Fodder

Goats are important livestock of the world and so in the Gadchiroli region which provides the localized demand of the people like meat, milk, leather and manure. Some families are having their economy depending on the goats. As the district is backward and no industrialization is in action so it becomes unavoidable to use the natural resources and make it a way for simple economy for their living and the goats are one of the better option. It is also easier to domesticate the Goats as these are simple animals and have no choosy demands for their nutrition neither they are sensitive nor weak. The current investigation deals with the feeding habits of the goats around Gadchiroli District.

This paper reviews the information available mainly about the fodder species of Shakambhari Conservation Reserve. Shakambhari Conservation Reserve is situated in Sikar and Jhunjhunu both districts of Rajasthan. It is surrounding by Aravalli hills. The total geographical area is 144 square kilometers. The main occupation of the local people is cattle culture. The total villages are 32, in which 18 are situated inside the reserve while 18 villages are nearby the reserve. The local people of the reserve were depending on available fodder while people of nearby villages were partially depending on available fodder of the reserve. The total fodder species is 62. in which 18 tree species, 10 shrub species, 8 herb species, 26 grasses. The main source of fodder is grasses.

A study was conducted to examine fodder yield and silage quality of maize (Zea mays L.) and climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping with different planting structure. Maize was cultivated alone and intercropped with climbing bean as follows;1 row maize to 1 row climbing bean (1M1K), 1 row maize to 2 rows climbing bean (1M2K) and 2 rows maize to 1 row climbing bean (2M1K). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications. The crops were harvested when the maize reached at milk stage and climbing bean at R7 stage. The results indicated significant increase in fresh biomass and dry matter production of maize fodder alone as compared to maize intercropped with climbing bean fodder. However, no difference (p>0.05) was observed in ether extract (EE), and ash (%) of nutrient composition of fodder among the four treatments After 45 days of ensiling period, silage samples were analysed for pH, organic acids (lactic, acetic, and butyric), ammonia-N(NH3-N), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). All intercropped silages had higher CP values (1M1K, 12.0%; 1M2K, 12.3%; 2M1K, 11.1%) than the monocrop maize (SM, 8.9%) silage. Higher organic acids and ammonia-N (p<0.05) were produced in the 1M2K silages as compared to others silages. The study showed that among all intercropped silages the 1M2K (1 row maize to 2 rows climbing bean) was preferable according to nutrient composition than other intercropped silages.

The study allowed to determine the perceptions and characterization of the pastures in farms of livestock producers and researchers in the Canton Sachas and Francisco Orellana, Province of Orellana, Ecuador, whose objective was to know the use and management of Amazonian tropical pastures. Seventeen cattle farms of 8 communities were characterized to observe the characterization of the farmers, land use, use of forage banks, pasture management and bovine cattle housing. A semi-structured interview was designed to collect primary information about the problem under investigation. When characterizing the farmers, in relation to land use, previously 47.5% of the producers were engaged in agriculture, today 85.9% carry out livestock work with silvopastoral practices and only 14.1% are dedicated to agriculture. production of coffee and cocoa. Regarding the use of feed banks, 35.29% have more food for their animals and 5.88% have better environmental conditions. In addition, 77.6% of the farmers mentioned that they have improved their production with the use of the feed bank. In summary, the results indicate that small and medium producers can benefit from silvopastoral systems as an alternative to improve production and not affect the environment.

