FENUGREEK

The objective of this study is to evaluate disease modifying efficacy and safety of a standardized extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum L, Fenugreek (IBHB) (family Fabaceae) as a nutritional adjuvant to Levo-dopa (L-Dopa) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. We conducted double-blind placebo-controlled proof of concept clinical study of IBHB capsules (300 mg, twice daily) with matching placebo for 6 months of period in 50 patients of PD stabilized on L-Dopa therapy. The efficacy outcome measures were the scores of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS - total and its subsections), and Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) staging at baseline and end of 6-months treatment duration. Safety evaluation included haematology, biochemistry, urinalysis parameters and adverse event monitoring. Total UPDRS scores in IBHB treatment (0.098%) showed slower rise as opposed to steep rise (13.36%) shown by placebo. Further, Clinically Important Difference for total UPDRS scores and scores of motor subsection of UPDRS was found to be 5.3 and 4.8, respectively, in favour of IBHB treatment. Similar improvement was shown by IBHB in terms of H&Y staging as compared with placebo. IBHB was found to have excellent safety and tolerability profile. In conclusion, IBHB can be useful adjuvant treatment with L-Dopa in management of PD patients.

From 2016 to 2017, an experiment was conducted at Razi University Organic Farming to identify the best organic fertilizers for organic sesame production. The research was carried out in the split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Comparison of soil nitrate in the post-planting stage of sesame with soil before the experiment shows that organic nitrate storage with an application of treatments of 10 and 20 t ha-1 of animal manure is 36 and 63% and green manure of fenugreek, berseem clover, and hairy vetch is 63, 54, and 23%, respectively. The reason for improving grain yield is the positive role of animal manure and green manure in the fertility and balance of soil elements. The plant doesn’t face a lack of nutrients and increases the concentration of essential growth elements in the leaves, which increases grain yield. Fenugreek and berseem clover were higher than hairy vetch due to higher nitrogen yield. In the post-harvesting stage of sesame, soil experiments revealed that approximately 24% organic carbon, 58% phosphorus, 16% nitrogen, 63% nitrate, and 50% ammonium were stored in the soil. Potassium content was 13% lower than in soil before the experiment. In general, this study showed that the application of animal and green manure by providing physical and chemical properties of soil in organic field conditions leads to improved traits associated with sesame growth and, ultimately, grain yield.

Background: The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing at an alarming rate globally. There is a need for suitable natural alternatives for its treatment, as the regular use of drugs causes several secondary health issues. Aim: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the phenol and flavonoid content; antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of fenugreek seeds and leaves in water and ethanolic extracts. Materials and Methods: Dried and powdered seeds and leaves of fenugreek were treated at different time and temperature combinations (100°C for 10 min; 80°C for 30 min; 60°C for 1 h; 37°C for 6 h; 24°C [room temperature] for 24 h; 100°C for 10 min followed by overnight soaking). Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and glucose uptake assays on 3T3-L1 cell lines were performed on the extracts. Results: The results show that fenugreek leaves treated at 100°C for 10 min and overnight soaking yield extracts with the highest concentrations of desired phenols (46.08 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g sample) and flavonoid content (13.02 ± 0.44 mg/g sample) and antioxidant activity (DPPH) (45.41 ± 2.1%) with enhanced glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cell lines. Conclusion: The phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and antidiabetic activity was highest in the water extract of fenugreek leaves treated at 100°C for 10 min and subsequent soaking for 24 h before filtration as compared to the other protocols tested. Furthermore, water extracts showed enhanced activity as compared to the ethanol extracts in case of both seeds and leaves and in all the treatment combinations.

