Framing Theory

Neugier ist eine entscheidende Triebkraft, die Neues entstehen lässt, Wissensgewinn fördert und biologisch tief verwurzelt ist. Dies zeigt sich auch daran, dass die Erfüllung der Neugier, also die Reduktion des Nicht-Wissens, das neuronale Belohnungssystem aktiviert und dass das Fehlen von neuen Reizen (sensorische Deprivation) einen unerträglichen Zustand darstellt. Sowohl im individuellen als auch im evolutionären Maßstab sind Entwicklungen schwer vorstellbar ohne den Drang, Neues zu erleben, neue Handlungen auszuprobieren und Unbekanntes zu entdecken. Biologische Studien zeigen, dass sowohl Neophilie als auch Neophobie situativ vor- und nachteilig sein können, und ein Individuum Gewinn und Risiko jeweils gegeneinander abwägen muss. Zuwenig Neugier schränkt die Möglichkeit des Lernens ein, wohingegen zuviel Neugier Gefahren bergen kann. Vielleicht ist dies ein Grund, weswegen wir unsere Neugier auch im künstlerischen Modus zu stillen suchen. Die künstlerische Rahmung bietet einen Raum, in dem wir Erfahrungen sammeln können, ohne dabei allzu große Risiken eingehen zu müssen. Auf diese Weise erlaubt der künstlerische Modus, tief genug in eine Erfahrung einzutauchen, und dennoch gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit zu empfinden, trotz des Erkenntnisgewinns ohne andere gravierende Konsequenzen in das nicht künstlerisch gerahmte Leben zurück zu kehren. So bietet die Kunst einen geschützten und gleichzeitig potentiell wirklichkeitsverändernden Raum für Erfahrungen. Diese künstlerischen Erfahrungen sind auch die Quelle für eine künstlerische Art zu forschen, die zu spezifischen Erkenntnissen führen kann. Auch wenn die Neugier in der Kunstwelt eher eine periphere Rolle spielen mag, kann sie auf diese Weise dazu beitragen, unser Wissen über uns und die Welt zu verändern und zu vermehren.

Since 2003, the West and Central African (WCA) cotton initiative in the World Trade Organization has stood as an ambitious case of Africa's desire to be integrated into the trading system and yet also receive reparations for past injuries. This article seeks to explore how and why the initiative debuted through close attention to the interdependence between power and language in diplomatic practice. It takes the concept of cognitive framing to explore the relationship between political legitimacy and mobilisation capacities. The genesis of cotton as ‘an issue’ is critically examined, focusing on how the WCA countries constructed a novel ‘competitive victim’ frame to define themselves and the problem. While this opening move was effective, it also featured tensions that were exploited by Northern actors who were threatened by the campaign. I argue that what followed was the introduction of a politically driven ‘counterframe’, which divided the problem into a ‘trade-related’ component and a ‘development-related’ component. It is important to understand why and how this distinction was constructed and monitored. By scrutinising the relationship between framing and institutional power, I suggest that the counterframe won over the original frame, leading to a re-positioning of the demanders and a re-calibration of their expectations.

Een interpretatieve bronanalyse van het pamflet ‘de Morghen-Wecker der vrije Nederlantsche Provincien’ (1610) van Willem Baudartius. In 1610 verschijnt van de hand van Willem Baudartius (1565-1640) het politieke pamflet de Morghen-wecker der vrye Nederlantsche Provintien. Een handzaam maar lijvig pamflet van honderd pagina’s. In deze bronanalyse onderzoek ik de Morghen-wecker inhoudelijk om te achterhalen of Baudartius dit pamflet heeft geframed.

Framing studies remain a powerful line of research in political communication. However, in recent years, coinciding with the emergence of social media, theoretical and operational advances have been detected, as well as a significant reorientation of its research agenda. The interaction between media and platforms such as Twitter or Facebook has built a clearly hybrid communica- tive environment and profoundly transformed the organization of public debate. This is the case, especially, with processes such as the setting of the public agenda or the construction of interpretive frames. Based on a systematic review of the international reference literature (2011–2021), this article analyses the influence of social media on the evolution of framing studies. Moreover, specifically, the beginning of a new stage of digital development is contextualized, and a triple research impact is explored. The main contributions of the text are that it (1) identifies advances in the theoretical and empirical organization of these studies; (2) explores its reorientation of content towards a greater balance between the analysis of media and political frames; and (3) reviews the recent experimental development of effects studies. Finally, the main challenges for future research in this field are detailed.

