Fisheries and aquaculture economics

Fishing is an important income source contributing to the economy of fishing communities living on the banks of River Narmada (India). The aim of this study was to collect information on economic and livelihood conditions of these fishermen communities to identify key issues that might be considered in sustaining their livelihood and ensure their participation in conservation of fish biodiversity. Data were collected using a questionnaire administrated to the fishermen families inhabiting at both banks of the selected reach of river in a single " snapshot " survey. The study reveals that income pattern of fishermen is not enough for their annual expenditure which affects their lifestyle and forcing them to change their traditional source of income and dependency on other sources of income for their livelihood activities.

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Citation Adegbesan SI, Obasa SO and Abdulraheem I (20xx) Growth performance, haematology and histopathology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed varying levels of Aloe barbadensis leaves. Abstract One hundred and twenty Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (2.33 ± 0.07 g) were fed with 40% crude protein diets containing three concentrations of Aloe barbadensis leaves-paste: ABL1, 1%; ABL2, 2%; ABL3, 3%, and control, 0% ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks. Mean weight gain and percentage weight gain increased (P < 0.05) as concentration of A. barbadensis increased. Survival rate decreased as concentration of paste increased. Differences (P < 0.05) seen in packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC), thus highest in ABL3: PCV (36.67 ± 0.89%), Hb (12.37 ± 0.37 g dl –1) and RBC (3.47 ± 0.08×10 6 L –1) and lowest in control: PCV (22.0 ± 0.58%), Hb (7.37 ± 0.20 g dl –1) and RBC (2.07 ± 0.06 ×10 6 L –1). Liver histology of control fish was normal, while fatty degenerations were seen in the treated fish. The histology of fish kidney was normal in all treatments. The study concluded that 1% A. barbadensis leaves-paste could effectively improve growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of cultured C. gariepinus.

Information on economic viability of aquaculture is crucial for inves
tors when assessing the feasibility of
an  aquaculture  investment.  Unfortunately,  such  information  has  been  scarce  in  Nigeria.  The  economic
analysis  of  fish  farming  in  Osun  State,  South
-
Western  Nigeria  was  therefore  carried  out  using  data
collected from sev
enty two randomly selected fish farms. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics,
costs and returns, as well as multiple regression analysis. The relationship between fish output and five
inputs:  feed,  fertilizer,  lime,  labour  and  fingerlings  were  me
asured  using  Cobb
-
Douglass  production
model. Results suggest that a unit increase in fertilizer application contributed 46 percent increase to the
profitability of the fish farms and this was significant at p<0.01. Also, labour was significant at p<0.05 as
the results suggest that a unit increase in labour contributed 60 per cent increase to the profitability of the
fish  farms.  The  model  explained  81%  of  the  variation  in  total  output.  On  the  whole,  fish  farming  was
found to be profitable with a benefit
-
cost
ratio of 1.65 and profit
–
cost ratio of 0.65.  It is recommended
that  fish  farmers  in  the  study  area  should  increase  their  use  of  feed,  li
me  and  fingerlings  and  decrease
their use of fertilizer and labour.
Data on the socio
-
economic characteristics of farme
rs revealed that most fish farmers (58.3%) in the
State were males, aged between 31
-
50 years old. About 91.7% of fish farmers were married and 95.8%
had formal education. About 86.1% owned land either by inheritance or purchase, 8.3% operated on
leased lan
d and 5.6% rented the land upon which they operated. About 75% of the respondents got their
capital from personal savings, 11.1% from cooperatives, and only 5.6% had access to bank loans. About
52.8% were regularly visited by extension agents 16.7% were oc
casionally visited while 30.5% were
seldom visited. Only 27.8% belonged to farmers’ association.
Keywords:
Economic    analysis,    Aquaculture,    Fish    farming,    Cobb
-
Douglass    model,    Nigeria.
Number of words:
302.