Resumen
Introducción: En las comunidades campesinas y sociedades pastoriles, la ganadería, así como sus practicas y sus dinámicas exceden las actividades meramente productivas o económicas, donde los distintos vínculos relacionados con el cuidado y el mantenimiento de los animales atraviesan la cotidianeidad del día a día, ocupando lugares de privilegio en distintos niveles sociales y culturales. En estas estrechas relaciones se establece un conjunto de saberes asociados a las plantas, donde usos, conocimientos, saberes, prácticas y dinámicas se vinculan directamente con la alimentación animal. Métodos: Para la Sierra de Ancasti en la provincia de Catamarca, se indagaron aspectos relevantes del conocimiento local asociado a las plantas forrajeras, las formas de manejo y de adquisición de las plantas vinculadas a la alimentación animal. En total 20 unidades domésticas-pequeños productores ganaderos-participaron de entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas. Junto a pastores de rebaños, se realizaron caminatas guiadas, recorridas al campo y recolección de ejemplares vegetales. Resultados: Los pobladores señalaron 61 tipos de forrajes, correspondientes a 88 especies, en 25 familias y 62 géneros. La familia con mayor riqueza de especies fue Poaceae (28), seguida de Bromeliaceae (11) y Fabaceae (10). Se construyó, de forma gráfica, simplificada y descriptiva, el ciclo anual forrajero, que muestra la disponibilidad del recurso a largo del año, así como algunas de las prácticas culturales asociadas a la ganadería. A partir del concepto de forraje empleado por los pobladores-pastores-se describen prácticas y dinámicas asociadas a las plantas forrajeras nativas de la Sierra, así como de aquellos forrajes comprados y/o cultivados. Conclusiones: El ciclo construido a partir de las voces locales, pretende ser una herramienta que demuestre la importancia que tiene el manejar, el conocer y el conservar la diversidad de plantas, diversidad que mantiene al ganado, que constituye parte de una dieta variada y que es solución ante la emergencia (principalmente en época de invierno). Palabras clave: Chaco Seco, ciclo anual, etnobotánica, plantas forrajeras, comunidades pastoriles Correspondence N. Extended Abstract Background: Knowledge is the result of collective, diachronic, dynamic and holistic processes that are acquired, transmitted, forgotten or transformed from the own to generational experiences. In the rural communities and pastoral societies, the livestock practice widely exceeds the framework of productive activities, and the breeding of animals occupies a place of privilege in the rural culture. In this narrow relationship, it is established a whole of knowledge associated with plants, where uses, practices and dynamics are related to the animal alimentation. It is

Background and aims: Peasant communities associated with small-scale livestock often have deep knowledge of the environment, ecosystems and plant species in which their animals are fed. In this study, knowledge associated with forage plants in the Sierra de Ancasti, Argentina (Dry Chaco) was inquired. Accordingly, we determined what types of livestock is raised in the area, what plants are consumed by domestic animals and, in local terms, what is considered a forage. M&M: By using the snowball technique, 20 households, related to livestock areas, participated in the open and semi-structured interviews. Study participants were specifically asked about forage species. Field work was complemented with participant observation and guided walks with peasant shepherd families related. Results: Local production is mainly related to goats, sheep and cattle. Regarding forage plants, 154 species were found (corresponding to 129 genera, 51 families). The high percentage of species of native origin is significant (78%). According to the Frequency Index, the most widely cited kinds of forage are: Cereus forbesii, Medicago sativa, Vachellia aroma, V. caven y Zea mays. Conclusions: The variety of species consumed by the different types of livestock, the prevalence of native fodder species and the diversity of habits and parts used highlights the region's rich biological diversity. Likewise, the forage term was defined by Ancasti's inhabitants as associated with the concept of "raise" the animal (feeding, fattening, caring or increasing production).

Resumen
Introducción y objetivos: Las comunidades campesinas asociadas al pastoreo y a la ganadería -a pequeña escala- suelen tener un profundo conocimiento de los ambientes, de los ecosistemas y de las plantas en las que se crían sus animales. En este estudio se indagó el conocimiento asociado a las plantas forrajeras en la Sierra de Ancasti, Argentina (Chaco seco). Para ello se estableció qué tipo de ganado se cría en la zona, qué plantas son consumidas por los animales domésticos y en términos locales, qué se considera un forraje.
M&M: Por medio de la técnica bola de nieve, 20 unidades domésticas participaron de las entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas, consultándoles específicamente por las especies forrajeras. El trabajo de campo se complementó con observación participante y caminatas guiadas junto a familias campesinas asociadas al pastoreo. Resultados: La producción local se relaciona principalmente al ganado caprino, ovino y vacuno. En relación a las plantas forrajeras, se encontraron 154 especies
(correspondientes a 129 géneros, 51 familias). Se destaca el alto porcentaje de especies de origen nativo (78%). Según el Índice de frecuencia de mención, los forrajes más citados son: Cereus forbesii, Medicago sativa, Vachellia aroma, V. caven y Zea mays.
Conclusiones: La riqueza de especies consumidas por los distintos tipos de ganado, el dominio de las especies nativas en la alimentación de los animales y la diversidad de tipos de hábito y partes de uso, son una muestra de la amplia diversidad biológica de la región. Asimismo, se definió el término de forraje, que para los pobladores de Ancasti está asociado al concepto de “mantener” al animal (alimentar, engordar, cuidar, aumentar la producción).

