Fishing Gears

This study examined the feasibility of gear substitution as a means to reduce bycatch and habitat impacts of fisheries, using a social-ecological systems approach. The U.S. west coast sablefish fishery is an excellent subject for this study, because it permits three different gear types and has a problem with bycatch of overfished species. Bycatch rates were highest in trawls and lowest in pots.  Combining interview data with findings from a previous study, affirmed that habitat impacts were highest with trawls and lowest with longlines. Interviews with 44 individuals analyzed using grounded theory  yielded several common themes in the opinions of gear substitution. Positive opinion themes included that it would allow better management of the fish populations by reducing bycatch and would allow more business options, flexibility, and increased profit for some trawlers. The main negative opinion theme was that gear substitution could decrease landings needed to support shoreside infrastructure.  Most stakeholder groups saw some benefit in gear substitution. Notably, the trawlers voiced a unanimous preference for converting to pots rather than longlines.  A scenario analysis revealed that the preferable management option would be long-term gear conversion, but incentives are likely to be an important means of encouraging gear conversion. This ecological impacts rapid assessment provided a regional assessment of bycatch and habitat impacts that had never been conducted before for these gear types. It also provided scientific support for a regulatory change that legally allows trawlers to practice gear substitution.

The Rabnabad is a marine channel, harbor of plentiful aquatic resources, situated at southern district of Patuakhali in Bangladesh. An investigation has been carried out on three different selected spots (S 1 , S 2 and S 3) of Rabnabad channel to identify fishing gears used for fishing and their potential effects on available fisheries diversity for a period of 8 months from February 2015 to September 2015, employing a prepared questionnaire. The study explored total 21 fishing gears under 8 major groups of net. In total, 54 species of fishes were identified belongs to 10 orders and 27 families in the catches of these gears. The order basis percentage analysis of the fish species executed the highest occurrence belongs to the order Perciformes (31.48%) and lowest for five ordersviz., Aulopiformes, Beloniformes, Osteoglossiformes, Pleuronectiformes and Tetraodontiformes were found in the percentage as 1.85% (for each) of the total fish community. Out of 54 species, 7, 2 and 7 species was recorded as endangered, critically endangered and vulnerable, respectively. Calculated Shannon-Weiner index (H), Gibson's evenness (E), Simpson's dominance index (D), Simpson's index of diversity (1-D) and Margalef's index (d) of fishes ranges between 3.22-3.30, 0.54-0.59, 0.04-0.05, 0.95-0.96 and 5.67-6.10, respectively. It is worse that numerous non-selective and restricted fishing gears are used which lead to unsorted catches, consequently, diversity of fish fauna are decreasing from the channel. For sustainability of these resources, proper management and conservation is crucial to guard the species diversity.

Fishing hooks stand out among the simplest and the oldest of such devices. They are not well
studied, and the available studies are out dated due to emergence of new models materials and
technologies. Methods of numbering of hooks are not standardized. This review dwells into their
history and evolution, terminology, properties, classification, numbering, testing procedure and
hooking efficiency. The study points to the need for a comparative study of hooks in terms of their
relative properties and also as a conservation tool for sustainable development of recreational fishing.

Bobofishing method has been observed to be utilized in Barangay Daliao, Toril, Davao City. This method of fishing is associated with reef fishes. Reef fishes caught by this method were identified and subjected to length-weight relationship and condition index. Physical dimension of the traps and the pattern of fishing were determined.
Results revealed that there were 60 species belonging to 21 families associated with bobo fishing method in the said site. The establishment of length-weight relationship for 40 species indicated that most of these fishes grew allometrically negative which gave the implication that growth rate in weight decreased as the fish grows in length. Moreover,condition index indicated that most of them attained lesser weight compared with other geographically isolated populations.
Based on these findings, it has been concluded that many species of reef fishes were associated with bobo fishing method. Having negative allometric growth implied that adult specimens face nutritional inadequacy than smaller ones which may be brought by certain factors. The lesser attainment of weight also implied that certain factors affect the well-being of reef fishes in the site such as environment degradation. Furthermore, it was recommended that more extensive studies regarding LWR shall be conducted, incorporating several important variables such as sex and season, geographical and time influences and more extrinsic taxonomical examinations.

Critical issues on fishing gear and fishing method of the world are re-appraised with particular reference to the Nigerian fishing industry. The adaptability, selectivity and seasonality of both
passive and active fishing gears to aquatic environment, fish species and time of the year are reexamined. Furthermore, new innovations (mechanization) to improve the efficiency of gears and thus the fishery are addressed in the light of rapid socioeconomic changes within the fishery industry. Included along with miscellaneous fish viewing and fishing methods are eleven illustrative figures on fishing gear technology and fishing methods.