The study examined fish farming business and its capability to reduce poverty and invariably foster wealth creation in Akure South and Owo Local Government Areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 100 fish farmers for the study during the 2013 production season. Data obtained were analysed using net farm income model, descriptive statistics, Foster, Greer and Thorbecke poverty technique and expenditure approach of determining poverty line value. The result of the study revealed that fish farming was profitable in the study areas with a net farm income of N2423.37/m 2 being realised at the end of the production cycle. The study also revealed a poverty line value of N461.89/day among the fish farmers which is higher than the one dollar a day benchmark of the World Bank. Other results showed that poverty depth among fish farmers was 9% while poverty severity was 2%. It is recommended that fish farmers need to be trained on how to produce fish feed in order to reduce the cost of feeding fish, make maximum profit from their investment in fish farming which can significantly lead to poverty reduction. Also, lending institution should be encouraged by the government through measures like reduced bank rate, lower reserve ratio, selective credit policies etc to grant loan to practicing fish farmers at a reduced interest rate so as to enable them to expand their scale of fish production and thereby boost domestic production of fish.

Snapper (Lates calcarifer), grouper (Epinephelus coioides), tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are leading commodity worthly cultivated in Pidie Jaya. Bandar Baru and
Tringgadeng an appropriate areas for black tiger shrimp while Jangka Buya and Ulim approriate areas for vannamei cultivation. AHP analysis showed black tiger shrimp is top priority based on the economic value while vannamei shrimp is top priority based on enterprise sustainability. Financial analysis of snapper, grouper, black tiger shrimp, vannamei shrimp and tilapia farming generated positive cash flow and NPV, IRR > 100%, the ratio of benefit to cost of production > 1,30 and payback period of investment costs < 1 year, thus demonstrating the feasibility of cultivation of these leading commodities. Vannamei shrimp cultivation showed positive prospect as long the market offers premium price. Grouper and snapper had a positive outlook because high demand of high-quality fish in the international market.

Central to any other economic activity in production is the issue of efficiency. This paper employed the stochastic frontier production function to analyse the technical efficiency of 232 randomly selected artisanal fishermen in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The result shows that 96.7% of contract, 60.66% of the former contract, 26.25% of the non-contract and 94.8% of all fishers were 90% technology efficient; minimum efficiency were 0.82, 0.53, 0.71 and 0.86 respectively while the maximum and mean efficiency was 0.99 and 0.98 for all the categorised fishermen. Introduction Many poor rural dwellers rely on fisheries as their primary livelihood source especially in the coastal region of the sub Saharan Africa. This is because it provides direct and indirect employment opportunities, income and nutrition. According to IFAD (2004), it contributes to household resilience and reduced vulnerability to natural hazards and economic uncertainty. In Nigeria, it generates more than 3% of the country's foreign exchange earnings and provides paid and self-employment to 8% of the population. Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report (2012) reported that the fisheries sector contributes 6% to the total GDP at a growth rate of 6%. The government distinguishes between artisanal and aquaculture, the latter being commercial fish farming. The artisanal sector is divided into two categories: small-scale and industrial. The fishery sector in Nigeria is dominated by small scale artisanal fishermen, which involve fishing households using " relatively " small amount of capital and energy, small fishing boats, making short fishing trips close to shore and producing mainly for local consumption (FAO, 2007). Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report (2012) note that catches from artisanal inland rivers/lakes and artisanal coastal/brackish waters grew by 5.0 and 4.9% respectively. The development was largely attributed to the continued utilization of various constructed and rehabilitated fish cage structures and dam reservoirs across the six (6) geopolitical zones (2 per zone), coupled with the increased activities and investment by the private sector in fish farming. The output of the sub-sector was; however, lower than the estimated national annual demand of 1.5 million tonnes. It is apparent that the success of the agricultural sector in Nigeria is critical for raising living standards and for food self-sufficiency and as a sustainable source of livelihood for a large population. The Nigeria's agriculture programmes, as proposed in the New Agricultural policy for Nigeria has not officially recognises the importance of the fishery sub-sector and has made several attempts over the years to increase its production and productivity through institutional and economic reforms. Such reforms include: the Sea fisheries decrees (No. 30) of 1971, the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) decree of 1978, Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) established in 1975, the National Council on Agriculture (NCA), the National Institute of Marine Research (NIOMR) and National Institute for Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR). Other programmes like the National Accelerated Fish Production Programme (NAFPP) was also introduced by the Federal Government with the mandate of supplying fishing inputs to fishermen at a 50% subsidy to increase maximum capture efficiency and the Fish Development Project of Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI) etc. However, the first comprehensive agricultural policy for Nigeria with fisheries as a component was put forward in 1988. The document decentralized the responsibilities to the three tiers of Government in Nigeria-Federal, State and Local Governments. The fisheries policy objectives were: to increase domestic production, increase fish export promotion, employment creation by mechanization of the sector, increase per capita income, development of local fisheries based industries and; rational management and conservation of fisheries resources. All, with the sole purpose of making agricultural production more profitable and competitive. Be that as it may, this policy objective is far from reality. The artisanal fishers on like any other agricultural entrepreneur, typically produce to satisfy both household food needs and profit. With this dual interest in mind, he optimizes his effort and efficiently targets the use of resources. Thus, efficiency becomes an importance determinant in his productive bid. Efficiency which is how effectively the unit produces as large an amount of output as possible, for the purpose of profit maximization, given technology available is the kernel in resource allocation in agriculture. This is because the scope of agricultural production can be expanded and sustained by farmers through efficient use of resources