In developing countries agriculture and grazing are the two most dominant activities of the indigenous populations for their livelihood. In such countries in which Sudan is no exception, scarcity of water constitute the major obstacle to maintain proper farming as well as grazing activities. Therefore, under these conditions the local inhabitants largely depend on some tree species suitable for grazing purposes. In the present study the nutritional value for the fruit (seeds and pods) of Acacia nilotica grown at the lower Atbara river basin in north-eastern part of Sudan was investigated. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Acacia nilotica as an alternative fodder for livestock in the area. Field samples of Acacia nilotica fruits were collected fresh, each sample was kept separately in a small cloth kit. Chemical analysis of fruit samples was conducted to quantify the content of various nutritional attributes including: crude protein, crude fibers, fats, starch, ashes and moisture content in addition to some minerals namely; P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu and Fe. Data of the chemical analysis revealed that the fruit of Acacia nilotica consists of 21.4% crude protein, 30.12% crude fibres, 24.77% fats, 93.71% dry matter and 11.67% ash content. These magnitudes demonstrate a high nutritional value of Acacia nilotica fruits. Similarly, mineral analysis also showed elevated concentrations of Ca, Mg and K adequate for livestock feeding; however, only meager amounts were detected for P and Na. In the light of the present data, it might be concluded that fruits of Acacia nilotica are nutritionally rich materials as fodder in terms of their high contents of crude protein and some essential minerals necessary for adequate growth. Further work is in-evitably needed to improve our knowledge on the nutritional value of Acacia nilotica fruits for its rational utilization as a promising substitute for fodder species under unfavourable browsing conditions in dry areas.

ABSTRACT: Animal grazing is considered an important economic practice in the developing countries, which goes hand-in-hand with agriculture. Both activities are largely dependent on climatic conditions. Under severe drought conditions, water required for maintaining agriculture and pasture lands becomes too scarce and hence constitutes the most limiting factor which directly affects the productivity for both agriculture and grazing lands. Under normal conditions, animal grazers utilize grass lands and pastures to avail fodder for their animals. However, due to the increasing number of grazing animals coupled with the deteriorating grazing capacity of the range lands, forest trees are often viewed as a good alternative for providing fodder to sustain livestock production. In the present study, the nutritional value for fruits of Prosopis chilensis (seeds and pods) at the lower Atbara river basin in north-eastern Sudan was investigated. The purpose of this study is to assess the nutritional features and potential of Prosopis chilensis fruits as an alternative fodder for livestock in the area. Field samples of fruits were collected each sample was kept separately in a small cloth kit. Chemical analysis of fruit samples was conducted to quantify the content of various nutritional attributes including: the crude protein, crude fibers, fats, starch, ash, and moisture content in addition to some minerals namely; P, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu and Fe. Chemical analysis revealed that CP was 18.61%, CF reached 13.40%, the starch content 15.14%, fat 2.06%, and ash content 7.50% .These values obviously point to the high nutritional values of Prosopis chilensis fruits. Mineral contents analysis also exhibited good amounts of Na and Ca required by livestock for adequate growth. Based on the present findings, it might be possible to assign Prosopis chilensis as a good alternative for provision of animal fodder to livestock, particularly when grazing conditions are far below the optimum. Further detailed studies on the capacity of Prosopis chilensis to provide animal fodder are needed.

Hydroponic fodder production in controlled environment (CE) settings have gained more focus in recent years due to the shortage of agricultural land for food production and the adverse effect of climate changes. However, the operation costs and dry matter issues are the major concerns for the sustainability of fodder production in the CE. This study provides a comprehensive literature review on techniques and control strategies for indoor environments and watering that are currently used and could be adopted in the future to achieve the economic and environmental sustainability of controlled environment fodder production (CEFP). The literature indicates fodder production in the modular system is becoming popular in developed countries, and low-tech systems like greenhouse are more prevalent in developing countries. The optimum temperature and RH range between 16-27°C and 70-80% to get efficient biomass yield; however, minimal research has been conducted to optimize the indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH) for efficient and higher efficiency fodder production. Besides, the water-saving techniques and optimal lighting spectrum need to be studied extensively. Automating and monitoring in CEFP system could reduce operating costs and improve quality and yield. Overall, this industry might have great potential for livestock production. Still, more strong research needs to be conducted to answer nutritional concerns and reduce the capital and operating costs for CEFP.