Fishing gears are important tools in catching aquatic species that is consumed by local communities. The design and methods employed describe the characteristics of species caught by these gears. This study was conducted to document the fishing gears and their common catch in SIMBANA (Simpocan, Bagong Bayan, Napsan), Puerto Princesa City, and Rasa Island, Narra, Palawan, Philippines. Fishing gears used were photo-documented, and their common catches were identified using one-on-one interviews with fishermen. Sixteen fishing gears were documented, with six "nets", four "lines", four "barriers and traps", and two "hand instruments". Six gears were further classified as active gears, while 10 were Passive gears. More gears operate in Rasa Island than in SIMBANA. Most of the species caught are fish, pelagic species and reef-associated. Information gathered can be used for the characterization of the multi-gear fisheries which are important in making fisheries policies and management decisions for the mentioned coastal areas.

This thesis aims to describe the transformations that occurred in fishing between the middle of the 18th century and the Unification of Italy (1861), focusing on the two Apulian coasts: the Adriatic (Province of Bari) and the Ionian (Taranto).
The first chapter is a brief history of Mediterranean fishing: it describes the development of this activity through the centuries, from artisanal techniques and local organization to the introduction of pair trawlers, which occurred for the first time at the beginning of 18th century in Catalunia (Spain).
The second chapter focuses on legislation in the Kingdom of Naples: from the traditional locally-based regulations to national initiatives (the first was in 1784) designed to counteract the sail-trawlers, which also fished far off shore, thus avoiding traditional controls; it outlines fishing legislation in the Kingdom of Naples (which became Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1815) until the time of its collapse and unification with other Italian states in 1860.
The third chapter is about the fishermen of Terra di Bari (=Land of Bari), and in particular from Barletta, Trani and Molfetta. The first part of this chapter focuses on the very first occurrences of sail-trawling (pair trawlers) as detailed in provincial records (1770s and 1780s). The introduction of this method was directly connected to a decrease in trade, which had led to unemployment among sailors (and boats). Sail trawling became their favoured alternative activity because it did not require specific know-how. These first trawlermen were therefore lacking in the knowledge of fish and sustainable fishing that traditional fishermen had learnt through their close relationship with the sea over several centuries. The practice set off an intense debate between scientists and policy makers, leading to the introduction of laws and other State intervention in fishing up to 1860. The distance of the Province from the capital and the extreme poverty of the sailor community, which was described in many letters by local administrators to central government, led the latter to exempt these fishermen from complying with national laws on trawling. From the Restoration (1815) onwards, these trawlers (in particular those from Trani and Molfetta) started fishing annually in the Tyrrhenian Sea (in the winter), causing conflicts with local fishing communities. In addition, sailors from Barletta fished in the Ionian Sea when they brought salt to the Ionian coast of Calabria: as a result there were numerous problems with Taranto, a city where fishing had always been the main activity for most of the population.
The last chapter focuses entirely on fishing in Taranto. This city was wholly built on an island "between two seas", the Mar Piccolo (=Little Sea) and the Mar Grande (=Big Sea). Fishing had been the main economic activity since at least the 10th century: it had brought a large income (through taxes on catches) to the Prince of Taranto until the Principality collapsed (1463), and then to the Royal Crown of Naples, which inherited the Prince's assets. This chapter describes the economic organization of these seas, the connected supervision system and the transformation brought about in the last fifteen years of the 18th and the first fifteen years of the 19th century thanks to the efforts of two "enlightened" royal administrators: Tommaso Ciura and Ignazio Maria Marrese. Their work, along with the experiments of Giuseppe Capecelatro (the "enlightened" archbishop of Taranto and a natural scientist known all over Europe), led to the incredible increase in mussel farming in the Mar Piccolo. This activity rapidly became the most important in the city, replacing fishing in the local (and royal) economy.

The aim of this paper is to present the analysis of a selection of archaeological materials included in the arqua collection. The items examined are related to fishing activities and have been found in submarine contexts off the coast of Murcia. This analysis has been carried out within the framework of my doctoral studies, currently in progress and through which I intend to compile the evidence for fishing activities in Hispania. This work is the first study with these characteristics in the area, and aims at completing the already available information concerning the coast of the Tarraconensis.

The study of fishing tackle is an innovative research avenue which is improving our understanding of one of the most important past economic activities: fishing. This book is the first attempt to approach this issue in the region known as Fretum Gaditanum, were over a thousand pieces of evidence pertaining to fishing tackle have been inventoried. In these pages, the reader will find the typo-chronological classification of the material, which follows a diachronic discourse spanning the Phoenician-Punic period and Late Antiquity; special emphasis will be laid on the morphological-typological changes undergone by these artefacts and technological change over time. In this way, a comprehensive picture of the fishing arts practiced in the environment of Gades during Antiquity will be drawn, and the corpus will be compared with those found in other Atlantic and Mediterranean regions.