Abstract. The Spanish Citizen Security Law or Civil Protection Act was reformed throughout the parliamentary period from 2011 to 2014. It was widely known as the " gag law. " Supportive and opposing arguments were presented regarding both civil liberties and security. According to the point of view of political agents and media, they were either guaranteed or at risk. The aim of this content analysis is to reveal the media frames the citizens were exposed to in trying to be informed. The main conclusions from this study of the coverage of the eight most-read newspapers in Spain are: 1) critical discourse against the reform (because of its restrictive and repressive nature) was not marginal, but even the predominant one; 2) the law and order discourse was only predominant among the rightist newspapers; 3) the two main frames are more covered in similar quantitative terms the more the newspaper is far from the ideological extremes, and 4) that general scheme was stable along the period.

Resumen. Durante la legislatura española 2011/2014 se reformó la ley de seguridad ciudadana, popularmente conocida como ley mordaza. A favor y en contra se esgrimieron argumentos relativos a la libertad y la seguridad garantizada o amenazada, según el punto de vista. En este análisis de contenido se estudian los enfoques mediáticos a que fue expuesta la ciudadanía a la hora de informarse al respecto. Para ello se ha analizado la cobertura del proceso legislativo por los ocho periódicos de información general con más lectores diarios. Se concluye 1) que la crítica a la reforma, por restrictiva y aun represiva, no solo no fue marginada del discurso mediático, sino que de hecho tuvo algo más de presencia en el cómputo global; 2) que solo en los medios de derecha primó el enfoque securitario; 3) que la presencia de los dos enfoques estuvo más equilibrada cuanto más alejados de los extremos ideológicos, y 4) que el patrón general se mantuvo estable a lo largo de todo el período.

The subject of this essay is to, with as many facts as possible, explain, how, throughout the actions of the countries after post- Cold War period, have created both mixture of the over secured and super watched upon everyone world of the “Big Brother”1, and the world of Mustapha Mond and his world government. And also, how those two fictional worlds, have intertwined in today’s securitization practices and the society’s respond to it.

This chapter focuses on the role of social media in galvanizing street protests, demonstrations, and other forms of democratic participation associated with the Iranian Green Movement, and examines how Iranian activists framed relevant events, norms, values, ideologies, issues, narratives, and symbols on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and other websites.  The political, social, economic, and technological circumstances in Iran that triggered the Green Revolution and eventually contributed to its apparent demise are investigated.  In particular, the chapter explores how movement activists utilized social media to enunciate their political demands and mobilize supporters – both within Iran and around the world.  Attempts by activists to achieve a frame alignment between the Green Movement and relevant indigenous (national) and transnational discursive concepts are examined.  The chapter proposes that the use of collective action frames in social media was instrumental initially in mobilizing the Green Movement and contesting the dominant frames of the regime, but ultimately proved to be insufficient and even counterproductive at times in sustaining the necessary levels of popular support to topple the regime from power.

Operationalization and theoretical construction are the two core elements that define research activity in any field of social sciences. By operationalizing a concept of social research, we refer to the process by which objects of study are defined by means of two successive types of cognitive action: the construction and replication of theoretical and methodological approaches, and the selection of empirical phenomena that represent abstract concepts. The aim of this study is to observe and explain how is operationalized the concept of framing, and what types of theoretical constructions are present in the papers published in the Journal of Communication during the period 2009-2013. For this purpose, a content analysis has been designed and applied to a total of 50 items distributed in 26 issues of this journal. The selection of the Journal of Communication is justified not only with regards to its scientific impact and its international headship in the media research community, but also for being a publication closely related to a major research association such as the International Communication Association (ICA). In general terms, a key finding is that a significant cohesion and standardization in framing research published in the Journal of Communication during the reporting period is observed.

