Emperor Constantine I

The research that has been done on royalty in general is massive. And, the connections between royal lines once revealed can be amazing, as they will sometimes reveal connections that a) were not supposed to have existed, and even b) that actually contradict the information that was given to the general public by those very royals. This paper gives two different lines of descent of Kaiser Wilhelm II, from Arrius Calpurnius Piso. One is through Arrius Piso's son Justus Piso. And the second line of descent is via Arrius Piso's son Julius Piso. Now, even though these two lines are given here, it should be understood that in reality, these are but two of many extant genealogies extending from Arrius Piso and his family to Kaiser Wilhelm. I plan to write yet another paper giving some of the other lines as well. There are several things that I have noticed as I have researched and studied ancient history and genealogies; things that should provide any good (or with time, potentially great) researcher with valuable information. And, as in my case, perhaps answers to many very important questions, as well as a few epic discoveries. When I began to investigate fully, and with the time and attention required, ancient history and information given within those histories, with regards to particular individuals, I found that certain things appeared to be 'standard' with all of those ancient authors-and those things stood out to me, and appeared to have been missed by other researchers, as I had never seen those certain things ever being noted or mentioned in the work of other researchers. For one thing, I had noted that in the work of one ancient author after another, there were so many instances where those authors could have very easily gave answers and information in a direct and forthright manner; but deliberately chose not to. And, more often than not, avoided very skillfully, giving key information about certain individuals; mainly and particularly, the authors themselves. Also, those authors would make statements which either promised to give answers and/or further information about a particular subject, and then failed to do so. At least, in any known or public work. Now, some researchers have tried to answer this by giving excuses for some of those instances. But, in essence, those explanations or excuses are really simply guesses. And poor ones at that. My work has given some genuine answers. And the true context of the material that was being written and left to future generations by those ancient authors is key to getting at the truth and in finding valid answers to these and other questions. One of the main things to realize is that ancient history (and other material being produced by those authors), was being written within a tightly controlled environment. And that changes the context in which we must now examine that material in order to understand it correctly. It also means that because of this set of circumstances, other things were in play as well. And, one of those is the fact that the authors who were leaving us their works were in fact, all royalty. Which, in turn, means that these authors were related to each other and had the same common ancestry. It also, therefore, means that they had the same or similar vested interests. Because only royals or those of royal blood, were able to write for publication, it meant that what they

Nel 2011 è apparsa sul mercato antiquario di Londra una testa in porfido rosso raf-figurante un giovane uomo, di dimensioni leggermente inferiori al naturale e montata sopra un busto in serpentino verde non pertinente (Figg. 1-3) 1. La scultura è stata descrit-ta come di origine italiana e datata al XIX secolo: si tratterebbe di uno dei molti ritratti di gusto anticheggiante scolpiti nella penisola a partire dal XVI secolo, fino a tempi relativamente recenti, utilizzando la pietra "regale" per eccellenza, a volte con intenti di tipo fraudolento 2. La datazione della testa è stata contestata dal numismatico inglese Richard Falkiner in un breve articolo pubblicato nel 2012 3. A suo avviso, si tratterebbe di una scultura antica risalente all'epoca della prima Tetrarchia (284-305 d.C.) e la rilavorazione di un'ampia area della nuca proverebbe che, in origine, essa era unita a un supporto retro-stante, una colonna ad esempio, come nel caso dei celebri gruppi dei Tetrarchi di Vene-zia (all'esterno di San Marco) e della Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Quali ulteriori confronti, lo studioso proponeva altri quattro ritratti imperiali in porfido: i due di Nerva e di Traiano custoditi al Museo del Louvre, montati sui busti originali e ancora uniti alle rispettive colonne dello stesso materiale (Figg. 5-8) 4 ; quello di un giovane membro della dinastia costantiniana nei Musei Vaticani, anch'esso montato su un busto in por-fido, forse non pertinente (Figg. 9-11) 5 ; un secondo ritratto di Traiano nella Gliptoteca Ny Carlsberg di Copenaghen, unito a un busto in marmo bianco di fattura moderna 6. Secondo Falkiner, anche questi ritratti risalirebbero all'età tardoantica e, come la testa londinese, proverrebbero da monumenti eretti all'inizio del IV secolo, il momento sto-Marco Aimone, Indipendent Researcher, aimonemarco@libero.it.

Abstract: The discovery of some new nummi of Licinius with the obverse legend VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X justifies a quick revision of the chronology of this emission. An additional workshop – Cyzicus – has been added to those at Heraclea, Nicomedia and Antioch. A new estimate of the original number of dies (maximum of 47) now makes it possible to say that approximately one million nummi were produced at 1/96th of a pound.   
The chronological position of the emission is made possible by the geographic location of the mints, most of them in regions then controlled by Maximinus. If one cannot politically exclude an emission of Concordia of Maximinus, the seemingly incompatible metrology between the eastern (1/ 72nd) and western (1/ 96th) mints seems to indicate that these emissions celebrating the quinquennalia of Licinius are posterior to the elimination of Maximinus (summer 313 CE). This clarification removes any argument in favor of a date prior to January 1, 313 CE, for the forth reduction of the weight of the nummus.   
Résumé : L’apparition de nouveaux nummi de Licinius à la légende VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X justifie une rapide révision de la position chronologique de cette série. Un atelier supplémentaire – Cyzique – est venu s’ajouter à Héraclée, Nicomédie et Antioche. Une nouvelle estimation de nombre original de coins (maximum 47) permet d’estimer l’émission a un million de nummi taillés au 1/96e de livre.
La position chronologique de la série est revue en fonction de la localisation géographique des ateliers, la plupart relevant du domaine contrôlé par Maximin. Si l’on ne peut politiquement exclure une émission de Concordia ordonnée par Maximin, la métrologie apparemment incompatible entre les productions orientales (1/72e) et occidentales (1/96e) semble montrer que cette émission célébrant les quinquennalia de Licinius sont postérieures à la disparition de Maximin (été 313). Cette précision ôte un argument en faveur d’une date antérieure au 1er janvier 313 pour la quatrième réduction du nummus.

In my paper, I will try to contribute to the still nascent field of the study of identities in Roman Cyprus in the framework of the Graeco-Roman world and highlight the importance of material evidence but also the valuable contribution of late antiquity in the current debate. We see here how Cyprus further moved from the margins to the mainstream in the Roman world and why late antiquity marks a fundamental break with the island’s past.

Ποιές αλλαγές σηματοδότησε η εδραίωση της μονοκρατορίας του Κωνσταντίνου στον τρόπο που η πόλη και οι εκπρόσωποί της απευθύνονταν προς την κεντρική εξουσία επιδιώκοντας την εύνοιά της; Με ποιό τρόπο ανταποκρίθηκαν ο Κωνσταντίνος και οι άμεσοι διάδοχοί του στη μακρά παράδοση της ειδικής σχέσης μεταξύ των ρωμαίων αυτοκρατόρων και μιας πόλης με ιδιαίτερο συμβολικό βάρος; Τι σήμαινε για την Αθήνα και την παλαιά Ελλάδα η υιοθέτηση του χριστιανισμού ως θρησκείας του αυτοκράτορα καθώς και η ίδρυση της Νέας Ρώμης στην Ανατολή;