Aquaculture has experienced spectacular growth in the past decades, during which continuous innovation has played a significant role, but it faces increasing criticism regarding its ecological and social sustainability practices and the resulting challenges for future innovation processes. However, in the aquaculture literature, there is limited systematic knowledge of how innovation has been approached in terms of how the focus and the scope of aquaculture innovation processes are understood and managed. The objective of this paper is therefore to analyse the different approaches to innovation used in aquaculture development. We conducted a systematic review of the aquaculture literature, using an analytical lens derived from three main bodies of literature on approaches to conceptualize and manage innovation: Technology-driven, Systemic, and Business and Managerial approaches to innovation. One hundred publications were selected from the aquaculture literature covering the topic of aquaculture innovation. Analysis identified the Transfer of Technology approach as still the predominant approach to aquaculture innovation; and, even with the integration of elements of Systemic approaches, most studies remain focused on the farm level and are technology driven. Multi-dimensional studies, integrating technical, biophysi-cal, political, and institutional dimensions of innovation in aquaculture were found, but studies analysing interactions between levels remain scarce, have a strong emphasis on the institutional dimension, and lack focus on the management of the innovation process. Studies with cross-fertilizations between different approaches to aquaculture innovation are limited but address specific research questions regarding the extent to which specific target groups are included in interventions and the need to incorporate diverse dimensions in analysing innovation processes. Our analysis suggests that aquaculture research and technology design that feeds into aquaculture innovation could benefit from innovation management approaches that integrate constant feedback from users, especially when specific groups are being targeted for better inclusiveness, and thus could better foster multi-directional interactions between multiple actors connected to aquaculture systems. This would help to elevate the analysis from just the farm and improve the integration of institutional, political, economic, and socio-cultural dimensions for better management of the innovation process. The study of aquaculture innovation needs to take into consideration the important role of private sector actors and make better use of systemic approaches to further elucidate the multi-dimensional and multi-level interplays in complex aquaculture systems. Ultimately, in-terdisciplinary research on aquaculture innovation could deliver significant insights supporting the development of a resilient and sustainable aquaculture sector. Statement of relevance: Using an analytical lens derived from the literature on innovation approaches, this study systematically analyses approaches to innovation used in aquaculture development. We identify the main trends and existing gaps in aquaculture innovation research and then discuss the potential complementarities between different approaches to innovation in order to better understand and support innovation in the aquaculture sector.

En Costa Rica en los 15 últimos años, la acuicultura ha ido adquiriendo una importancia cada vez mayor, no solo como una alternativa de producción de proteína de origen acuático, sino desde el punto de vista empresarial.

En la actualidad la acuicultura en Costa Rica, está dominada por la acuicultura de tipo continental de agua dulce, con énfasis en el cultivo de peces, específicamente trucha y tilapia. Para el año 2004, de esta última especie se produjeron más de 18 000 toneladas, destinadas a mercado tanto interno como internacional. Para este mismo año la producción de trucha fue de más de 500 toneladas, destinadas al mercado interno. En lo referente a cultivos en aguas salobres es de importancia el cultivo del camarón, del género Litopeneaus , alcanzándose una producción de más de 5 000 toneladas en 2004.