Resumen La discusión alrededor de las similitudes y diferencias entre la Agenda Setting y el Framing subyace en numerosos traba-jos académicos. Los investigadores de la comunicación política suelen distinguirse entre quienes proponen a la segunda como una fase de la primera y quienes pugnan por concebirlas como teorías independientes. Si bien ambas perspectivas comparten el objetivo de indagar en el tratamiento de los temas de inte-rés público en los hacedores de políticas, en las noticias y en el público, se distinguen en aspectos teóricos, epistemológicos y metodológicos que no pueden soslayarse si se procura compren-der la complejidad de cada una de ellas y sus implicancias para la investigación. Este artículo sistematiza tales rasgos, haciendo hincapié en la postura epistemológica, los antecedentes concep-tuales, las premisas centrales que cada una sostiene, el estatuto teórico sobre el cual se fundan y la estrategia metodológica que proponen. Palabras clave: Framing; Agenda Setting; comunicación política. Abstract There has been an ongoing debate in the literature about the similarities and differences between the concept of Agenda Setting and Framing. Moreover, there is a clear distinction among those political communication's researchers who propose Framing has a phase of the Agenda Setting and those who differentiate them as independent theories. However, both mainstreams share the ultimate goal of trying to figure out issues of public interest among politics, news and the public opinion. Despite these similarities, the diverge on theoretical and methodologi-cal aspects that need to be taken into account when researching because of its complexity and its implications.This systematize such features making emphasis on the epistemological's stand, the conceptual's background, the central premises that each of them stand for, the theoric statute in which they find its roots and the methadological strategy that they propose.

Localized debates about who unauthorized migrants are and what they do, or do not, deserve unfold in a culturally specific register that is deeply charged with emotion and moral valuation. Structuring such debates are vernacular discursive frames that emerge from, and reflect, a common “local moral economy.” Taking Israel as case study, this article examines six elements of the country's local moral economy – biopolitical logic, historical memory, political emotion, popularized religion, an ideology of “fruitful multiplication,” and hasbara (“public diplomacy”/propaganda) – and explores their impact on public debates about unauthorized and irregular forms of migration. Here, as elsewhere, conventionalized distinctions that frame much migration scholarship – e.g. “economic” vs. “political” migrants, “migrant workers” vs. “refugees,” even the terms “authorized” and “unauthorized” themselves – bear but limited salience. Migration researchers who hope to influence local policy debates must recognize the weight and influence of local moral economies, and the chasms that divide vernacular from conventionalized frames. Achieving this sort of nuanced understanding is, at root, an ethnographic challenge.

Книга посвящена одной из волнующих современную науку тем – раме и ее роли в нашем восприятии визуального образа. Какое значение имеет рама для понимания того, что мы видим, будь то икона, картина или фотография ? Вот один из главных вопросов настоящего исследования, которое впервые затрагивает проблему рамы в русском искусстве. При этом рама понимается довольно широко: это не только обычная рамка, окаймляющая картину, но и определенный способ восприятия реальности. Поэтому читатель найдет в издании во многом неожиданный иллюстративный материал, включающий как обрамления икон, картин и гравюр, так и церковные и дворцовые интерьеры, скульптурные монументы, экспозиции музеев и выставок. В работе применяются и новые методы исследования рамы, сочетающие иконологический анализ произведений искусства с культурной антропологией.

Onderzocht werd welke framing-effecten bij het verwerken van een persuasieve tekst waarneembaar waren op de beoordeling van de argumentatie, de attitudes tegenover het doelgedrag en de intentie. Proefpersonen werden willekeurig toegewezen aan één van de twee condities waarin ze een uniek frame verwerkten. In de eerste conditie verwerkten proefpersonen een frame dat inspeelde op het eigenbelang en de gezondheid, terwijl in de tweede conditie proefpersonen een frame verwerkten dat inspeelde op het belang van verminderde vleesconsumptie omwille van de CO2-uitstoot van de vleesindustrie en de veronderstelde effecten op het klimaat. Een significant framing-effect van de tekst op de beoordeling van de argumenten werd gevonden. Eveneens was een trend naar attitudeverandering naar aanleiding van het verwerken van frame-eigenbelang waarneembaar. De resultaten onderstrepen het belang van het uitvoeren van meerdere pre-tests bij het ontwerp van een publiekscampagne en het doen van onderzoek naar de frame-specifieke effecten.

