Radish

This study was conducted at the garden area of the Sunrise Residence Hall of Central Mindanao University,University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines  from December 2013 to March  2014 to  evaluate the effect of different varying levels of vermicasts on the growth and yield of radish cv ‘Snow White’ under CMU, Musuan, Bukidnon condition. This study was laid-out in a Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with five (5) treatments and three (3)replications, as follows: T1 (control-5g/plant 14-14-14), T (5t/havermicast), T3 (10 t/ha vermicast), T4 2(15 t/ha vemicast) and T(20 t/ha vermicast). Result revealed that plant height, number ofleaves, tuber length, tuber diameter and pest resistance were not significantly affected by the applications of varying levels of vermicast and as well as the inorganic fertilizer. However, even with their statistical insignificance, Treatment 4 (15t/havermicast) obtained the tallest plant (39.67 cm),most number of leaves (13.42 or 14 leaves), largest tuber (2.91 cm), and mostresistant against pests and diseases (1.00 rating). Meanwhile, the longest tuber was garnered by T3 with 19.73 cm, while Tmeasuring at 19.58 cm long. On the plot yield and the total tuberyield showed Treatment 4 obtaining the highest plot yield with 1.32 kg and 10.15 t/ha tuber yield. The effects of vermicast which were already decomposed had made available for plant use. It had somehow performed at par or even better with thoseusing inorganic fertilizer. With the high cost incurred in using vermicast in hectare basis, Treatment 1 (using inorganicfertilizer) obtained the highest ROI with 355.22 %, followed by T2, T3, T4 and T with 210.20%, 177.22%, 122.96% and 52.79%, respectively. However, using vermicast in radish production would increase the return on investment in the succeeding seasons since a decreasing amount of vermicast would be added to the area.

Factorial experiment with two factors was conducted to study the effect of radish seeds (Raphanus sativus L.) primed with salicylic acid (SA) for 24 h on plant growth and hormones concentration and its ability to increase plant tolerance to salt stress added through water irrigation as sodium chloride (NaCl). The results showed that salt stress was negatively affect on plant height, chlorophyll content, fresh weight of shoot and root and, free IAA concentration. While, salt stress inefficient on GA and CK concentrations. Priming seeds with SA caused a decrease in free IAA, GA concentrations, while free CK and ABA concentration did not different significantly from control plants which gives the plant more tolerance to salt stress.

To study the pollinator community of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and the best pollinators for radish production in terms of their foraging behavior, an experiment was performed at the research farm of University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. A total of 771 individuals of insects were observed, 51 percent of which were the flies (Diptera) and remaining 49 percent were the bees (Hymenoptera). The most abundant species was Episyrphus balteatus followed by Andrena sp., Apis florea, A. dorsata, Eristalinus aeneus and E. laetus. The maximum visitation rate was recorded in case of E. balteatus and Andrena sp. The maximum stay time was recorded in case of E. aeneus and E. laetus. The maximum number of pollen grains was deposited on stigma by A. dorsata (196.32 pollen grains) followed by Andrena sp. (155.47), E. laetus (143.47), A. florea (108.47), E. aeneus (102.74) and E. balteatus (62.63). Only A. florea and E. balteatus exhibited nectar robbing behavior i.e. 86% and 28% nectar robbing events, respectively. All the pollinators except A. florea came in contact with stigma and fed either for pollen or for both nectar and pollen. Apis florea mostly (82% of its visits) fed for nectar alone. All the bees preferred feeding on both nectar and pollen while all the flies preferred feeding on pollen alone. Conserving and enhancing these pollinators may boost the R. sativus production in Pakistan.

