Erbil

Irak Türkmenleri denildiği zaman hafızamızda ilk olarak Kerkük ve Musul canlanır. Fakat Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun dağılmasından sonra maalesef Türkler için hüznün ve acının adeta merkezi haline gelmiştir. Bu acılar dokunaklı bir şekilde halk edebiyatına ve o bölgenin türkülerine de yansımıştır;

“Yıktılar kal’amızı
Sürdüler balamızı
Daha can boğazdayken
Çektiler sâlamızı
Ah Kerkük yüz ah Kerkük
Her zaman yüz ak Kerkük
Ölseydim düşmeseydim
Men senden uzak Kerkük...”
 
Türkünün dizelerinden de anlaşılacağı gibi Türkmenler maalesef kaderine terkedilmiş ve geçen yıllar boyunca adeta bir mum gibi yavaş yavaş bölgede asimile politikaları ile erimektedirler. Bu konuya değinmeden önce bölgedeki Türk varlığını incelemekte fayda vardır. Türklerin Irak’a ilk girişleri H. 54 / M. 674 tarihlerine kadar uzanmaktadır. Emevi Halifesi Muaviye tarafından Horasan’a gönderilen Ubeydullah bin Ziyad ile Buhara prensesi Hatun emrindeki Türk kuvvetleri arasında yapılan çarpışmadan sonra bir barış yapılmıştır. Bu barıştan sonra Ubeydullah yanına aldığı Türk askerlerini Irak’a götürüp, Basra’ya yerleştirmiştir. Türklerin Irak’a gelişleri Abbasi döneminde, Halife Memun ve Halife Mutasım’ın iktidarı sırasında meydana gelen siyasi gelişmelerden dolayı daha da sıklaşmıştır. Emevi ordularında olduğu gibi Abbasi ordularında da yer alan Türkler, üstün savaşçı yetenekleri ile maharetlerinden dolayı üst mevkilere getirilmişlerdir. Ayrıca H. 211 / M. 836 ’da Halife Mutasım’ın emriyle Türk kumandanı Türk hassa askeri için Somerna şehri kurulmuştu. 25 Aralık 1055’te Bağdat’a giren Selçuklu hükümdarı Tuğrul Bey Büveyhoğulları’nın Irak’taki hakimiyetine son verilmiştir. Tuğrul Bey Bağdat ve Oğuzların yayıldığı Irak’ı Selçuklu Ülkesine katmıştır. Bu tarihten sonra Oğuz boylarına mensup birçok Türk, bu bölgeye yerleştirilmiştir. Böylece bölgede Büyük Selçuklular ile Türk hakimiyeti başlamıştır. Türklere daha önce yalnızca Etrak (Türkler) diyen Araplar, “Etrak-u Bağdat” (Bağdat Türkleri) demeye başlamışlardır.  1258 Moğol istilası ile Abbasi hilafeti son bulmuş, bölge Moğolların eline geçmiştir. Ayrıca bu bölgede Moğollarla birlikte çok sayıda Türk askeri gelmiştir. 1258 – 1336 İlhanlılar, 1338 – 1360 Celayirliler, 1360 – 1469 Karakoyunlular ve 1470 tarihinden itibaren de Akkoyunlular hakimiyetinde kalan bölge 1508 yılında Safevilerin eline geçmiştir. Safeviler’in Çaldıran’da (1515) Yavuz Sultan Selim Han’a yenilmesi ve Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Han’ın da 1534’te Bağdat’ı almasıyla bugün Irak olarak anılan bölge Osmanlı hakimiyetine geçmiştir. Osmanlılar Irak’ı, Bağdat, Basra, Musul, Şehrizor ve el-Ahsa olmak üzere beş bölgeye ayırarak idare ettirmişlerdir. 1623’te bölge tekrar Safeviler’in eline geçmiş ve Safeviler binlerce kişiyi katletmişlerdir. Sultan IV. Murad Han’ın 1638’de Bağdat’ı tekrar geri almasıyla Kasr-ı Şirin Antlaşması yapılmış ve kesin sınır çizilmişti. Böylece Musul-Kerkük bölgesi de dahil olarak I. Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar bölge Osmanlı hakimiyetinde kalmıştır. Sonuç olarak Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Han ve Sultan IV. Murad Han zamanında Anadolu’dan getirilen çok sayıda Türk de bölgeye yerleştirilmiştir. I. Dünya Savaşından itibaren Irak’ın işgal edilmesi ve 1926 Musul Meselesi görüşmeleri sonucu Musul ve Kerkük’ün Irak’a bırakılmasıyla Musul ve Kerkük Irak’la birlikte İngiliz sömürgesi haline gelmiştir. 1920 – 1932 yılları arasında Irak’ın İngiliz Mandası altında bulunduğu dönemde Türkler baskı ve zulüm dolu bir devre yaşamışlardır. Irak’ın 1932 ’de Milletler Cemiyeti’ne kabul edilip bağımsızlığına kavuşmasından sonra da Irak Türkleri rahat yüzü görmemiş, baskı ve şiddet daha da artmıştır. Bütün bu baskı ve sindirme politikalarının Irak’ta bulunan Türk varlığını yok edemediği 1937 Sadâbâd Paktı’yla ortaya çıkmıştır. 27 Haziran 1937’de imzalanan Sadâbâd Paktı için bölgedeki Türkler büyük bir sevinç yaşasalar da pakttan sonra polis tarafından yapılan işkence ve zulme maruz kalmışlardır. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın sıkıntıları sebebiyle savaşı sakin geçiren Türkler savaştan sonra yeni bir katliamla karşılaştılar. 1946 yılında Gavurbağı’nda Kerküklü işçiler polis kuvvetleri tarafından yaylım ateşine tutulmuşlardır. Yine Bağdat Paktı’nın imzalanacağını duyan Türkler, bölgelerinde büyük bir sevinç yaşamışlardır. Fakat yine paktın imzalanmasından sonra Türklere yapılan baskılar artmıştır. Irak’ta 14 Temmuz 1959 Cumhuriyet’in birinci yılı kutlamalarında sokağa dökülen Kerkük Türkleri komünistler tarafından katliama uğramışlardır. 3 gün süren bu katliamda soydaşlarımız inanılmaz derecede zulüm ve işkenceye maruz kalmışlardır. Yaklaşık 1500 yıl kadar bu topraklarda varlığını gösteren Türkler I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra batılı devletlerin bölgedeki çıkarlarından dolayı sistematik olarak çeşitli haksızlık, baskı ve katliama uğramışlardır. Emperyalist güçlerin özellikle yer altı bakımından zengin olan kuzey Irak’taki emellerinden dolayı bölgede yaşayan Türkler birçok zorlukla karşılaştıysa da bunlar karşısında Türk hükümeti ise maalesef hiç bir etkinlik göstermemiştir.