Se da el cultivo del langostino de río o Gigante de Malasia (Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) a escala muy pequeña, con producciones de alrededor de 5 toneladas por año.

El número de productores se ha incrementado de manera significativa, presentándose a escala nacional 1 146 productores acuícolas para el año 2004, de los cuales un 68,41 por ciento son productores de tilapia, un 23,30 por ciento productores de trucha, un 7,85 de camarón y un 0,44 por ciento que corresponde a langostino de agua dulce y bagre de canal.

The shrimp sector has been one of the fastest growing agri-food systems in the last decades, but its growth has entailed negative social and environmental impacts. Sustainable intensification will require innovation in multiple elements of the shrimp production system and its value chain. We use the case of the shrimp sector in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam to explore the constraints in the transition to sustainable intensification in shrimp farming, using an analytical framework based on innovation systems thinking, i.e., an aquaculture innovation systems framework. Using this framework, we conduct a systemic diagnostic of blocking mechanisms, interrelated sets of constraints within the aquaculture sector that hinder a transition toward sustainable intensification. Our findings show that the major constraints are institutional, with limited enforcement of the regulatory framework for input quality control, disease control, and wastewater management, and a lack of coordination between government bodies to design and enforce this framework. At farm level, limited access to capital favors pond mismanagement and the use of low-quality inputs. The absence of multi-stakeholder initiatives to foster dialog between actors in the value chain constrains the response to new regulations dictated by international market demand. Because of shrimp farming's connectivity with the wider ecosystem, sustainable intensification in shrimp farming will require collective management of water resources at the landscape level for disease and water pollution control. Ecological principles for pond management need to be promoted to farmers in order to reduce farmers' inefficient practices and build their capacity to understand new techniques and inputs available in the Vietnamese market. Our paper demonstrates for the utility of a multi-level, multi-dimension, and multi-stakeholder aquaculture innovation systems approach to analyze and address these blocking mechanisms in the transition to sustainable intensification in shrimp farming and aquaculture more broadly.

This study aims to perform financial feasibility analysis of red seaweed cultivation business in the SBB Regency. The analysis is based on the real price for the average business scale at each cultivation location and grouping based on the long line ownership. The feasibility analysis of the bankable business scale at each cultivation location is done separately based on the projected income statement. The results obtained show investment criteria based on average business scale are: ROI: 76.46%, PP: 0.69, NPV: 5,738,824, IRR: 101.09% and Net B/C ratio: 1.80. Based on long line ownership, the investment criteria are obtained with the range of ROI: 65.32-104.64%, PP: 0.33-0.88, NPV: 3,663,824-24,193,350, IRR: 86.76-239.15% and Net B / C ratio: 1.67-3.03 where it is seen that the more ownership of long line shows the better criterion value of investment. While based on projected income statements bankable business scale obtained the average value of each: ROI: 60.45%, PP: 0.72, NPV: 8,169,698, IRR: 130.74% and Net B/C ratio: 2.06. Sensitivity analysis for the cost overrun scenario seed cost shows the value of investment criteria that can be still tolerated. In general, seaweed cultivation business is reviewed based on the average business scale, long line ownership as well as projected income statement of bankable business scale, the business is stated "GO PROJECT"

Keywords : financial feasibility analysis, investment criteria, red seaweed, seram bagian barat

This paper argues that there is a bias in fisheries management in Laos toward aquaculture development by donors and the government alike, even though aquaculture has the potential to cause serious social and environmental impacts. Examples are given of three communities that have or wish to adopt aquaculture in Champasak, one of the most fish abundant provinces in the country. These are followed by a case study of a community based fisheries co-management system of Fish Conservation Zones and other regulations in the mainstream Mekong River that could be used in a more balanced approach to aquatic resources management in the future.