Shampoo is probably the largest unit sale among the hair care products since shampoo are one of the cosmetic products used in daily life. A shampoo may be a cleaning aid for the hair and is counted among the foremost beauty products. Currently shampoo is not only used to cleanse dirt on the hair and scalp but also to hair growth and prevent hair loss. The main objective of this study was to eliminate harmful synthetic ingredient from anti-dandruff shampoo formulation and substitute them with a secure natural ingredients. Herbal shampoo was prepared with fenugreek, curd, lemon, shikakai, flax seed, vetiver, soapnut were extracted and formulated. Several herbs are reported to be effective in controlling the bacterial and fungal. The formulated shampoo were evaluated by using several tests such as pH, solid content, wetting time test, physical appearance, phytochemical analysis.

A bibliographical review about fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) botanical description, growth, and production was carried out, as well as its chemical composition, forage and medicinal quality with the goal to evaluate adaptation possibilities of this species to some ecoregions of Venezuela. Descriptions related to climate, vegetation, slope types and soils in Venezuela have been made, which are compared to fenugreek adaptation in other regions of the world. According to morphological characteristics and suitable conditions of altitude to introduce this species as a crop, it is necessary to identify seed sources more reliable and carry out quality site studies that identify appropriate areas to establish this species under crop production.

In the present study, addition of fenugreek seed powder (FSP) and oat flour (OF) were used
for the production of extruded snack products with increased health benefits and good nutritional
value. Based on preliminary evaluation, the experiments were conducted by varying the proportion of
FSP (1-5%) and OF (3-15%) using central composite rotatable design. Properties like bulk density
(BD), hardness (HD), water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) were significantly
(p<0.05) affected by proportions of FSP and OF. Increase in the content of FSP and OF, an increase
in BD and HD was observed. Whereas increased WSI was observed with the increase in OF,
and increased WAI was observed with the increase in FSP. The storage studies of quality extruded product (1.65 % FSP
and 5.24 % OF) showed increased moisture uptake at atmospheric storage condition as compared to the accelerated storage
condition. The shelf life of the extrudates packed in aluminum lined polyethylene was higher as compared to extrudates
packed in high density polyethylene that happened to be due to higher water vapor transmission rate of the high density
polyethylene.

The present investigation was carried out at the Experimental Field, Division of Vegetable Science, SKUAST-K, Shalimar during Kharif 2018. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Thirty genotypes were evaluated for various quantitative and quality traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the traits. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variance were slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variance for all the characters studied indicating the little influence of environment in the expression of these traits. The highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for fruit diameter (35.65 and 34.62) followed by total chlorophyll (30.08 and 20.02) and fruit length (23.70 and 23.44). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for fruit length (0.97 and 47.74), fruit diameter (0.94 and 71.73), total sugars (0.74 an...

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum), native to southern Europe and Asia, is anannual herb with white flowers and hard, yellowish brown and angular seeds,known from ancient times, for nutritional value beside of it medicinal effects. Fenugreek seeds are rich source of gum, fiber, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponin and volatile content. Due to it's high content of fiber, fenugreek could be used as food stabilizer, adhesive and emulsifying agent to change food texture for some special purposes. Some evidences suggest that fenugreek may also be regarded as antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, remedy for hypocholesterolemia and hypoglycemia, antioxidant, antibacterial agent, gastric stimulant, and anti-anorexia agent. The present article is aimed to review the potential applications of fenugreek as a functional food and nutraceutical.

Herbs are used medicinally in different countries by around 80 % of people around the world, mostly in the developing countries. They are a source of many potent and powerful drugs, principally due to the common belief that they are without any side effects along with being economical and locally accessible. Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an herb that grows anywhere around the world. Fenugreek is one of the oldest medicinal plants, originating in India and Northern Africa. Its dried seeds have a wide application as a flavoring additive and are good source of protein, fat, crude fiber, minerals and vitamins. In addition It has a broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. It has been used for numerous indications, including labor induction, aiding digestion, and as a general tonic to improve metabolism and health. Human and animal trials suggest possible hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties of oral fenugreek seed powder. Mucilaginous fiber present in fenugreek s...