Türk Orduları tarafından Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda dahi kaybedilmemiş vatan toprağı olan Musul Vilayeti toprakları, Mondros Mütarekesi sonrasında haksız ve hukuksuz olarak işgal edilmiştir. Sonrasında başlayan Milli Mücadele döneminde Türk, Kürt ve Araplardan oluşan yerel halk, aşiretler ve bölgedeki Kuvâ-yı Milliye birlikleri, İngiliz işgaline karşı büyük bir direniş göstermiş ve işgalin sonlanması noktasında başarılar kazanmıştır. Fakat Türkiye’nin bölgeden ayrılması ile Musul Vilayeti, belirsiz ve karmaşık bir ortama sürüklenmiş; o tarihten günümüze kadar büyük güçler eliyle yönetilmeye ve şekillendirilmeye devam etmiştir.
“Yeni Belgeler Işığında Vazgeçilmeyen Topraklar Mîsâk-ı Millî II” kitabımızda, Mîsâk-ı Millî I kitabımızın konusu dışında kalan ve bugünkü Irak topraklarında bulunan Musul Vilayeti dâhilindeki sancaklar, kazalar ve nahiyeler ele alınmıştır.
Mîsâk-ı Millî’ye dâhil olan Musul, Kerkük, Süleymaniye ve Erbil şehirleriyle buraya bağlı birçok ilçe ve yerleşim yeri; tarihi, coğrafi, kültürel ve sosyal yönlerden incelenmiş; Milli Mücadele döneminde yerel halkın ve Kuvâ-yı Milliye birliklerinin İngiliz işgaline karşı verdiği mücadele kaynaklar ışığında anlatılmıştır.

Erbil, Zağros Dağlan ’nın batı eteklerinde Büyük ve Küçük Zap nehirlerinin arasında Musul-Bağdad yolu ile Anadolu ile İran’dan gelen başlıca kervan yollannm birleştiği askerî ve ticarî açıdan önemli bir noktada yer alır. Kuzeyin de Türkiye ile Musul’un bir kısmı, Güneyinde Kerkük, Doğusunda Iran ve Süleymaniye, Batısında Musul ile sınırlanmıştır. Yüzölçümü 15.870 kilometrekare ve 1957 yılı sayımına göre nüfusu 272 527’dir. Bağdat’ın 350 km kuzey-doğusunda yer alan Erbil, çok eski bir şehir olup M.Ö 2000’lerde Sümer yazıtlarında “Urbelü” ve “Erbul” olarak geçmektedir. Babil ve Asurlar zamanında adı iki kelimeden ibaretti: “Arba-iylü”. Erbil’in ortasında bulunan Erbil Kalesi eski tarîhi kaynaklarda “Erba-elü” olarak zikredilmektedir ve şehrin büyük bölümünü kapsar.