Knowledge of the shared resources— or commons— that aquaculture systems rely on, and the appropriate rule and norm systems to govern them— or institutions— is far behind other natural resource use sectors. In this article, we provide a conceptual framework for identifying the social and environmental commons creating collective action problems for aquaculture governance. Collective action problems, or social di- lemmas, create problems for governing shared resources because the typical strate- gies for individual use (maximisation; free riding) are often divergent from broader group interests (e.g. fair contributions; sustainable use). This framework helps identify two types of collective action problems in aquaculture: first- order (direct use and provision of commons) and second- order (provision, maintenance and adaptation of institutions to govern commons). First- order aquaculture commons with governance challenges include water quality, water quantity, physical space, inputs, genetic diver- sity, mitigating infectious disease, earth and climate stability, infrastructure, knowl- edge and money. Second- order institutions govern the use of first- order commons. These include rule and norm systems that structure property rights and markets, aiming to better align individual behaviour and collective interests (e.g. sustainability goals) through governance. However, which combination of institutions will fit best is likely to be unique to context, where aquaculture has important differences from cap- ture fisheries and agriculture. We provide four case examples applying our conceptual framework to identify existing aquaculture commons, institutions and governance challenges in Peru (mariculture), the Philippines (earthen ponds), Nepal (raceways) and Denmark (recirculation).

The tuna fishery is an important sector in Ghana. In 2009, total landing of tuna in Ghana represented about 24% of total catches in the East Atlantic. Canned tuna is Ghana’s most important non-traditional export commodity in terms of foreign exchange earnings. The main focus of this thesis is to analyze the performance of Ghanaian canned tuna export to the EU -27 market. Performance is measured in terms of Ghana’s competitiveness relative to the performance of other exporting countries; namely, Cote d’ Ivoire, Ecuador, Madagascar and Thailand. The competing countries are all leading exporters of canned tuna and were chosen to reflect regional balance and different trading and tariff systems in the EU market. The performance indicators employed for the study are two measures of specialization; the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Revealed Symmetry Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and a measure of competitiveness, the Market Share (MS) Index using yearly data from 1999 -2009. To infer competitiveness from the changes in export value over time, a first- level Constant Market Share (CMS) analysis was used to decompose the changes in export value into a structural effect, competitive effect and second-order effect. To augment this technique, an empirical analysis on the determinants of the Ghana’s canned tuna export was conducted using the Armington trade model by OLS regression on monthly data from January 1999 – December 2009, with quantity market share as the dependent variable. The results of the indices of specialization, shows that, Ghana has comparative advantage in the export of canned tuna to the EU -27 throughout the study period. In terms of competitiveness, Ghana’s market share value has declined over the study period. Judging by the operational definition of competitiveness, Ghana has been less competitive. The CMS decomposition of changes in export values indicates that the changes in export value of Ghana can be attributed to structural effect (growth of the market) mainly. The results of the regression analysis indicate that, price ratio, the level of specialization and trade policy effect have statistically significant effect on the quantity market share of Ghana.

Catch and effort, biological and costs and earnings data for red hind were collected from commercial fishing trips and inspections of fish retail and processing facilities in Antigua and Barbuda. The objectives were to: 1) determine important biological parameters (spawning period, size at female maturity, size at sex reversal, length-weight relationships, etc.); 2) determine trends and status of the fishery; 3) assess the financial viability of the most typical fishing unit using net present value (NPV); and 4) appraise the economic impact of a recently established closed season. Mean monthly indices of the weight of the gonad as a percentage of the body weight (gonadosomatic indices, GSIs) indicated a single distinct spawning period spanning from December 1st to March 31st. In terms of status and trends, no significant negative trends were detected for mean size landed or mean catch per unit effort. Positive NPV was generated for a typical pirogue hand-liner, indicating that investment into the unit was a worthwhile venture. A stochastic model of the unit, under condition of targeting an alternative species (yellowtail snapper) during the closed season, did not generate a significantly increase in the probability of a negative return and profits were comparable to those prior to the introduction of the closed season. Based on the theory that under an open access management regime, profits tended to attract excessive effort, resulting in the depletion of resource in the long run, the newly established closed season was consider an essential tool toward ensuring the sustainability of the fishery.