Background: Reports in the published literature indicate that fenugreek seeds possess significant medicinal effects. The present review showed that fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-graecum L) seeds contain rich number of steroids and have an estrogen and progestogen like effect. Objective: Objective of this review was to evaluate the effects of fenugreek seeds on rat's reproductive system. Conclusion: This review revealed that that fenugreek seeds contain estrogen like action.

Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.sp.) is one of the oldest reported medicinal plant, spice herb and forage crop in the world. The plant is believed to be native to the Mediterranean region. Indigenous species of fenugreek have been reported from Asia, North Africa, Europe and Australia. Over 25 species of fenugreek are reported across the globe. Currently grown widely across the Indian subcontinent, China, some parts of SE Asia and the Far East; in West Asia and North Africa; Mediterranean Europe and Russia; Australia and recently in parts of Western Canada, the United States and Argentina in the Americas. Fenugreek is an annual forage legume with appreciable genetic diversity and is suitable for the low input agricultural regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America as a forage crop, medicinal herb, spice as also an industrial crop for the nutraceutical and functional food industry.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), a crop with a long history in Ethiopian agriculture, is known to form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobia). In the current study, Rhizobium bacteria nodulating fenugreek in the East and North Shewa of Ethiopia, where the plant is commonly grown, were collected and characterized. All isolated strains were fast growing on Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar (YEMA) plates. After 3 days of incubation at 30°C, the rounded colonies had mucous transparent to creamy appearance. Most isolates were able to produce acid after 72 h of incubation and only three isolates slightly absorbed Congo red. Heterotrophic competence among isolates was also observed from their utilization capabilities of various carbon and nitrogen sources. Interestingly, the isolates showed strong tolerance to different eco-physiological parameters (pH, temperature, salt concentration, and intrinsic antibiotic resistance). Plants inoculated with different isolates showed differences with respect to nodule number and dry weight and shoot dry weight. Two isolates (AAUFR-26 and AAUFR-30) from North Shewa, representing 12.5% of the isolates, were highly effective (> 80%) in forming symbiosis with fenugreek whereas, 67% were found to be effective (50-80%). More shoot dry weight were observed for whichisolates from North Shewa were inoculated, indicating that some soil-related factors such as
pH might have affected the symbiotic effectiveness. Overall, the present study provides a baseline data for further
investigations on nitrogen fixation capability of fenugreek associated Rhizobial strains so that efficient isolates may be used as biofertilizers in areas where indigenous Rhizobium failed to nodulate fenugreek. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-1-july-2015-ijaar/

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed was used for the recovery of phenolic compounds by employing different process modifications of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). It was observed that a 3-day germination (35°C) process negatively affected the phenolic contents of seed. Preliminary studies found that maximum quantities of phenolic compounds obtained from germinated and un-germinated seed were 5.882 and 7.534 mg GAE/g when extraction was carried out at 35°C for 30 min using ethanol (30%) as solvent. Un-germinated seed was used for further studies. In order to improve total phenolic compound recovery, Box–Behnken experimental design, regression analysis and response surface methodology were applied following the initial studies. The optimum UAE conditions were established as 38°C temperature, 32 min time and 33% ethanol for the maximum total phenolics (8.41 mg GAE/g DW). Fenugreek seed extract also showed a good radical scavenging activity (62.74 ± 1.66%).

Fenugreek is one of several herbal medicines whose seeds and leaves are used either as food or as an ingredient in folk
medicine. In the existing literature, there is evidence regarding the effects of fenugreek on ethylene glycol induced kidney
stone formation of rats. Regarding the other drugs, such as Cystone, the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)
are reported to have been used as anti-urolithiatic in traditional medicine. Thus, the present study was undertaken to
investigate the effect of fenugreek on the prevention of kidney stone formation. Twenty male albino rats were divided into
4 groups: Normal, Ethylene Glycol (EG), Cystone and Fenugreek. The duration of the experiment was 28 days. Ethylene
glycol group led to increases in kidney weight, malondialdehyde (MDA) and platelet count, while Cystone and Fenugreek
combat the effect of EG. Haematological examination showed that the hemoglobin and red blood cell count in rats treated
EG were significantly lower than those in the controls while Fenugreek and Cystone decreased the EG effect. Our studies
demonstrate the anti-urolithiatic and anti-oxidative potential effects of T. foenum-graecum, which could exert beneficial
effects against the kidney stone formation and the associated free radicals complications in kidney tissues. Further clinical
trials are needed for evaluating its benefits and the possible side effects.