Daylight represents one of the crucial factors that affect directly on the building performance and its occupants. This study assesses the daylight performance in the multi-storey residential buildings (apartments) in Erbil city. It aims to find out the impact of building typology on daylighting quality and quantity. The endeavour of this research is to determine the optimal plan typology in providing sufficient daylight levels. A simulation method has been used with an academic licensed Revit Architecture 2019 with plugged insight daylight analysis as one of Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools for achieving this goal. Five multi-storey residential buildings were selected as cases of study. Three types of simulation were run on each project: Illuminance, LEED, and Daylight Autonomy to achieve results. The results were analyzed and compared with daylight standards levels. The results demonstrated that the point typology is the best type of plans among all cases in terms of prov...

Human scale and proportion have an important role in building design as they provide and create aesthetics and sense of place. In architecture, the human scale and proportion are based on the dimensions and proportions of the human body. The mosque is an important institution of Islam and is considered as a symbol of Islamic architecture. Also, it is a place of spiritual connection with God. This study aimed at addressing whether the human scale and proportionality have been used in mosques in the past and present. The objective of this research is to show if mosques in Erbil city built in different periods were concentrated on human scale and proportion to achieve aesthetic and comfort inside its prayer halls. To achieve it, three cases (the Great Mosque of Erbil Citadel, Rashad Mufty Mosque, and Madina Mnawara Mosque) were selected. The golden ratio was used as a technique method to measure and to see if the human scale and proportion were applied. From the three selected mosques,...

The name Erbil was mentioned in Sumerian holy writings of third millennium BC as Urbilum, Urbelum or Urbillum, which appears to originate from Arbilum.
The city became a centre for the worship of the Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar. In classical times the city became known as Arbela , from the Syriac form of the name. In Old Persian, the city was called Arbairā.
Root-name of the French 'Arbre', meaning 'tree',  and influenced by Latin arbor (tree).

Human settlement at Erbil may be dated back to the 5th millennium BC, which would make the city one of the oldest continuously inhabited areas in the world. At the heart of the city is the ancient Citadel of Erbil. The earliest historical reference to the region dates to the Third Dynasty of Ur of Sumer, when King Shulgi mentioned the city of Urbilum. The city was later conquered by the Assyrians.

Iraq, including Erbil Province in the Kurdistan region, has severely suffered drought events in the past, particularly during the last two decades. This study incorporated Geoinformation technology into assessing and monitoring drought's severity and impacts that affected Erbil province in a span from 1998 to 2017. Twenty mosaics of two Landsat scenes for 20 years have accomplished for this study. Two spectral drought indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Temperature Condition Index (TCI), were extracted using 20 Landsat images mosaics to assess the drought's severity and impacts. Statistical correlation analyses computed between the NDVI, TCI, and the study variables, such as climatic factors, field crop area, and field crop yield. The study findings clarified that Erbil province experienced severe to extreme severe agricultural droughts, which caused significant reductions in crop yields,

Aims: This study was conducted to assess the epidemiology and some of the possible risk factors causing cleft lip and palate in Erbil city. Materials and Methods: the data were obtained from the records of Raparin paediatric and maternity hospital in the center of Erbil city. The file records of live births during a period from January 2000 to January 2008 were reviewed for the occurrence of cleft lip and palate. The cleft cases were evaluated for site and type of cleft and sex of the infant. and some risk factors. Results: 121 cleft lip and/or palate cases out of 60418 live births were registered. The overall incidence was 2:1000 live births. The percentage of cleft lip and palate, cleft palate only, cleft lip only was 55%, 30%, and 15% respectively. The ratios with respect of left or right or bilateral cleft was approximately 4.5:2:1.The infant sex and site of family residence showed no significant influence on the incidence of clefting. Maternal age of more than 30 years, maternal smoking, and positive family history of clefts, consanguineous marriage and low infant birth weight significantly increased the incidence of cleft lip and palate. About 7.4% of cleft cases were associated with other congenital anomalies, most frequently congenital heart disease. Conclusion: The incidence of cleft lip and/or cleft palate is 2:1000 births. The incidence of cleft lip and palate is two times greater than cleft palate alone, and three times than cleft lip alone. Cleft lip was two times greater on the left side than on the right side. The incidence of clefts was greater in males than females.

Relations between Erbil and Baghdad have been ofttimes strained in the past. Lately, following the fallout of the 2017 referendum of independence, KRG lost most of its tools for leverage in negotiations with Federal government. That has been evident in the military invasion and finally re-establishment of Central government's control over Kirkuk and most of the disputed territories, and given the international, notably US, silence. One year later, after the Iraqi and Kurdistan Region's parliamentary elections in 2018, hopes are relatively renewed. However, as long as key issues in their disagreements remain unsolved, these hopes can easily fade away.