This study employs a content analysis to examine news coverage concerning Toyota’s recall crises from January 16, 2009, through November 21, 2012, in the following media: The New York Times, The Washington Post, USA Today, and the news releases listed on the Toyota official website. We examine how the media frame Toyota’s crises and responses, and whether the news coverage varied between mass media and Toyota’s releases. The findings shed light on the crisis communication in terms of response strategy selection. In tracking the ethics of the Toyota crisis in the years since its inception, combined with a content analysis conducted in this paper, the authors attempted to integrate the literature of crisis management with that of ethics in public relations. Ethics should be foremost among the considerations of an organization’s reputation and a primary factor of successful crisis management. The Toyota case has far reaching implications for ethical crisis management and recall strategy in the auto industry as a whole.

Social movement theory in the mid 1980’s reintroduced the socio-psychological element back into its analytical repertoire. Collective action framing became the  primary means of investigating the more cultural side of movement mobilization efforts. Since this time, pioneering social theorists have produced many fruitful cognitive concepts contributing to a frame analytical approach.  While this brand of theorizing has been instrumental in distinguishing between different types of frames and frame processes, it has not been able to adequately account for how specific ideological content interacts within movement framing efforts.

My primary research interest is in bridging the gap between CDA and social movement theory by creating a TODA (textually oriented discourse analysis) model. This model intends to show how ideological elements move from foundational (or primary) texts into collective action framing efforts. This text-to-frame methodology has three primary processes: i) a historical background analysis; ii) an ideological content analysis; and iii) a collective action frame analysis. Using a mix of sociological categories and theories, I have pieced together an ideological grammar capable of pinpointing salient ideational elements in the text, those elements that produce, what social movement scholars have termed, frame potency.

This study examines the framing of Arab refugees and asylum seekers in the global news, represented by the news stories published on the online edition of CNN. Based on the framing theory, the quantitative content analysis found the attribution of responsibility frame to be the most salient and frequent frame in the coverage of Arab refugees and asylum seekers. The responsibility frame ascribing the Arab refugee crisis or its resolution to different actors and groups surpassed the other four news frames— human interest, conflict, economic consequences, and morality; although the five frames were existent in coverage. The lone hypothesis of the study expecting thematic frames to be more common than episodic frames was found supported. That is, the news coverage of Arab refugees tended to be thematic, as it covered the issue in the broader context, whereas episodic frames that focus on individual accounts and personal stories were less frequent. Security terms that describe Arab refugees as potential threats were found more often than the humanitarian terms that frame them as victims. The study pinpointed the lack of photos and voices of Arab refugees in the news coverage, as 90% of the relevant news articles did not include their quotes, whilst around two-thirds of the news stories did not include any of their images. The featured quotes tend to frame Arab refugees negatively, whereas the embedded photos presented more positive frames, however, the overall framing of Arab refugees and asylum seekers in CNN news stories tended to be generally balanced.

This paper won 2nd Top Research Prize of Fundamental Theory for the 20th Zhejiang Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Award, 2019;  Full-text-reproduced 4 times, including Xinhua Digest; Information Center For Social Science Of Renmin University of China (RUC) on “Journalist & Communication; Zhejiang Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project: A Collection of Essays(2015-2019); Transdisciplinary theory and  critique(OL) （本文获浙江省第二十届哲学社会科学基础理论研究优秀成果奖二等奖（2019），先后全文转载于《中国人民大学报刊复印资料(新闻传播学)》（2018.02）、《新华文摘(数字版)》（2018.05）、《浙江省哲学社会科学规划课题论文选编（2015-2019）》（2020）、《跨学科理论与批评（数字版）》[2018.08.03]。）


A Silent Paradigm: Mapping the Spatio-temporal Contours of the Six-decade Framing Theory

【Abstract】 The Framing Theory constitutes a topic of active research with a relatively long-standing effort, which looks back upon a 60 year history from 1955 when the eminent anthropologist, Bateson, proposed, for the first time, the concept ′′Frame′" in his path breaking study ′′A Theory of Play and Fantasy,′ to 2015 when the present study was still in its infancy. However, the theory lacked an entry within the indexes of most textbooks till 1974 when Goffman􀆳s work on Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience began to gain prominence as a canonical book in relevant studies, which, from social science circles􀆳vantage point of official history in the present, is the generally recognized launch pad for the Framing Theory.