Almost 30% of US residents ages 65 and older have diabetes. The cost of diabetes care was estimated at $174 billion in 2007, including $116 billion in additional medical costs, and $58 billion in reduced productivity. Globally, the estimated cost of diabetes care was $376 billion in 2010, representing 12% of health expenditures. Many individuals with diabetes make use of functional foods, nutritional supplements, and/or herbal remedies to manage their disease. The functional foods olive leaf extract, turmeric, and fenugreek are commonly used in traditional medicine systems to manage diabetes. All three of these functional foods have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as specific insulin sensitizing qualities. In vitro studies offer proof of mechanism, and animal studies consistently show treatment efficacy for all three foods. The few human studies that have been conducted, however, use surrogate rather than clinical endpoints. The establishment of these and other functional foods as evidence based interventions for diabetes requires well designed, adequately powered, and randomized controlled pivotal trials with clinical endpoints.

The first part of this chapter provides an introduction to Mexican livestock systems. The second part describes silvopastoral systems, which are recognized as a strategy for food production, including the integration of annual, forage, legumes, such as fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). The third part highlights the importance of silvopastoral systems for livestock production and how fenugreek can be integrated in to the diet of the Mexican livestock. Overall the current review discusses various agronomics aspects of intercropping with fenugreek mainly as a fodder bank for increased fodder yield and quality. In addition to improve animal diet, fenugreek can also increase soil nitrogen content. Based on this current review it can be concluded that integrating fenugreek into silvopastoral systems with livestock production could be a good sustainable solution to enhance biodiversity as well as increase the margin of profitability for local producers and growers.

Trigonella foenum-graecum possesses great medicinal properties. Seeds and their oil have a long history of folklore usage in various systems of medicines. It is popular in traditional systems of medicine like Unani medicine, Ayurveda and Siddha. In Tibb-e-Nabawi (Prophetic Medicine), it is considered a great form of healing medicine and has been recommended for regular use. In Ayurveda, Trigonella finds great utility in disorders associated with the gastrointestinal tract as it possesses carminative, digestive and laxative properties. Its pharmacologically active components such as diosgenin and tigogenin possess significant medicinal values. The seed has great therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetes. It was found to restore the cellular anti-oxidant levels of enzymes playing a vital role in oxidative pathogenesis of diabetes associated complications like nephropathy and neuropathy. It also improves insulin signalling and sensitivity, thereby promoting the cellular actions of insulin. Trigonella possesses anti-hyperlipidaemic effects and studies demonstrated that it lowers serum triglycerides and total cholesterol by inhibiting accumulation of triglycerides and expression of lipogenic genes. Therapeutic effects of Trigonella have been extensively studied in clinical studies. An oral preparation of fenugreek seeds improved glucose metabolism by its insulin-sensitizing effect involving mechanisms that included reduction of circulating melanin-concentrating hormone levels. A polyherbal formulation containing fenugreek significantly lowered fasting blood glucose, HBA1c and LDL levels in people with diabetes and dyslipidaemia. Fenugreek seed showed beneficial potential in the treatment of diseases associated with female genital tract. A saponin enriched extract of Trigonella reduced ovarian volume and number of ovarian cysts while significantly increasing the levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in females with PCOD. Another trial demonstrated that de-husked fenugreek seed extract significantly reduced vasomotor, psychological and sexual symptoms associated with menstrual syndrome. Fenugreek extracts significantly increased plasma estradiol levels and improved postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flushes in postmenopausal women. It also produced beneficial effects on male reproductive system like improvement in free testosterone levels and sperm count and morphology.