Background and objective: The aim of this study was to provide a general description of a new experience of introducing teaching in clinical skills laboratory to the final year students of Hawler College of Medicine and to assess the students’ perspectives of one year training experience in the newly established clinical skills laboratory. Methods: This study was based on a self-administered questionnaire survey of 79 final year medical students. The questionnaire included 31 statements related to the physical environment of the clinical skills laboratory, duration of clinical skills practice, quality of clinical skills teaching and usefulness of clinical skills laboratory. Each statement was rated on a five-point Likert scale. Results: Most students were satisfied with the location of the clinical skills laboratory (62.8%) and appropriateness of educational atmosphere of the laboratory (59%). Less than half of the students were satisfied with adequacy and appropriate use of educational equipments. Students had concerns about the short duration of clinical skills practice and unavailability of structured and well explained guidelines (36.7%). Majority of students indicated that they prefer to take sessions in the skills laboratory and practice before dealing with real patients (78.1%) and have earlier integration of teaching in clinical skills laboratory in the medical study curriculum (71.8%). Conclusion: This short and new experience of training in clinical skills laboratory was positively recognized in general. The study identified shortcomings in a number of aspects that need to be addressed to improve the experience.

Daylight represents one of the crucial factors that affect directly on the building performance and its occupants. This study assesses the daylight performance in the multi-storey residential buildings (apartments) in Erbil city. It aims to find out the impact of building typology on daylighting quality and quantity. The endeavour of this research is to determine the optimal plan typology in providing sufficient daylight levels. A simulation method has been used with an academic licensed Revit Architecture 2019 with plugged insight daylight analysis as one of Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools for achieving this goal. Five multi-storey residential buildings were selected as cases of study. Three types of simulation were run on each project: Illuminance, LEED, and Daylight Autonomy to achieve results. The results were analyzed and compared with daylight standards levels. The results demonstrated that the point typology is the best type of plans among all cases in terms of prov...

Recently, the physical building performance has been demonstrated widely by researchers and architects due to its direct and indirect influence on space usage and comfortability, particularly in learning spaces. This study was intended to assess the natural light performance of educational premises in Erbil governorate. The six foundation schools with different size, shape, and layout have been selected. The daylight illuminance level and Daylight Autonomy have been simulated and compared with design standards for the sufficient daylight. An academic-licensed Revit Architecture 2018 with plugged insight daylight analysis has been adopted as an analysis tool for daylight parameters. The results showed that the illuminance level in most of the case studies is below the satisfactory range depended on architectural standards. Similarly, the daylight autonomy in term of spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE) are dissimilar from one case study to another. The s...

Many cities in the world are facing a quick inhabitant growth of slum areas while the detailed information about this issue is lacking. The study aim is an identification of the spatial correlation between the quality of water and kidney disease. A sample of 94 specimens was collected for different areas of the random areas to confirm the existence of cases of kidney disease in addition to a set of environmental, social and cultural characteristics related to some aspects affecting their healthy life. The chemical characteristics of drinking water in the study area were compared with the characteristics of the World Health Organization. The correlation between some chemical properties of water and especially related diseases (kidney) assessed. The research find correlation between the value of potential of Hydrogen (pH) and kidney disease spread in the study area (R 2 = 0.65; P <0.01) and we found correlation between Electrical conductivity (EC) and renal disease (R 2 = 0.85; P &...

Human scale and proportion have an important role in building design as they provide and create aesthetics and sense of place. In architecture, the human scale and proportion are based on the dimensions and proportions of the human body. The mosque is an important institution of Islam and is considered as a symbol of Islamic architecture. Also, it is a place of spiritual connection with God. This study aimed at addressing whether the human scale and proportionality have been used in mosques in the past and present. The objective of this research is to show if mosques in Erbil city built in different periods were concentrated on human scale and proportion to achieve aesthetic and comfort inside its prayer halls. To achieve it, three cases (the Great Mosque of Erbil Citadel, Rashad Mufty Mosque, and Madina Mnawara Mosque) were selected. The golden ratio was used as a technique method to measure and to see if the human scale and proportion were applied. From the three selected mosques, results show that none of them used the golden ratio completely in their designs. The highest value of golden ratio was achieved in the prayer hall of Rashad Mufty mosque with (82%) and the Great Mosque of Erbil citadel with (74%) consequently, while only 61% of the golden ratio was achieved in Madina Mnawara mosque. This study prompts the new generation of architects in Erbil city to consider human scale and proportionality through the application of a certain method, such as the golden ratio in the design of buildings in general and mosque buildings in particular.