The landscape of the Framing Theory has seen a number of significant changes with regards to how ′′framing′′ is perceived by communication academics over the past 60 years and a narrowing down process is said to exist where the definition moved away from the "broad" sense to the ′′narrow′′ sense. Broadly, the term ′′framing′′ comprises a set of concepts ranging from nature phenomena unaffected by human activities, psychological principles and subjective processes underpinning both individual and organizational events, to explanatory strategies favored by social organizations in certain contexts, while the term, if narrowly defined, can also be stated in terms of distinct media effect frames articulated and emphasized in a strand of communication scholarship. In effect, media effect framing has a strong presence as a fertile source of new perspectives and substantial contributions in the contemporary culture of framing theory, leading to writings on relevant strategies being well G presented across scholarly publications. On the contrary, few studies have been carried out with the primary aim of exploring non media effect framing, to the best of our knowledge.

To shed light through a theoretical avenue on the mysterious silence regarding Bateson who actually led the way in the development of the Framing Theory, this paper, drawing on both original document analysis and secondary data analysis, attempts to follow the mainstream logic of the Framing Theory and to provide correspondingly an outline of its development. By charting its much awaited chronology, the paper identifies and labels three stages alongside the general theme including prehistory stage(1955 1973),sociological redirection stage (1974 )as well as communication studies redirection stage (1990s),with particularly close attention paid to the silence on′′non media effect framework,′′′′non mass media framework′′ and ′′cultural framework′′ behind the evolution of the Theory.

While Bateson's work breaks new ground as his conception of "framework" "meta communication" and "relational communication" represents a pioneering attempt harnessing the literature pertaining to the Framing Theory, the silence on Bateson can be justified for several reasons. Such matters as his own interdisciplinary identity, lack of middle range theory contributions and spatiotemporal context of′ ′effect being the primary concern′′ will profitably be taken on board by this paper. To be specific, firstly, as an interdisciplinary scholar, Bateson often concerned himself with borderline topics. Besides, Bateson inspired scholars to ask various types of questions about the Framing Theory, although his work provided an incomplete, albeit informative, picture about the middle range theory. This literature still has a long way to go. The third point to note is the fact that mass media academic communities with deep seated respect for effect have not been very satisfied with his explanation on account of Bateson single minded focus on interpersonal communication.

As for the silence related to "non media effect framework", "non mass media framework" and "cultural framework", such dismal state might largely because of the present academic atmosphere that underscores the importance of effect and overstates the middle range theory. Scholars are obsessed with empirical studies which have overshadowed the equally important theoretical issues. Few of them see or even care about cultural and non-media communication (non-media communication in particular), thus inevitably lose some important information that merits special attention. As a result, both economists and psychologists have made abundant achievements by expanding upon the groundwork laid in the Framing Theory under the respective rubrics of "Prospect Theory" and "Priming Effect", but when it comes to the communication field, the research picture looks rather bleak given the woeful dearth of relevant literature.

To provide new communication related material of the Framing theory, the paper believes the way forward might be the resort to constructivism approaches that underlie general human communication research. In this vein, this paper, without losing track of the unresisted allure of real situations and local cultures to scholars, proposes the embedment of framework into
culture and the substitution of three-dimensional research arena in place of the "media audience" binary linear model. At the microscopic level, the paper looks at the issue in the light of cultural norms and tries to be more sensitive, attentive and responsive to the differences among jurisdictions within various spatiotemporal contexts. At the mesoscopic level, the paper, using "field" as the basic unit, proceeds to depict, exploit and analyze the changing landscape on the part of both distinct frames and silent frames within the same spatiotemporal context. At the microscopic level, this paper ventures across the border to avail itself of the insights from neuroscience and media psychology in an effort to elucidate the resonance and the follow Gup diffusion between the exterior framing and the cognitive patterns of human brains.

