleno su obra. Autora de la entrevista: Valeria Vegh Weis Nombre de la publicación: Entrevista a Vincenzo Ruggiero Fecha de la publicación: 3 de enero de 2019.

To cite this work/Para citar este trabajo: Vegh Weis, Valeria “Entrevista a Vincenzo Ruggiero.” Enfoques Penales. Revista En Letra Derecho Penal, 2019, pp. 1-5.

This book is a compilation of essays on several themes intended to provoke thought on and promote understanding about everyday political and social life on an island facing constant geopolitical and domestic political challenges. The themes of this books are: 4/21 Terror Attack and National Security; China, Belt and Road Initiative and Sri Lankan Foreign Policy; Geopolitics; Sustaining Democracy and Facing a Pandemic; and Domestic Political Stability, Leadership and Economic Crime.

Most essays have captured the domestic viewpoint from which to begin drawing a wider picture of the global geopolitical tapestry. The chapters enframe a variety of domestic political incidents, conflicts of various actors, and the conundrum of an island in the Indian Ocean, stuck in the triangular maritime power dynamics among the United States, China, and India. They also examine the influences from foreign nations towards Sri Lanka's foreign policy and the dynamics of security challenges in the larger geosphere and marine sphere of South Asia and the Indian Ocean respectively. The chapters offer the reader an Olympian viewpoint of the challenges Sri Lanka faces, attempting to find connections and patterns towards greater external geopolitical influence and how it impacts domestic politics.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é a contribuir para o debate entre as intersecções de direito e tecnologia, visando, para este propósito, o esclarecimento da política legislativa em matéria de crimes previdenciários. O tema é relevante para a temática justecnológica em razão do ânimo legislativo da lei n. 9.983/2000, que inseriu a matéria em questão no Código Penal, adicionando os arts. 313-A e 313-B no referido diploma. Perceber-se-á que o legislador visava, na esteira da reforma previdenciária promovida pela EC n. 20/98, modernizar o sistema de previdência social no Brasil, o que incluía um novo rol de crimes que protegesse este novo sistema. Assim, o problema em questão é a qualidade da técnica legislativa para a finalidade de incremento tecnológico do sistema de informações da Administração Pública previdenciária e, especificamente, da sua proteção via direito penal. A metodologia consistirá em revisitar os debates legislativos do PL n. 933/99, que resultaram na lei mencionada, bem como consulta de doutrina e jurisprudência a respeito dos crimes-objeto. A hipótese geral que anima este breve escrito é desde logo formulada: foi insuficiente a técnica do legislador para tutelar este novo bem jurídico (aqui, será genericamente identificado como transparência do sistema de informações da previdência social). No final, nossas considerações finais confirmarão esta hipótese.

Operational Guide written by Felicia Muftic, Denver District Attorney's Office; prepared under Law Enforcement Assistance Administration grant to the Battelle Law and Justice Study Center, Seattle, Washington, for the National Center on White Collar Crime

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zagadnień stosowania warunkowego umorzenia
postępowania karnego w reakcji na przestępstwa o charakterze gospodarczym
za pomocą analizy wyników badań własnych 405 spraw dotyczących efektywności
warunkowego umorzenia postępowania karnego. Niniejsza problematyka zostanie
przedstawiona za pomocą czynników wpływających na efektywność badanej instytucji w tytułowej grupie przestępstw poprzez kolejne etapy postępowania karnego. Będzie zatem brana pod uwagę każda aktywność organów postępowania w przedmiocie stosowania badanej instytucji, mająca wpływ na efektywność warunkowego umorzenia postępowania karnego. Uwzględnienie czynników zwiększających efektywność omawianej instytucji oraz natychmiastowa reakcja na czynniki ją obniżające bezpośrednio zmierza do pomyślnego zakończenia okresu próby i okresu wskazanego w art. 68 § 4 k.k.

The aim of this article is to present practical aspects of economic crimes in the application of the conditional discontinuation of criminal proceedings. That presentationwas determined by own research results, which consists in the analysis of court records 405 cases concerning the effectiveness of institutions conditional discontinuance of criminal proceedings from the years 2003-2009. As the result of own research process are de lege ferenda postulates, which consists of modification of legislative construction of titular institution and proposals of changes in jurisprudence within provisions in force.