Ikan hiu merupakan ikan target utama bagi nelayan yang berbasis di Pelabuhan Tanjung Luar di Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Tulisan ini bertujuan menyajikan profil upaya penangkapan hiu oleh nelayan rawai yang berbasis di perairan barat Pulau Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian dilakukan melalui observasi langsung pada trip penangkapan salah satu kapal nelayan dengan alat tangkap rawai permukaan yang berbasis di Tanjung Luar. Observasi dilakukan selama tanggal 11 – 26 Juni 2015 dengan lokasi penangkapan di perairan Samudera Hindia sebelah barat Pulau Sumba. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa upaya penangkapan ikan oleh nelayan armada rawai permukaan dilakukan dengan menangkap ikan umpan terlebih dahulu selama perjalanan menuju lokasi penangkapan dengan hari efektif penangkapan selama 8 hari. Selama periode penangkapan diperoleh sebanyak 40 ekor ikan hiu yang terdiri atas 8 spesies dari famili Carcharhinidae: Carcharhinus falciformis (67,5%), C. obscurus (7,5%), C. longimanus (2,5%), Galeocerdo cuvier (2,5%) dan Prionace glauca (5%), Alopidae: Alopias pelagicus (2,5%) dan A. superciliosus (7,5%) serta Sphyrnidae: Sphyrna lewini (5%). Terdapat 2 spesies hiu yang telah termasuk dalam Appendix II CITES sehingga telah dilarang ekspor berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 59/PERMEN-KP/2014 tentang Larangan Pengeluaran Ikan Hiu Koboi (Carcharhinus longimanus) dan Hiu Martil (Sphyrna spp.). Laju pancing rawai permukaan berkisar antara 0,56 - 1,94 hiu/pancing (1,39 ± 0,17). Penangkapan hiu dengan rawai permukaan oleh nelayan Tanjung Luar termasuk dalam kategori perikanan artisanal yang memiliki faktor pembatas berupa umpan dan biaya akomodasi.

Kata kunci: CITES, hiu, perikanan artisanal, rawai permukaan, Tanjung Luar

Kegiatan penangkapan hiu sebagai target tangkapan utama bagi perikanan rawai di Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur berlangsung sepanjang tahun dengan upaya penangkapan yang terus meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil tangkapan hiu dari alat tangkap rawai hanyut dan rawai dasar yang dioperasikan oleh nelayan yang berbasis di PPI Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur. Data tangkapan diperoleh melalui catatan enumerator di Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur dari Januari – November 2015. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif berdasarkan laju pancingnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju tangkap rawai hiu yang dioperasikan nelayan Tanjung Luar berfluktuasi tiap bulan dengan rerata 12,97±6,131 ekor/hari dan rerata laju pancing 4,32±2,23 ekor/100 pancing. Fishing Power Index untuk rawai hanyut dan dasar sebesar 1,00 dan 0,55. Laju tangkap cenderung mulai mengalami peningkatan pada April dan mencapai puncaknya sekitar November. Laju tangkap rawai hanyut lebih tinggi dibandingkan rawai dasar karena frekuensi hiu tertangkap lebih banyak pada rawai hanyut. Jenis hiu hasil tangkapan rawai dasar lebih beragam (26 jenis) dibanding rawai hanyut (18 jenis). Rawai hanyut cenderung lebih banyak menangkap jenis hiu dengan status konservasi rawan dan langka menurut Daftar Merah IUCN serta masuk dalam Appendiks CITES. Total hasil tangkapan hiu didominasi oleh Carcharhinus falciformis (42,12%), Prionace glauca (10,51%) dan C. limbatus (10,32%). Jenis C. falciformis dan P. glauca cenderung lebih banyak tertangkap oleh rawai hanyut sedangkan C. limbatus banyak tertangkap oleh rawai dasar.

KATA KUNCI: Elasmobranchii; konservasi; laju tangkap; rawai; Tanjung Luar; Lombok Timur

The purpose of this book is to increase our understanding of the driving forces in pre-modern resource exploitation. Within this, the goal is to make distinction between human and natural impacts on the marine ecosystem through analyses of relevant sets of historical source material.
This leads to a starting point of formulating three overarching questions.
1. What were the main forces stimulating changes in the exploitation of North Sea herring in the period of c. 1600-1860. In other words, what were the dynamics of this particular historical system?
2. What was the role of the natural environment in this?
3. What caused the long term decline of the Dutch herring fisheries?