The first part of this chapter provides an introduction to Mexican livestock systems. The second part describes silvopastoral systems, which are recognized as a strategy for food production, including the integration of annual, forage, legumes, such as fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). The third part highlights the importance of silvopastoral systems for livestock production and how fenugreek can be integrated in to the diet of the Mexican livestock. Overall the current review discusses various agronomics aspects of intercropping with fenugreek mainly as a fodder bank for increased fodder yield and quality. In addition to improve animal diet, fenugreek can also increase soil nitrogen content. Based on this current review it can be concluded that integrating fenugreek into silvopastoral systems with livestock production could be a good sustainable solution to enhance biodiversity as well as increase the margin of profitability for local producers and growers.

Use of Rhizobacteria to supplement N nutrition of crops is a well-recognized strategy for reducing the cost of crop production as well as sustainability. Inoculation of Rhizobium in Fenugreek provides the opportunity to improve Nitrogen nutrition of the crop and yield. Combination of FYM, N fertilizer and Rhizobium seed treatment was evaluated for their usefulness in improving the productivity and generating additional income to farmers. The results indicated that 100, 75 and 50% Nitrogen applied along with Rhizobium and FYM @ 5 t/ha significantly increased the plant height, number of pods/plant, pod&amp;#39; length and number of seeds/pod. Rhizobium inoculation applied along with 100% Nitrogen and FYM @ 5 t/ha gave significantly higher yield (788 kg/ha) than control (509 kg/ha) and 100% Nitrogen alone (617 kg/ha). The results revealed that 100, 75 and 50% of N applied along with Rhizobium inoculation and FYM had recorded significant beneficial effect on seed yield. The cost economics indicated that highest incremental benefit cost ratio of 1.37 was recorded with 100% N along with 5 t/ha FYM and Rhizobium seed treatment @ 1.5 kg/ha.

Background and Aim: Despite the availability of antidiabetic drugs, they are not free from associated adverse side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of oral administration of seeds from two medicinal plants: (1) Milk thistle and (2) fenugreek.

Materials and Methods: Plant seeds were washed in distilled water and ground with a coffee grinder. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in 20 male albino rats. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Group 1 (n=10), diabetic rats fed with 0.5 g/kg milk thistle and 2 g/kg fenugreek seeds per day and (2) Group 2 (n=10), diabetic rats fed standard rodent food for 4 weeks.

Results: Oral administration of milk thistle and fenugreek seeds for 2 weeks resulted in significant improvement in body weight, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, this ameliorative effect was significantly elevated with respect to blood glucose (155.00±9.70 mg/ dL vs. 427.50±5.70 mg/dL; p<0.001), HbA1c (5.5±0.19% vs. 13.65±1.77%; p<0.001), cholesterol (281.50±10.95 mg/dL vs. 334.30±6.80 mg/dL; p<0.001), triglyceride (239.60±6.87 mg/dL vs. 284.20±9.95 mg/dL; p<0.01), and body weight (265.30±8.10 g vs. 207.40±11.4 g; p<0.01) as compared with non-treated diabetic rats.

Conclusion: Milk thistle and fenugreek seeds possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties and could be used as natural compounds that are suitable as parent compounds for the development of new antidiabetic drugs.