【摘 要】自1955年人类学家 Bateson提出框架概念至今，框架研究已有六十年。然而，现有框架理论正史的叙事起点并非1955年 Bateson所撰«一个关于游戏与幻想的理论»一文，而是1974年 Gofman 的 «框 架 分 析 :经 验 组 织 论 »一 书。Bateson 之所以被忽 略，与他的跨学科身份、缺乏中层理论贡献以及“效 果为王”的主流学科话语不无关系。也正因效果为王的传播史观,框架研究的传播学者更倚重大众传播 (尤其是效果)层面的“窄框架”应用研究，这使原本包罗非媒介效果框架、非大众传播框架和文化框架的 “泛框架”陷入集体沉默。相比传统的“媒体—受众”二元线性模式,在宏观层面以文化规范为变量、在中观 层面以场域为单位、在微观层面以媒介心理学为取径的三维框架研究模式更契合当代复杂的传播生态。

Citation：【Wang. Y. (2017). “A Silent Paradigm: Mapping the Spatio-temporal Contours of the Six-decade Framing Theory”. Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Science), 47(6): 197-215. 】

Habilitation Lecture - Lição de Agregação                                                                                                                                               
Uma questão que recorrentemente percorre a Teoria da Notícia remete para a relação entre um universo social em contínua mudança e o modo como o jornalismo e os jornalistas instauram uma ordem significativa sobre esse universo. A pergunta que se coloca é: como que o campo jornalístico e os seus profissionais inscrevem a multiplicidade de eventos e ocorrências verificáveis neste processo de constante mutação, num universo ordenado de significação? Dito de outra forma, tendo em conta que o jornalismo lida com o imprevisto como critério de noticiabilidade pelo que o acontecimento é, por definição, tanto mais digno de relato quanto mais elevada é a sua imprevisibilidade, como é que o os jornalistas instauram ordem e significado num universo em constante mudança, em que a circunstância da emergência do que é novo, contingente e aleatório, é uma possibilidade omnipresente? A pergunta remete, em última instância, para um problema determinante: como é que o jornalismo constrói a realidade social? Não sendo possível esgotar o tema, a resposta procurada nesta lição passa em grande parte por definir, à luz de contributos de inspiração sociofenomenológica, como a realidade social é construída e como a comunicação intervém na construção dessa realidade, tentando identificar quais os esquemas cognitivos, nomeadamente as rotinas, categorias e tipificações que permitem organizar a experiência de uma realidade plural, diversificada e em constante mutação.
Começa-se, assim, por apresentar uma visão genérica das teorias jornalísticas que reflectem a noção de «construção da realidade». Segue-se uma revisão de conceitos sociofenomenológicos, seguida da sua aplicação ao campo jornalístico. Reconhece-se, deste modo, na Fenomenologia Social, tal como foi elaborada, em especial pelo pensador austríaco Alfred Schutz, e, posteriormente, por Peter Berger e Thomas Luckman, um conjunto de que nos ajudam a analisar os processos de construção social da realidade: destacam-se, pois, os conceitos de “tipificação”, “atitude natural”, “senso comum”, “enquadramento” e “conhecimento social”.  Adicionalmente, dá-se relevo a alguns desenvolvimentos traçados pela Etnometodologia que se articulam directamente com o conceito de «atitude natural», como sejam os de «reflexividade» e «indexicalidade»
Simultaneamente, admite-se a hipótese de esta abordagem solicitar um refinamento que passa por um diálogo com as tradições da crítica ideológica que explicitamente fizeram referência ao campo jornalístico como sejam as desenvolvidas por Stuart Hall (1982; 1993, 2004), Chibnall (2001) e Steve Hackett (1993) nos chamados estudos culturais e, ainda, por Teun van Dijk (1984, 2005) na Análise Crítica do Discurso.
Neste plano reconhece-se que existem algumas investigações directamente inspiradas pela Fenomenologia Social que possibilitam encontrar tal refinamento crítico e que autorizam a realização de um diálogo produtivo em torno do conceito de “ideologia”. 
Finalmente, assinala-se o modo como o relato jornalístico vive numa espécie de «fio da navalha», uma ambiguidade constitutiva entre o velho e o novo, entre a regularidade e a diferença, entre o estabelecimento da ordem e eminência do acontecimento.