German - English - French
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Untersuchung der Holzartefakte von 13 Fundplätzen des Endmesolithikums und Frühneolithikums demonstriert die intensive Nutzung der marinen Ressourcen an der südwestlichen Ostseeküste. Der Fischfang mit stationären Anlagen, Reusen und Aalstechern war weit verbreitet. Weniger häufig wurde Fischfang mit Netzen oder die Angelfischerei betrieben. Durch Funde von Einbäumen und Paddeln in der Flachwasserzone ist der Gebrauch dieser Wasserfahrzeuge gut belegt. Weiterhin wurden Jagdgeräte wie Pfeil und Bogen oder Speere gefunden. Stiele für Stein- oder Geweihgeräte zeigen die Handhabung dieser Geräte.
Die Fischfanggeräte sind technisch weitgehend ausgereift und zeigen nur geringe Veränderungen.
Chronologische Entwicklungen sind lediglich für Paddel, kaum für Aalstechersprossen nachgewiesen. Kleine regionale Unterschiede werden durch die Nutzung anderer
Holzarten für die Herstellung von Aalstechersprossen und Reusen deutlich. Insgesamt kann für die Küstensiedlungen der Ertebølle-Kultur und des Frühneolithikums die Bevorzugung bestimmter, besonders gut geeigneter Holzarten für die Herstellung spezifischer Geräte und Gegenstände deutlich gezeigt werden.
Die Gleichförmigkeit der geraden Haselruten (Corylus avellana) im Fundmaterial und der Bedarf großer Mengen Flechtmaterial für die Fischzäune weist auf die intensive Nutzung der Haselsträucher hin. Basierend auf der Form, Größe, Jahrringanzahl und Jahrringweite der Stangen kann das „auf den Stock setzen“ der Hasel seit dem Endmesolithikum nachgewiesen werden. Der regelmäßige Schnitt von weiteren Sträuchern, namentlich Rotem Hartriegel (Cornus sanguinea) und Gemeinem Schneeball (Viburnum opulus), kann ebenso angenommen werden, da gerade Stangen dieser Gehölze gespalten und für die Herstellung von häufig verwendeten Fischreusen genutzt wurden. Die Art des Fischfangs mit stationären Zaunanlagen sowie die niederwaldartige Bewirtschaftung von Haselhainen erfordert die Sesshaftigkeit
in einem begrenzten Gebiet. Diese erste stark eingreifende Maßnahme zur bewussten Produktion von natürlichen Rohstoffen leitet zum Wesen der neolithischen Wirtschaftsweise hin.

SUMMARY The investigation of wooden artefacts from thirteen Terminal Mesolithic and Early Neolithic sites shows that the marine environment of the southwestern Baltic Sea was used intensively. Fishing with the help of stationary structures, fish trap baskets and eel catching spears was widespread. By comparison, fishing with nets and hooks was less commonly employed. Travelling and transport with log boats manoeuvred by paddles is welldemonstrated by wooden finds from the shallow water zone. Moreover, hunting tools such as bows and arrows as well as spears were excavated. Handles for stone and antler axes show how these tools were hafted.
Fishing implements were already technically advanced, so there was little variation through time. Small signs of chronological development were only found for paddles and leister prongs. Furthermore, minor regional distinctions became evident in the usage of different types of wood for producing leister prongs and fish trap baskets. Generally, a preference for certain, well-suited types of wood to create specific objects or tools could be proven for coastal settlements of the Ertebølle Culture and the Early Neolithic.
The uniformity of straight hazel poles in the find material, and the requirement of large quantities of such poles for the construction of wattle fishing fences indicate that hazel
bushes (Corylus avellana) were used intensively. Based on shape, size, age and annual ring widths of the hazel poles, the coppicing of hazel bushes could be proven for the Terminal Mesolithic and later. The regular cutting of red dogwood (Cornus sanguinea) and guelder rose bushes (Viburnum opulus) can also be assumed since straight rods from these plants were split and used to build fish trap baskets, which were likewise in high demand. In addition to this kind of woodland management, the exploitation of fish with stationary structures required sedentism in a restricted habitation area as well. This is one of the first profound interventional procedures indicating a purposeful production of natural resources, thereby leading towards the Neolithic economy.