Introduction: Several studies have been conducted to examine the effect of suture material on the skin during healing of the wound while a few articles reviewed the musculoskeletal response. In this study, the effects of the two plants, myrtle and fenugreek, on the primary inflammatory response of the tongue muscles to the types of suture in diabetic rats are examined. Materials and Methods: For conducting this study, 96 Wistar healthy male white rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were selected. The animals were divided into 3 groups, 32 each, consisting of the diabetic group, the diabetic-myrtle group, and the diabetic-fenugreek group. All the animals became diabetic two weeks before the study using Streptozotocin (STZ). For carrying out the task, all animals were anesthetized on the first day using ketamine with a dosage of 60 mg/kg and xylazine (Rampon) with a dosage of 5.7 mg/kg. Four wounds were made using No. 15 blade, and each wound was sutured using one sample of suture string (simple interrupted suture). Then, in the myrtle and fenugreek groups, these materials were placed on the sutures using swabs. After this, from each group, 8 animals were sacrificed using ether. On days 2, 4, 7 and 14, samples were taken from the suture sites with intact margins and were sent to the pathological lab, and the degree of inflammation was examined using a light microscope with magnifications of 40 and 100. At last, the data were analyzed using Wilcoxon, post hoc (by SPSS version 13.5). Results: This study showed that the least amount of inflammation on all days was associated with silk string followed by plain catgut in the diabetic group, and there was a significant relationship (P=0.001) in that regard with the two other suture strings used; chromic catgut and monofilament polyamide. In the myrtle group, chromic catgut and monofilament polyamide inflammation were not significantly different as compared with the other two suture strings in the control group on all days of the study. The findings showed that in the fenugreek group and the control silk and monofilament polyamide, the inflammation severity was not significantly different from the two suture strings in the control group on all days of the study. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the two plants myrtle and fenugreek reduce the inflammatory response in plain catgut though the effect of myrtle was more significant. Myrtle is also effective in reducing inflammation in silk while fenugreek is effective in reducing the inflammation caused by chromic catgut.

The field experiment was planned and conducted during rabi season 2011-2012 to 2012-2013 at research farm of Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Science, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh India, with three intercropping crop on growth and herbage yield. Experiment consisted 8 treatments each replicated thrice and laid in RBD. The result obtained from the experiment show that three crop significantly affected the growth parameters of coriander, fenugreek and soya such as seed germination, plant height, number of leaves per plant and number of branches per plant were found to be higher under coriander sole, fenugreek sole and as well as soya sole cropping. Sole cropping of coriander, fenugreek and soya not only gave best seed germination but also produced taller plant, more leaves and branches per plant, leading to higher herbage yield. Gladiolus yield attributes and yield were improved under intercropping as compare to sole cropping system.

Discovering the complexity of seed structure and function along with a number of vital processes such as seed growth and development, germination are important factors in unlocking the secrets of consistent crop yield. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), a multi-purpose annual, dryland-adapted, forage, legume crop is cultivated in different parts of the world with great potential for introduction under suitable agro-climatic zones in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Fenugreek seed is used extensively for its medicinal, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties. It is effective in the treatment of diabetes, hyperglycaemia (thyroxine-induced type) and hypercholesterolemia. This review discusses seed physiological processes and several important biochemical seed constituent, e.g., steroidal sapogenins (diosgenin), polysaccharide fiber (galactomannan), amino acid (4-hydroxyisoleucine), etc, with important medicinal and pharmacological characteristics impacting human and animal health. However, there are noticeable differences in the quality of several phytochemicals found in fenugreek seed possibly due to variations in plant genotypes and agro-climatic conditions under which the crop is grown. Hence, it is important to note that for consistent seed yield and quality of fenugreek cultivars there is an urgent need for continuing efforts in genetic improvements and in developing high yielding, disease and drought-resistant varieties suitable for different agro-climatic conditions. Therefore, in addition to the physico-biochemistry of fenugreek seed different approaches for genetic improvement have also been discussed.