An in vivo digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the digestibility of six forages. These were selected indigenous browse species and groundnut haulms in Lawra and Jirapa Districts of the Upper West Region of Ghana. Groundnut haulms served as a control due to its known good digestibility in small ruminants. Thirty West African Dwarf (WAD) young castrated billy goats with a mean age of 8 months were used. The average live body weight was 8.9 ± 0.1 kg. The animals were randomly assigned to the six treatments and replicated five times in a completely randomized design. They were confined in metabolism cages. The adaptation period was 3 weeks after which data was taken for 10 days. The treatments were the leaves and tiny twigs of T1 Annona senegalensis, T2 Ficus gnaphalocarpa, T3 Pericopsis laxiflora, T4 Pterocarpus erinaceus, T5 Afzelia africana, and T6 (control) Arachis hypogaea. Feed intake, faecal matter and urine output were measured. The results indicated that dry matter (DM) contents of the feedstuffs were less than 50% but crude protein (CP) contents were higher than the minimum required for sustaining ruminants. Neutral and acid detergent fibre contents were high, and F. gnaphalocarpa, in particular, contained a higher level of phosphorus (P). The amounts of feed intakes were typical of most fodder species with the exception of P. laxiflora and P. erinaceus, which were lower (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility values were also typical of most fodder species but the digestibility of A. africana fibre appeared to be lower. Nitrogen retention was positive for all test species with the exception of P. laxiflora, which was negative. Mortality was recorded in animals on P. laxiflora, and the rate was high. Pericopsis laxiflora leaves, even though morphologically similar to the leaves of P. erinaceus, were not a suitable fodder. Ficus gnaphalocarpa appeared to be the overall best fodder species in terms of nutrient uptake.

Introducción y objetivos: Las comunidades campesinas asociadas al pastoreo y a la ganadería -a pequeña escala- suelen tener un profundo conocimiento de los ambientes, de los ecosistemas y de las plantas en las que se crían sus animales. En este estudio se indagó el conocimiento asociado a las plantas forrajeras en la Sierra de Ancasti, Argentina (Chaco seco). Para ello se estableció qué tipo de ganado se cría en la zona, qué plantas son consumidas por los animales domésticos y en términos locales, qué se considera un forraje. M&M: Por medio de la técnica bola de nieve, 20 unidades domésticas participaron de las entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas, consultándoles específicamente por las especies forrajeras. El trabajo de campo se complementó con observación participante y caminatas guiadas junto a familias campesinas asociadas al pastoreo. Resultados: La producción local se relaciona principalmente al ganado caprino, ovino y vacuno. En relación a las plantas forrajeras, se encon...

The author discusses 16 very unusual accumulations of charred plant macro-remains found at the bottom of the pits in Bolgar fortified settlement (pre-Mongol and early Golden Horde periods). A distinctive feature is their multicomponent structure – in addition to grain in the composition, straw (sometimes hay), chaff, weed plants and manure are present in different proportions. Many archaeobotanical evidence of these plant complexes (the abundance of naked cereals chaff; the remains of lemma and palea on the bread wheat and rye caryopses, indicating burning in ears; the presence of basal fragments of straw, tillering nodes, as well as whole inflorescences and infructescences of wild plants) indicate that they were based on by-products of the first stages of crop cleaning after threshing – winnowing and coarse sieving. Crop waste is still now a valuable animal feed. Most of the Bolgar’ pits with such plant assemblage were dug in sandy soil and were not specially equipped in any way, so it is logical to assume that they could serve only for short-term fodder storage. Later, when the pits became unsuitable for further use, the products of cleaning the stable (bedding with dung) were dumped in them, and all the contents were deliberately burnt there. There is no doubt that this hypothesis requires additional research, as well as the development of special strategy for more accurate and detailed sampling in the case of new finds.

Understanding the habitat requirements of Azolla is very helpful for managing this aquatic fern throughout the year as a fodder substitute. Azolla withstands a wide range of temperature depending upon its species and strain. Its response on summer seasonal temperature is not well understood. Hence, an experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu during hot weather period (Zaid season) of 2016, to study the effect of summer seasonal temperature on the green and dry biomass productivity of Azolla in coastal northern Tamilnadu. The green and dry biomass production was observed from 6 th to 13 th standard weeks. The results revealed that the maximum air temperature between 31.37 and 33.74°C, minimum temperature between 22.81 and 23.34°C and water temperature between 32.6 and 34.4 °C were found to enhanced the biomass productivity of Azolla, while air temperature above 35.2 o C perished the Azolla colonies.