This research provides a comprehensive economic evaluation of the small scale capture fisheries of the islands of Antigua-Barbuda. The financial viability of the most typical vessel-gear combinations was assessed using net present value (NPV). Of the 52 units sampled, 47 generated a positive NPV, indicating that investment in the sector was a worthwhile venture. The economic sustainability of the fisheries was assessed, under conditions of open access and tax-based subsidies, using the Gordon – Schaefer model. Model predictions suggested that the various fisheries were not sustainable under these conditions due to profits attracting excessive effort, resulting in the depletion of resources. A good fit of an exponential trend line to the fishing effort of Barbuda, indicated that fishing effort was rising at increasingly higher rates (the coefficient of determination equals 0.85). The results for Antigua were not consistent with the predictions of the model due to the availability of alternative employment in the tourism and construction industry. A comparison of earnings in the fisheries relative to tourism and construction supported the hypothesis as well as indirect evidence on the age structure of fishers. Finally, risk analysis of fishing units using stochastic models indicated that in general there was less than a 20% chance of a negative return.

Comparative study of the socioeconomic characteristics of marine and lagoon artisanal fisherfolks in Lagos State was studied using multi-stage sampling technique to pick eighteen fishing marine and lagoon communities respectively, based on Lagos State Agricultural Development Authority Extension visit classification. Oral and structured questionnaire were used in collecting data on fishers socioeconomic characteristics and operation income. Descriptive statistics, T-test, Chi-square were used for data analysis. The result showed significant differences in the gender distribution, mean age, household size, fishing experience and average monthly fishing income of marine and lagoon respondents. For fisheries operation empowerment, loan facility, it is recommended that male fisher folks between the ages of thirty to sixty five years should be considered while male lagoon fisher folks should be encouraged to augment their very low monthly income with aquaculture production. Marine fisher folks women should be introduced to modern fish processing facilities to prevent fish spoilage during bumper harvest.

Economic efficiency determination among marine and lagoon artisanal fisher folks in Lagos State was carried out. Oral and structured questionnaire were used in collecting data. Data were analyzed using stochastic frontier and cost frontier model. The maximum likelihood (ML) estimates for the production frontier for marine fisher folk showed the significant variables were Labour, canoe length, distance covered and engine capacity while for lagoon fisherfolks, none of the coefficients listed above was significant. In the marine environment, age, fishing experience, secondary occupation and cooperative membership were the socioeconomic factors that significantly affected technical efficiency of the fisher folks while in the lagoon environment, technical efficiency was affected only by age, secondary income and membership of cooperative societies. The coefficient of fishing experience in both water bodies was negatively but significantly related to technical inefficiency. Secondary income was negatively related to technical efficiency (-0.00588 and-0.01177 for marine and lagoon respectively) and the negative relationship was significant at (P<0.05) indicating that fisher folks without secondary income were more efficient than those with secondary income. The sampled fisher folks were observed to be technically efficient (0.71) but economically (-0.061) and allocatively (0.061) inefficient.

Globally, Fish feeds account for 40% to 60% of the operating costs in any aquaculture production
system. There has been need for the government to promote fish culture to attain sustainable
development goals of zero hunger. The study aims at analyzing the cost effectiveness of on farm
formulated fish feeds in relation to commercial fish feed for sustainable aquaculture production in
Kenya a case of Vihiga County. The objectives of the study are: To examine the profitability level
of using on-farm formulated feeds against commercially manufactured feeds in production among
farmers in Vihiga County, To assess cost benefit of on farm formulated feeds in aquaculture
production compared to commercial feeds and To determine the productivity of on-farm
formulated feeds on fish production compared to commercial feeds. Descriptive research design
was used. The target population of this study was 250 respondents consisting of fish farmers.
Sample size of the study was 100 respondents obtained by use of Nassiuma’s (2008), formula for
determining sample size. Data was collected by questionnaire and was analyzed by use of
descriptive statistics through a statistical package for social sciences and excel. Results were
presented using pie charts, graphs and tables. The study showed that majority of fish farmers own
3 to 4 pond as indicated by 62.1% of the respondents and 53.7% indicated that on farm feeds are
the most economical to use and more profitable in terms of cost. The main conclusion of the study
is that to increase on productivity on farm fish feeds supplemented by commercial fish feeds should
be used with on farm formulated feeds as the main feeds for cost effectiveness, profitability and
increased productivity. The recommendation of the study is that The county and national
Government through the department of fisheries should develop an initiative that will ensure that
high quality fish feed is provided to farmers as well as training on feed formulation to boost on the
on farm fish feed production