An archaic dedication from Samos known as the Geneleos Group is considered by scholars to be one of the first family dedications in Greek art, or, to be more precise, the first archaeological record showing an elite family in form of life size round sculpture in a sanctuary. Furthermore, it is one of very few archaic sculptures attributable to a certain artist – Geneleos. It is generally assumed that the persons shown are part of a family extending over two generations with the iconography highlighting the different social role models of its members: mother, father, son, and daughters. In this paper, I will try to question this common reading by proposing alternatives, triggered by the ambiguous iconography of the figures and by the placement of the inscriptions related to them.

Feels free to ask me for a pdf.

When a lead character in a critically acclaimed and award-winning television  programme is depicted as a proficient and meticulous heroine with a mental disorder, it is crucial  to examine if this reflects a change in the media depiction of people with mental illness.  This article employs framing analysis to examine the portrayal of lead CIA agent with bipolar disorder, Carrie Mathison, in Homeland. Although the show did initially associate competence, intellect and astuteness to this character, as it progressed, the framing decisions used for dramatic and sensational purposes ultimately presented Mathison within the usual stereotypical depictions: as impulsive, irrational, unpredictable, unstable, dangerous and disordered. Given the popularity of the show, responsible depictions should take priority over dramatic effect at the expense of a character with mental illness because sufferers may be deterred in speaking about their illness and seeking appropriate treatment if such negative themes persist.

Enquadramento diz respeito a uma perspectiva teórica-conceitual. A sistematização do conceito partiu do sociólogo Erving Goffman (2012 [1974]), que buscou identificar como os indivíduos compreendem o ambiente em que estão inseridos, interagindo com ele e com outros indivíduos. Propôs então que os quadros (frames) são como "esquemas de interpretação". A obra Frame Analysis estimulou o debate entre o estruturalismo e o interacionismo simbólico. Enquanto a primeira vertente entendia o texto como emaranhado complexo de elementos significativos, a segunda perspectiva defendia que essa estrutura de significado só poderia ser revelada na interação entre o texto e seu leitor (VAN GORP, 2010). De acordo com Sanglard (2017), a ideia de enquadramento comporta diversidade de perspectivas e nem mesmo os autores que trabalham com o conceito estão convencidos de que se possa considerar a existência de uma teoria do enquadramento. Enquanto Entman (1993) pondera que o uso eclético de teorias e a inconsistência nas definições de termos-chave dificultam a fixação de uma teoria geral, contribuindo para um paradigma fraturado, D'Angelo (2002) defende que não existe e nem deveria existir apenas um paradigma para a pesquisa de enquadramento. Isso porque dificilmente haveria um paradigma capaz de reunir e "remendar" de forma satisfatória e homogênea as perspectivas que se desenvolveram. Para o autor, a diversidade teórica e paradigmática transparece um caminho visível por onde os processos de pesquisa de enquadramento foram trilhados.

La actitud negativa de los españoles hacia el islam y los musulmanes está entre las más bajas de las democracias europeas. La islamofobia no aparece como un tema de confrontación en el debate público acerca de  qué es ser español, no obstante haberse convertido la nacionalidad marroquí en la mayoritaria de cuantas conforman la población inmigrante y contarse España entre los tres Estados miembros con mayor entrada de extranjeros procedentes del Magreb y de Oriente Próximo. El objeto de este artículo es, mediante la teoría del encuadre, analizar la medida en que la prensa ha proyectado una imagen de lo islámico como algo extraño, monolítico y problemático. Se abordan asimismo posibles variaciones en función de la ideología de los periódicos y de la naturaleza de los acontecimientos de que se informa. El estudio, empírico y longitudinal, analiza el año 2017 en su integridad. Se espera que las conclusiones contribuyan a estudios comparados.