Women in agro-pastoral societies in Tanzania typically have low incomes, limited access to resources and are of poor nutritional status. They also tend to be constrained by traditions and customs, which put them at a disadvantage compared to men. However, dairy goats are suitable for smallholder farmers including women as they provide food and income, reproduce regularly each year and require little feed. In a previous study in Tanzania, keeping dairy goats was shown to be profitable, contributing 25% of total household income (Jackson et al., 2012). In addition, goat milk is rich in vitamins (A and B2), proteins and carbohydrates, and these nutrients are easily absorbed by the body. Goat milk is therefore particularly beneficial for infants, sick people and the elderly.

The experiments were carried out on the permafrost floodplain soils of the Khangalassky region of Yakutia to study the effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers on the formation of the forage mass of sickle alfalfa, the variety Yakutskaya yellow. The aim was to substantiate the effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers on the development of sickle alfalfa cultured in the permafrost floodplain neutral and carbonate soils in combination with floodplain saline soils. The tasks included the following ones: 1) to determine the effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers on the formation of the leaf surface of alfalfa plants; 2) to determine the dependence of alfalfa fodder mass yield on the application of mineral fertilizers. The size of the plots was 20 m 2 , with fourfold repetition, systematic placement of variants, wide-row sowing method by row spacing of 45 cm. There were 5 variants with different doses of mineral fertilizers in the experiment: 1) Without fertilizers; 2) N30 (PK)60; 3) N60 (PK)90; 4) (NPK)90; 5) (NPK)120. After the conducted studies, it was revealed that the application of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N60 (PK)90 provides the formation of the largest leaf area of alfalfa (37.2 thousand m 2 ha-1). The maximum dose of mineral fertilizer (NPK)120 contributes to plant foliage increase (up to 42%) and to the highest yield of crescent alfalfa dry weight (4.2 ton ha-1). Sprouting of alfalfa does not show dependence on the application of different doses of mineral fertilizers. A complete relationship was established between the yield of forage mass and the area of alfalfa leaves (r = 1) with the regression coefficient of 0.6 ton ha-1. A strong dependence of forage mass yield was observed on leafiness (r = 0.9) with the regression coefficient of 0.4 ton ha-1 , as well as an average negative dependence of the aboveground mass of alfalfa yield on the number of shoots (r =-0.6) with the regression coefficient of-0,5 ton ha-1 .

An experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar during spring 2007. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design having four replications. The tillage systems consisted of no-till (NT), conventional tillage (CT) and deep tillage (DT). Maize type sweet corn (Swat local) was sown on April 23, 2007. The net plot size of 30

Perennial legumes, alfalfa, red clover, bird&#39;s foot trefoil, white clover, sainfoin and grasses, cock&#39;s foot, meadow fescue, tall fescue, Italian ryegrass, English ryegrass, French ryegrass, red fescue and Timothy grass can be grown successfully in pure crops and in legume-grass mixtures, on different soil types. Their importance in livestock development is based primarily on the great potential for yield of dry matter of over 20 t ha-1 if adequate agro-technical measures have been applied. Also, perennial legumes are characterized with high content of nutritive substances, especially protein and represent the most important protein source in livestock nutrition. Depending on the species and pheno stage of utilization, the content of crude proteins in grasses varies from 100 to 174,6 g kg-1 of DM, and in perennial legumes from 190,0 to 228,8 g kg-1 of DM. Livestock feed obtained from these plant species can be used in several ways, from grazing as most efficient and economic...

The mycotoxigenic mold fungi Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium were shown to be associated with grain molds in sorghum and pearl millet. These fungi produce several mycotoxins, some of which can affect human and animal health. The most important mycotoxins that occur at biologically significant concentrations in cereals are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and T2 toxin. Reports indicate that aflatoxin B1 was associated with liver cancer, synergistic with hepatitis B virus and childhood cirrhosis in humans. Several outbreaks of aflatoxicosis in poultry and livestock were reported. The fumonisins were associated with oesophageal cancer and T2 toxin with alimentary toxic aleukia in humans. Fusarial mycotoxins have been implicated as causative agents in various animal diseases such as leucoencephalomalacia, pulmonary edema, infertility, diarrhea, vomiting, reduced growth rate, drop in egg production and immunosuppression. Mycotoxin contamination of c...