To study the pollinator community of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and the best pollinators for radish production in terms of their foraging behavior, an experiment was performed at the research farm of University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. A total of 771 individuals of insects were observed, 51 percent of which were the flies (Diptera) and remaining 49 percent were the bees (Hymenoptera). The most abundant species was Episyrphus balteatus followed by Andrena sp., Apis florea, A. dorsata, Eristalinus aeneus and E. laetus. The maximum visitation rate was recorded in case of E. balteatus and Andrena sp. The maximum stay time was recorded in case of E. aeneus and E. laetus. The maximum number of pollen grains was deposited on stigma by A. dorsata (196.32 pollen grains) followed by Andrena sp. (155.47), E. laetus (143.47), A. florea (108.47), E. aeneus (102.74) and E. balteatus (62.63). Only A. florea and E. balteatus exhibited nectar robbing behavior i.e. 86% and 28% nectar robbing events, respectively. All the pollinators except A. florea came in contact with stigma and fed either for pollen or for both nectar and pollen. Apis florea mostly (82% of its visits) fed for nectar alone. All the bees preferred feeding on both nectar and pollen while all the flies preferred feeding on pollen alone. Conserving and enhancing these pollinators may boost the R. sativus production in Pakistan.

The resistance gene analog (RGA)-based marker strategy is an effective supplement for current marker reservoir of radish disease-resistance breeding. In this study, we identified RGAs based on the conserved nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and S-receptor-like kinase (SRLK) domains. A total of 68 NBS-RGAs and 46 SRLK-RGAs were isolated from two FW-resistant radish inbred lines, B2 and YR31, and one susceptible line, YR15. A BLASTx search revealed that the NBS-RGAs contained six conserved motifs (i.e., P loop, RNBS-A, Kinase-2, RNBS-B, RNBS-C, and GLPL) and the SRLK-RGAs, contained two conserved motifs (i.e., G-type lectin and PAN-AP). A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the NBS-RGAs could be separated into two classes (i.e., toll/interleukin receptor and coiled-coil types), with six subgroups, and the SRLK-RGAs were divided into three subgroups. Moreover, we designed RGA-specific markers from data-mining approach in radish databases. Based on marker analysis, 24 radish inbred lines were clustered into five main groups with a similarity index of 0.44 and showing genetic diversity with resistance variation in those radish inbred lines. The development of RGA-specific primers would be valuable for marker-assisted selection during the breeding of disease-resistant radish cultivars.

Considering the enormous importance of radish as a short duration vegetable crop and its wider use in the form of salad and other types of cooked food item BRAC- one of the largest Non Governmental Organization (NGO) in the world began its research activities on radish near about two decades ago in its own R & D centre and so far released two open pollinated and one hybrid radish varieties for commercial cultivation. ‘Sufola 40’ and ‘China 35’ are open pollinated varieties while ‘White Star’ is a hybrid variety. Besides these seasonal type of radish varieties BRAC scientists are also working on the development of off season type of radish variety and one promising summer radish advance line has been developed. Research work on ‘Shakmula’, ‘Green radish’ and ‘Bicoloured radish’ is also going on to create new market demand among the consumers and promote different kinds of radish cultivation in Bangladesh throughout the year.

— The investigation was carried out to find out whether enhanced UVB radiation increases the synthesis of secondary metabolites in some plants grown under tropical region. Like tropical plant temperate plant also grown successfully in the tropical region. Tropical plants are thought to have an inherent resistance to abiotic stress. The abiotic stress that enhances the ability of the plant by increasing the content of the secondary bioactive components. While the plants exposed to enhanced UVB radiation in the field condition, the synthesis of secondary pigments like flavonoids and anthocyanin level varied among species. In radish and beetroot the synthesis of flavonoid and anthocyanin the content was increased, whereas, in the onion and carrot, the level of synthesis of secondary pigment was less. But compared to ambient plants the UVB the irradiated the plant has more secondary pigment. So it proves that the UVB radiation increases the synthesis of secondary pigment content by activating the defence mechanism and to protect plants against UVB damage.