Goods and services tax (GST), hailed as a historic tax reform, is a step taken by Government of India to improve transparency and accountability in the taxation system of our country. The fisheries sector is also expected to have a varied impact consequent to the introduction of these reforms. The present study assessed the level of awareness and perception of impact of goods and services tax (GST) and to estimate the additional cost per annum in marine capture fisheries sector of Kerala due to implementation of GST and also to highlight the possible positive effects of inclusion of diesel price under GST. The study was undertaken in the fish landing centers/harbours of Alappuzha and Ernakulam districts of Kerala, south India aimed at measuring the extent of uncertainty generated by introduction of GST. The study revealed that the implementation came as a complete bolt from the blue with majority of the fishers in disagreement with the process of implementation of GST without taking all stakeholders into confidence. Compared to value added tax (VAT), the GST and post-Guwahati council GST rates are found to be high, affecting the fishing community at multidimensional levels. The results revealed that the marine capture fishing operations across all sectors in Kerala will be incurring an additional cost of `171.25 million per year due to GST introduction. However introducing GST on fuels will lead to a reduction of diesel price by 30-40% and 25-30 % at 18 and 28 % GST slabs respectively, which would reduce the ever increasing cost of fishing. The study also advocates that the implementation of GST in fuel prices should not add to overexploitation of the already dwindling fisheries resources.

Dear Valued Researchers As you are aware that Global fish production will continue to expand over the next decade even though the amount of fish being captured in the wild has levelled off and aquaculture's previously explosive growth is now slowing. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture report projects that by 2030 combined production from capture fisheries and aquaculture will grow to 201 million tonnes from the fish production of 171 million tonnes in 2016.To achieve the production level, conservation management of the commercial marine fisheries has to be attended to maximise long-term benefits from the exploitation of the fish resources as the maximum sustainable average catch and the maximum net economic yield are mutually exclusive. Therefore, it is imperative to give attention to the key issues such as how to finance and plan new aquaculture business, how to monitor and evaluate economic performance, and how to manage capital, labour, and business risk. Aquaculture and other seafood businesses continue to grow rapidly around the world. But in many cases these businesses fail due to the lack of sufficient attention to marketing playing a vital role that fishing and fish-farming play in supporting some of the poorest families across the world on the global industry. According to the latest State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture report, nearly 60 million people worldwide, out of which 14 per cent women are directly employed in fisheries and the aquaculture sector. Besides, the fisheries sector is crucial in meeting hunger and malnutrition, and its contribution to economic growth and the fight against poverty, is growing, Further, fish account for about 17 per cent of animal protein consumed around the world, providing around 3.2 billion people on earth with nearly 20 per cent of their animal protein needs as fish represent a highly nutritious food that is especially helpful in counteracting important deficiencies in dietary intake. As the need for increased supply of fish protein to meet the health needs and general aspirations of societies demand affordable levels price in relation to income and other proteins. Aquaculture Economics and Financing plays an important role in deciding as to how to finance and plan new aquaculture business, how to monitor and evaluate economic performance, and how to manage capital, labour, and business risk including financing, marketing, and developing a business plan to managing cash flows and analysing financial statements and related issues facing the field of fisheries economics and management today. In the context of the potential production, distribution of manpower, capital and natural resources the investment, profit, supply and demands are needed to be analysed critically to make this sector viable and sustainable as the fisheries sector contributes substantial revenue to the country. Presently the fastest growing sector is facing a lot of challenges in efficiency

Central to any other economic activity in production is the issue of efficiency. This paper employed the stochastic frontier production function to analyse the technical efficiency of 232 randomly selected artisanal fishermen in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The result shows that 96.7% of contract, 60.66% of the former contract, 26.25% of the non-contract and 94.8% of all fishers were 90% technology efficient; minimum efficiency were 0.82, 0.53, 0.71 and 0.86 respectively while the maximum and mean efficiency was 0.99 and 0.98 for all the categorised fishermen.