RESUMÉ L’examen d’artefacts en bois provenant de 13 sites du Mésolithique final et du Néolithique ancien démontre l’exploitation intensive des ressources marines sur la côte sudouest de la Baltique. La pêche à l’aide d’installations passives, de nasses et de foënes était fort répandue. Plus rarement furent utilisés les filets et l’hameçon. La découverte de pirogues monoxyles et de pagaies en zone peu profonde prouve l’usage de ce véhicule. On a également découvert des armes de chasses telles que des flèches et des arcs, ou encore des javelots. Les manches des outils en pierre ou bois de cerf indiquent comment ils furent manipulés.
Les engins de pêche sont très développés techniquement et ne présentent que de légers changements. On constate des évolutions chronologiques seulement pour les pagaies, à peine pour les dents de foëne. L’utilisation d’essences différentes pour la fabrication des dents de foëne et des nasses révèle nettement de légers écarts régionaux. Globalement, on peut établir que les habitants des sites côtiers de la culture d’Ertebølle et du Néolithique ancien affichaient une préférence pour certaines essences particulièrement adaptées à la fabrication d’outils et d’objets spécifiques. La régularité des verges de noisetier (corylus avellana) dans le matériel archéologique et les besoins en matériaux pour le tressage de barrages révèle une exploitation intensive des noisetiers. La forme et la grandeur des perches, ainsi que le nombre et la largeur de leurs cernes, indiquent que les noisetiers étaient « rabattus jusqu’à la souche » dès le Mésolithique final. La coupe régulière d’autres arbustes, notamment le cornouiller sanguin (cornus sanguinea) et la viorne obier (viburnum opulus), peut être aussi envisagée, vu que des perches régulières appartenant à ces essences ont été fendues et utilisées pour la fabrication des nasses fort répandues. Le mode de pêche avec des installations de palissades et
l’exploitation des bosquets de noisetiers par recépage exigent une sédentarité dans un territoire limité. Cette première mesure radicale en vue de produire sciemment des matières premières naturelles mène au coeur de l’économie de production néolithique. (Y.G.)

En este trabajo presentamos un estado de la cuestión sobre los anzuelos de pesca en la península ibérica. Para ello realizaremos un análisis diacrónico desde las primeras evidencias que se conocen en el registro arqueológico prehistórico hasta época medieval. Se tratará de anali-zar cómo ha sido su evolución a lo largo de la historia, definiéndose los principales hitos tecnológicos que han ido produciéndose hasta llegar a configurarse el modelo de anzuelo que conocemos en la actualidad, y conside-rándose, al mismo tiempo, cuáles son aquellos rasgos morfo-tipológicos que han perdurado/desaparecido y cuáles han sido transformados/sustituidos. Todo ello nos permitirá valorar aspectos históricos de gran importancia como pueden ser el origen geográfico de las innovaciones y su difusión a escala atlántico-mediterránea a través de posibles fenómenos de interacción cultural. Palabras claves. Anzuelo; hueso; metal; sistema de suje-ción del sedal; arpón. Abstract In this work we introduce a state of the question about fish hooks in the Iberian Peninsula. In order to do so, we will carry out a diachronic analysis from the first evidences known in the prehistoric archeological record until the Medieval time. We will attempt to analyze how they have evolved throughout history, defining the main technological milestones that have been occurring until it turns into the fish hook model we know now. At the same time, we will consider which morphotypological characteristics have persisted/disappeared and which ones have been transformed/replaced. Taking all this into account, we will assess very important historical aspects, like the geographical origin of innovations and their dissemination in the Atlantic and Mediterranean areas thanks to possible cultural. Cómo citar este artículo / How to cite this article: Vargas Girón, J. M. (2020). Orígenes y desarrollo de los anzuelos de pesca en la península ibérica. De la prehistoria a la Edad Media. Lucentum, XXXIX, 87-112. https://doi.

This article collects and analyzes the literary, archaeological, epigraphic and comparative evidence for fishing with fire, arguing that the range of techniques and technologies employed in antiquity is fundamentally similar to that attested in the early modern Mediterranean and that such fisheries were conducted on a large enough scale that the attendant demand for and trade in torchwood played an important role in the utilization of forest resources.

A fin de determinar los implementos de pesca utilizados por los aborígenes que visitaban la isla Dos Mosquises, Archipiélago de Los Roques, Venezuela, se identificó la muestra de arqueofauna marina proveniente del tamizado fino (malla de 1 mm ) de una sección del único yacimiento
prehispánico presente en la isla (1200 a 1500 años D.C.), una vez determinado su contexto arqueológico. Posteriormente, se estudió la biología y ecología de las especies identificadas, los
informes etnohistóricos, la pesca artesanal actual del área y datos proporcionados por los informantes nativos.
Se discute el posible y efectivo uso de trampas y redes en la captura de las especies zooarqueológicas identificadas, concluyendo que la red ha sido el arte de pesca principal.