Perimenopausal stage is accompanied with symptoms such as: hot flash, anxiety, depression, muscle and joint pain which can disturbe women's life. At present Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is the most common method in treatment of menopausal complications but HRT can increase risk of tumor development in estrogen- sensitive tissues. Phytoestrogens are one of the alternative therapies in HRT. Phytoestrogens are herbal compounds that haveestrogenic activity. Fenugreek is one of the herbs that contains phytoestrogen compounds but its effect has not been assessed on early menopausal symptoms yet. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Fenugreek seed on early menopausal symptoms. In this quasi experimental study, 2 groups of perimenopausal women were selected. Each group contained 25 patients. Women in control group received 2 periods consist of 0.625 mg conjugated estrogen and 10 mg medroxy progesterone acetate. Women in Fenugreek group received 6 g fenugreek seed powder in granulated form for 8 weeks. The Greene menopausal scale was used to assess change in early menopausal symptoms at baseline and after 4, 8 weeks of treatment. Statistical analysis was used for comparison between control and fenugreek groups. Greene score between control and Fenugreek groups at baseline was not significantly different (p=0.776). After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment on control group compared to Fenugreek group Greene score showed significant decrease (p<0.001, p<0.001).Greene score within control and Fenugreek groups showed a significant decrease after 4 and 8 weeks (p<0.001, p<0.001). Use of Fenugreek seed for 4 and 8 weeks caused significant reduction of total Green menopausal score but this effect was less than HRT. Further studies using double blind placebo-controlled clinical trial are needed.

ABSTRACT In the present study, addition of fenugreek seed powder (FSP) and oat flour (OF) were used for the production of extruded snack products with increased health benefits and good nutritional value. Based on preliminary evaluation, the experiments were conducted by varying the proportion of FSP (1-5%) and OF (3-15%) using central composite rotatable design. Properties like bulk density (BD), hardness (HD), water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) were significantly (p&amp;lt;0.05) affected by proportions of FSP and OF. Increase in the content of FSP and OF, an increase in BD and HD was observed. Whereas increased WSI was observed with the increase in OF, and increased WAI was observed with the increase in FSP. The storage studies of quality extruded product (1.65 % FSP and 5.24 % OF) showed increased moisture uptake at atmospheric storage condition as compared to the accelerated storage condition. The shelf life of the extrudates packed in aluminum lined polyethylene was higher as compared to extrudates packed in high density polyethylene that happened to be due to higher water vapor transmission rate of the high density polyethylene.

Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek), commonly known as methi, is an annual herb belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop and its seeds are a common ingredient in dishes from the Indian subcontinent. Its seeds are rich sources of dietary protein fibers, vitamin B, iron & several other dietary minerals. Fenugreek is known to have Hypocholesterolmic, antioxidant potency, digestive stimulant action and hepatoprotective effect. It is also used in the treatment of smallpox & hair loss. The seed of fenugreek contains two main alkaloids, namely choline & trigonelline. It also contains four flavonoids & two steroidal saponins. In this review article, we study in detail the various pharmacological activity of Trigonella foenum-greacum (fenugreek).

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual crop, mainly used as a spice and leafy vegetable crop in many parts of the world. Classical breeding in fenugreek is restricted due to its low genetic variability and small flower size which hamper manual emasculation and pollination. Mutation breeding is an effective way to enrich genetic variability in crop plants. An experiment was conducted to determine the lethal dose of the physical mutagen gamma rays in fenugreek. The dry seeds of fenugreek were exposed to different doses of gamma rays i.e. 150Gy, 200Gy, 250Gy, 300Gy and 350Gy. These irradiated seeds were sown in the Petri plates with non-irradiated seeds (control). As the dose of gamma rays increased, there was a decrease in germination percentage, seedling survival, root length, shoot length and vigour index. Among five doses of gamma rays, the maximum seed germination was observed at lowest dose 150Gy (93%), followed by 200Gy (83%), 250Gy (76%), 300Gy (76%) and 350Gy (64%). The seedling survival was decreased from 90% (in control) to 56% in 350Gy dose of gamma rays. The gamma rays dose of 150Gy gave stimulatory effect on seedlings growth. The growth parameters were dose dependent, as the dose of gamma rays increased from 200Gy to 350Gy. The gamma rays dose of 350Gy showed 64% seeds germination and 56% of seedlings survival. Therefore, it is concluded that the LD dose for 50 fenugreek is close to 350Gy. This information would be highly useful for initiating mutation breeding programme in fenugreek.