Plant macro-remains including charcoal, fruits and seeds from El Mirador contribute to the study of different aspects related to Neolithic and Bronze Age human groups. The El Mirador deposit has yielded a sequence from 3390-3140 to 7970-7770 yrs cal BP, which was formed by dung layers that were systematically burned, producing a fumier, a unique context for the preservation of archaeobotanical material. The anthracological record provides data recording abundant evidence of deciduous and evergreen oaks with slight modifications over time. The seed and fruit record includes crop plants, synanthropic plants and wild fruits. Both assemblages make it possible to thoroughly analyze the uses of plants in relation to a mixed economy based on agriculture and herding.

The manual provides instructions for fodder production and grasslands conservation strategies for community groups to help cushion households from feed/fodder shortages during the dry seasons. The manual is illustrated with photos along with training topics, guidelines and technical knowledge for community pasture producers. The training is planned for five-day learning interactions between trainees and trainers. Drought intensity coupled with climate change have adversely affected livelihoods of pastoral and non-pastoral communities in the Arid and Semi-Arid Land (ASAL) areas of Kenya. This drastically affects forage supply for livestock. Knowledge of fodder types and species adaptation is a necessity

An in vivo digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the digestibility of six forages. These were selected indigenous browse species and groundnut haulms in Lawra and Jirapa Districts of the Upper West Region of Ghana. Groundnut haulms served as a control due to its known good digestibility in small ruminants. Thirty West African Dwarf (WAD) young castrated billy goats with a mean age of 8 months were used. The average live body weight was 8.9 ± 0.1 kg. The animals were randomly assigned to the six treatments and replicated five times in a completely randomized design. They were confined in metabolism cages. The adaptation period was 3 weeks after which data was taken for 10 days. The treatments were the leaves and tiny twigs of T1 Annona senegalensis, T2 Ficus gnaphalocarpa, T3 Pericopsis laxiflora, T4 Pterocarpus erinaceus, T5 Afzelia africana, and T6 (control) Arachis hypogaea. Feed intake, faecal matter and urine output were measured. The results indicated that dry matter (D...

... called &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27;Management of Soil Erosion Consortium&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27; (MSEC) was established in five Southeastern Asian Countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; [Craswell, et al., 1998], [Maglinao and Leslie, 2001] and [Maglinao, et al., 2004]: Maglinao and Valentin, 2004). ...

... called &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27;Management of Soil Erosion Consortium&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27; (MSEC) was established in five Southeastern Asian Countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; [Craswell, et al., 1998], [Maglinao and Leslie, 2001] and [Maglinao, et al., 2004]: Maglinao and Valentin, 2004). ...

Plant macro-remains including charcoal, fruits and seeds from El Mirador contribute to the study of different aspects related to Neolithic and Bronze Age human groups. The El Mirador deposit has yielded a sequence from 3390-3140 to 7970-7770 yrs cal BP, which was formed by dung layers that were systematically burned, producing a fumier, a unique context for the preservation of archaeobotanical material. The anthracological record provides data recording abundant evidence of deciduous and evergreen oaks with slight modifications over time. The seed and fruit record includes crop plants, synanthropic plants and wild fruits. Both assemblages make it possible to thoroughly analyze the uses of plants in relation to a mixed economy based on agriculture and herding.

The study allowed to determine the perceptions and characterization of the pastures in farms of livestock producers and researchers in the Canton Sachas and Francisco Orellana, Province of Orellana, Ecuador, whose objective was to know the use and management of Amazonian tropical pastures. Seventeen cattle farms of 8 communities were characterized to observe the characterization of the farmers, land use, use of forage banks, pasture management and bovine cattle housing. A semi-structured interview was designed to collect primary information about the problem under investigation. When characterizing the farmers, in relation to land use, previously 47.5% of the producers were engaged in agriculture, today 85.9% carry out livestock work with silvopastoral practices and only 14.1% are dedicated to agriculture. production of coffee and cocoa. Regarding the use of feed banks, 35.29% have more food for their animals and 5.88% have better environmental conditions. In addition, 77.6% of the ...