Emulsified Fuel

This experiment explains the properties of certain formulations of the emulsified acid. Formation water almost always comes out of crude oil processing. It is important to acidify treatments in formations by creating wormholes to restore or stimulate the near-wellbore region. Under intense mixing and high turbulence produced by pumps, valves, chokes and pipelines, water and oil, which combine to form highly stable and viscous emulsions in the production system.

Due to the increasing viscosity of water these emulsions produce flow control and separation problems in deep water production facilities. To predict changes in viscosity and stability over time, understanding of the flow behaviour and factors that affect its stability of these emulsions in pipelines is important. It is also important to understand how the acid and bases work with the other active surface components to stabilize emulsion.

This study emphasis on the effect of acid volume fraction, agitation speed and emulsifier emulsifier concentration on the stability of emulsified acid. The results of this study will be used for studying emulsion flow in pipelines under various conditions. Emulsified acids are shown to be effective stimulating fluids at low flow rates. The key benefit is profound penetration under conditions where plain acid gives compact dissolution patterns.

Due to stringent environmental norms, a lot of research is going on to reduce exhaust emissions coming out from diesel engines. Diesel microemulsion is one of those alternate techniques. In fuel microemulsion, microexplosion triggers complete combustion of all the components and thus, high reduction in hazardous gases from diesel engines. The main focus of this research is to formulate and characterize diesel-based reverse micellar microemulsion. In a blend of two non-ionic surfactants, hydrophilic surfactant dominates the effect of lipophilic surfactant. The interfacial composition of fuel microemulsion was also investigated by Schulman’s method of co-surfactant titration. During the investigation of the effect of chain length of co-surfactants, it was found that the efficiency of microemulsion increases with increasing chain length of co-surfactants. The chain structure of surfactant and co-surfactant also plays a paramount role in microemulsion formulation. The fuel properties like viscosity, cloud and pour points also get affected by chain length and structure of cosurfactants.

This study aimed to determine the corrosion characteristics of water-in-diesel emulsion fuel towards aluminium. Investigation was performed by immersing aluminium coupons in emulsified diesel for 240 hours, 480 hours, 720 hours, 960 hours and 1200 hours at 25 ℃. For comparison, additional aluminium coupons were immersed in diesel for 1200 hours at 25 ℃. Span 80 and Tween 80 surfactants were used to prepare the emulsified diesel which consisted of 5 vol% of water and 95 vol% of diesel. Mass loss of the coupons were measured to calculate the corrosion rate. Water content, total acid number, density and viscosity of the fuel samples were measured before and after immersion. The corrosion rate of aluminium coupons exposed to emulsified diesel reduced by 97.6% between 240 hours and 1200 hours of immersion duration. The aluminium coupons immersed in emulsified diesel had 2.2 times higher corrosion rate than in diesel. The higher total acid number of emulsified diesel by 4.7 times than diesel is suggested to have influenced this. To benefit the potential reduction in harmful exhaust emission through the adoption of emulsified diesel, studies towards producing less acidic stable emulsified diesel are essential.

The results of an experimental work carried out to evaluate the effect of palm oil methyl esters, also known as palm oil diesel (POD) and its emulsions as alternative fuel on unmodified indirect injection diesel engine's wear and lube oil performance are presented in this paper. Half throttle engine with constant 2500 rpm setting was maintained throughout the wear debris and lube oil analysis such as for a period of twenty hours for each fuel system. The sample of lube oil was collected through a one - way valve connected to the crankcase sump at the interval of four hours. When the engine warmed up, first sample has collected immediately. The same conventional lubricating oil SAE 30 was used for each fuel system. To measure wear metal debris and lubricating oil additives depletion of used lubricating oil, Multi element oil analyzer (MOA) was used. To measure the viscosity of lub oil an ISL automatic houillon viscometer (ASTM D445) has been used. Very satisfactory results have been obtained by comparing the lub oil analysis results of Ordinary Diesel and Palm Oil Diesel and their emulsions with 10 percent water by volume. In crankcase oil samples, accumulation of wear metal debris was lower with Palm Oil Diesel and emulsified fuels compare to baseline Ordinary Diesel fuel. Both Ordinary Diesel and Palm Oil Diesel emulsions with 10 per cent water by volume showed promising trends for resisting wear. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1876610211045826/1-s2.0-S1876610211045826-main.pdf?_tid=584fd626-a9c7-11e3-9558-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1394616119_9357f085c20e40067cb3433b494a9aed 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610211045826

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the combustion behaviour of a constant speed, 5.5 kW, 4-stroke, single-cylinder, water cooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with water emulsified diesel. Water emulsified diesel prepared with 20% water/diesel ratio, 0.9% surfactant amount at 2200 rpm of stirrer with hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value 4.3 was checked for fuel properties. The cylinder gas pressure (CGP) was higher in water emulsified diesel as compared to diesel for similar engine loading. The peak CGP was found to be 95.86 and 95.18 bar for water emulsified diesel and diesel, respectively at full engine load. At higher engine load, better turbulence of combustible mixture and oxidation of soot particles by OH radicals in water emulsified diesel helped in raising the peak rate of pressure rise. A higher ignition delay was observed in the combustion of water emulsified diesel. Water emulsified diesel exhibited ignition delay of 23, 21, 19, 18 and 17 degree crank angle (°CA) at no load, 25, 50, 75 and 100% load, respectively as compared to 20, 20, 18, 14, and 9°CA with diesel for similar engine loading. The longer ignition delay period in water emulsified diesel helped in burning of more fuel leading to higher instantaneous heat release rate (Qn). At full engine load, its value was found to be 223.06 and 207.90 J/°CA for water emulsified diesel and diesel, respectively.

In February 2000, nearly 700 m3 of the emulsified fuel Orimulsion® 400 were spilled from a containment basin in a power plant located in the NW Sardinian coast. The coastline and the sea bottom in the Gulf of Asinara were investigated in order to assess if the product had reached the sea. By means of fingerprinting analysis of the sampled bituminous residues, traces of the product were identified on a beach located eastward from the power plant.