A bibliographical review about fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) botanical description, growth, and production was carried out, as well as its chemical composition, forage and medicinal quality with the goal to evaluate adaptation possibilities of this species to some ecoregions of Venezuela. Descriptions related to climate, vegetation, slope types and soils in Venezuela have been made, which are compared to fenugreek adaptation in other regions of the world. According to morphological characteristics and suitable conditions of altitude to introduce this species as a crop, it is necessary to identify seed sources more reliable and carry out quality site studies that identify appropriate areas to establish this species under crop production.

The investigation was carried out with twelve genotypes of fenugreek obtained from different coordinating centres of AICRP on Spices at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam during 1998-1999, 1999-2000, 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 to estimate the correlation coefficients for yield and yield components. The mean data over four years was subjected to statistical analysis for estimating correlation coefficients both at phenotypic and genotypic level. In general the phenotypic correlation coefficients were smaller than genotypic correlation coefficients for majority of the characters. Seed yield showed highly significant positive association with plant height (0.907** and 0.967**), number of pods per plant (0.876** and 0.952 **), pod length (0.839** and 1.005**) and number of seeds per pod (0.905** and 0.984**) both at phenotypic and genotypic level, respectively. Among the yield component characters plant height with number of pods per plant (0.961** and 0.971**), pod length (0.818** and 0.939**), number of seeds per pod (0.982 and 0.994); number of pods per plant with pod length (0.743**, 0.932**), number of seeds per pod (0.979**, 0.994**) and pod length with number of seeds per pod (0.815**, 0.979**) showed significant positive association both at phenotypic and genotypic level. The phenotypic and genotypic correlation studied showed that association of seed yield with plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length and number of seeds per pod was appreciable, indicating the importance of these traits as components for seed yield.

The first part of this chapter provides an introduction to Mexican livestock systems. The second part describes silvopastoral systems which are recognized as a strategy for food production, including the integration of annual, forage, legumes such as fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). The third part highlights the importance of silvopastoral systems for livestock production and how fenugreek can be integrated in to the diet of the Mexican livestock. Overall the current review discusses various agronomics aspects of intercropping with fenugreek mainly as a fodder bank for increased fodder yield and quality. Fenugreek cultivation can not only improve the local animal diet but it can also improve the soil nitrogen content. Based on this current review it can be concluded that integrating fenugreek into silvopastoral systems with livestock production could be a good sustainable solution to enhance the biodiversity of the system as well as increase the margin of profitability for the local producers and growers.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenume-graecum) is a medicinal herb that has anti-diabetic properties. 4-hydroxyisoleucine, an important metabolite of this plant, is a good candidate for improving hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In vitro production of metabolites mainly relies on the ability of the tissue culture system to produce more and viable cells with maximum production rate. Callus induction is the first step of establishing plant cell based bioreactors which needs potential genotypes with higher and faster callus production. To find such genotypes, screening them is indispensable. In this research, we screened 21 Iranian landraces of fenugreek for callus induction and growth on MS medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. The results showed different capacity of the screened genotypes in callus induction (P<0.05). Also, the type of explant had a significant effect on callus induction (P<0.05). Calli were able to produce 4-Hydroxyisulosine 67% of the amount in in vivo samples.

The present investigation was carried out with fenugreek genotypes obtained from different coordinating centers of AICRP on Spices. Pods per plant (36.5 and 34.61), number of seeds per pod (22.86 and 21.20) and seed yield (22.09 and 17.21) recorded highest coefficients of
variation (both phenotypic and genotypic), while it was low for pod length (11.43 and 7.32).
Heritability estimates were high for plant height (83.10), pods per plant (89.90) and seeds per
pod (86.00). Seed yield (60.70) and branches per plant showed moderate estimates of heritability. The characters viz. plant height, pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed yield which recorded high heritability also showed high genetic advance indicating operation of additive gene
action in the inheritance of these traits. These studies indicated that selection may be worthwhile in fenugreek for number of pods per plant, seeds per pod besides plant height for achieving higher yields.