Background and objectives: Soil pollution by heavy metals is environmental problem which can affect human and animal health, environmental and agricultural productions. Phyto-extraction is the technology of using plants for cleaning polluted soils which is an effective, Cheap and environmental friendly method. Phytoremediation is a method in which clating agents and mineral acids are used to enhance uptake of heavy metal by plants. The aim of this study were: (a) to determine the potential of radish for extracting Zn from polluted soils and (b) to assess the effects of different additive (EDTA and H2SO4) in enhancing plant uptake of heavy metal and (c) to assess the effects of different levels of soil Zn on radish growth and Zn concentrations of above and below ground parts of this plant. Materials and methods: A Factorial experiment were conducted in Soil Science Department, using a completely randomized design and three replications. The experimental factors were type and rate of soil additive (10 and 20 mg/kg of EDTA and 0, 750 and 1500 mg/kg H2SO4) and Zn levels of polluted soils (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 mg/kg).
Results: The results showed that The Application of soil additives increasd the concentration and absoption of Zn in above and below ground part of radish and decreasd the dry weight of those. Application of 20 mg EDTA per kg of soil cause the highest concentration of Zn in the above and below ground part of radish, so that increased it respectively 304 and 182 mg.kg-1 compared to control. Rate of 20 mg EDTA/kg soil increasd absorption of Zn by plant 28.7 percent. After treatment with 20 mg EDTA /kg soil, treatment with 10 mg EDTA /kg soil, 1500 mg H2SO4 /kg soil and 750 mg H2SO4 /kg soil were better treatments respectively. Zinc concentrations of aerial parts were higher than those of below ground parts and the highest concentration of zinc in these parts were 810 and 425 mg/kg respectively. The dry weight of above and below ground part of radish decreasd but its concentration for Zn increasd as the Zn levels of polluted soils increasd. An antagonistic effect between p, K, Fe and Zn uptake was also observed.
Conclusion: In general the result showed that the radish plant was a Zn hyperaccumulator plant with translocation factor of greater than 1 and it can be used for phytoremediation of Zn polluted soil. The application rate of soil amendments had significant effects on their performance and unappropriate application rate of them had negative effects on phytoremediation. Based on the results obtained in this experiment application of 20 mg EDTA/kg soil is recommend for Zn phytoremediation.

The investigation was carried out to find out whether enhanced UVB radiation increases the synthesis of secondary metabolites in some plants grown under tropical region. Like tropical plant temperate plant also grown successfully in the tropical region. Tropical plants are thought to have an inherent resistance to abiotic stress. The abiotic stress that enhances the ability of the plant by increasing the content of the secondary bioactive components. While the plants exposed to enhanced UVB radiation in the field condition, the synthesis of secondary pigments like flavonoids and anthocyanin level varied among species. In radish and beetroot the synthesis of flavonoid and anthocyanin the content was increased, whereas, in the onion and carrot, the level of synthesis of secondary pigment was less. But compared to ambient plants the UVB the irradiated the plant has more secondary pigment. So it proves that the UVB radiation increases the synthesis of secondary pigment content by activa...

Bioconversion of mandelonitrile to R-mandelic acid, an α-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid, using crude plant extracts reported here. Chemical process of conversion of mandelonitrile yields both R-and S-enantiomers of mandelic acid. The objective was to convert it to only R-enantiomers. Nitrilases are capable of synthesizing only R-enantiomers. Some plants have been reported to be rich source of nitrilases. Based on the screening results of plants containing nitrilases; cabbage, radish and barley extracts were used for this purpose. The conversion rate was maximum (15 g) with barley leaf extract at 28 ºC; cabbage and radish converted 3.23 and 2.45 g, respectively at 32 ºC. The preliminary results indicated plants can be used for conversion of mandelonitrile to mandelic acid; though lot of optimization and various parameters need to be studied further.

The resistance gene analog (RGA)-based marker strategy is an effective supplement for current marker reservoir of radish disease-resistance breeding. In this study, we identified RGAs based on the conserved nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and S-receptor-like kinase (SRLK) domains. A total of 68 NBS-RGAs and 46 SRLK-RGAs were isolated from two FW-resistant radish inbred lines, B2 and YR31, and one susceptible line, YR15. A BLASTx search revealed that the NBS-RGAs contained six conserved motifs (i.e., P loop, RNBS-A, Kinase-2, RNBS-B, RNBS-C, and GLPL) and the SRLK-RGAs, contained two conserved motifs (i.e., G-type lectin and PAN-AP). A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the NBS-RGAs could be separated into two classes (i.e., toll/interleukin receptor and coiled-coil types), with six subgroups, and the SRLK-RGAs were divided into three subgroups. Moreover, we designed RGA-specific markers from data-mining approach in radish databases. Based on marker analysis, 24 radish inbred lines w...