saat ini struktur dan kehidupan masyarakat telah mengalami banyak perubahan, perubahan tersebut terjadi bukan semata-mata tanpa sebab dan alasan. Banyaknya aspek dalam kehidupan masyarakat yang mengalami telah dimasuki oleh berbagai tatanan sosial sehingga perubahan sosial merupakan hal yang lebih mudah terjadi untuk saat ini. Kepentingan-kepentingan para elit maupun aktor politik menyebabkan masyarakat yang mengalami akibatnya karena untuk mengimplementasikan kepentingan-kepentingan para elit maka masyarakat harus dapat ikut andil didalamnya. Ketika pihak masyarakat tidak ingin ikut andil untuk melaksanakan kepentingan-kepentingan elit maka para elit pun akan melakukan banyak hal agar masyarakat dapat menuruti dan mengikuti keinginan mereka (Jainuri, 2012). Kendati demikian kerap kali mereka melakukan cara yang tidak seharusnya sehingga hal tersebut menyebabkan salah satu pihak dirugikan dari implementasi tersebut. Dalam kehidupan sosial saat ini sebenarnya masyarakat telah banyak yang menyadari ketika para elit negara melakukan penyimpangan namun, masyarakat belum bisa menemukan tempat untuk menyampaikan aspirasi tersebut karena pihak pemerintah kerap kali membatasi suara-suara masyarakat. Tetapi keadaan ini juga kerap kali dimanfaatkan oleh beberapa elit ketika mereka telah mengetahui keinginan masyarakat maka mereka mencoba masuk ke dalam kehidupan sosial dengan membingkai bahwasannya mereka dapat dijadikan tempat untuk menyampaikan aspirasi mereka. Tetapi disini masyarakat juga digiring oleh para elit agar dapat melakukan kepentingan-kepentingan yang mereka harapkan. Salah satunya ialah populisme islam saat ini melalui aksi 212 melalui gerakan 212 masyarakat merasa ada tempat untuk menyalurkan aspirasi politik mereka melalui gerakan islam ini (Mudhoffir, 2017). Tetapi apabila kita tilik lebih mendalam gerakan ini dijadikan alat untuk beberapa kepentingan elit politik. Maka tulisan ini akan menyajikan analisis tentang kemunculan Gerakan Aksi Bela Islam 212 dilihat dengan analisis framing? TINJAUAN LITERATUR Teori Cultural Framing Cultural framing merupakan teori yang dianggap kerap kali digunakan oleh setiap individu dalam setiap aktivitas sehari-harinya. Sehingga teori pembingkaian ini merupakan teori yang memiliki kaitannya dengan setiap aktivitas individu. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh Erving Goffman dalam Sukmana (1974) yang sekaligus sosiolog beliau mengatakan bahwa teori pembingkaian ini ialah desain bingkai penafsiran yang digunakan individu sehari-hari merupakan pengalaman untuk memahami dunia sehingga tidak heran apabila teori ini dianggap penting dalam media. Media dalam konsep disini memiliki pengaruh terhadap pembentukan opini yang terjadi dalam realitas peristiwa kepada

This articles critically reviews discourse analytical approaches to frames in Social Movement research. After a summary of work on frames and related notions in other disciplines, it focuses on discursive frame analysis in sociology, originally inspired by the work of Erving Goffman.  The contributions of these discursive approaches to frames are appreciated, but unfortunately only make very limited use of theories and methods of contemporary discourse studies.
Keywords: frames, social movements, discourse, discourse studies

This study used a qualitative research design to examine the ways six chosen Filipino social media influencers framed their Facebook posts regarding various issues and happenings that arose during a specific period in the Duterte presidency. The study is based on the multi-authored Framing Theory, external concepts related to the theory, identification of top Facebook posts by the chosen influencers about various issues during the Duterte presidency, and a content analysis on the way they framed these issues—all of which have led to the surfacing of the top three mostly used techniques by the chosen media influencers in framing their Facebook content: Negative spin, catchphrase, and story. Negative spin, the process of attaching a negative connotation to an issue, person, etc., was seen to be heavily used by pro-Duterte social media influencers. On the other hand, story, the process of presenting content in a narrative, emotional, and appealing manner, was seen to be employed more by anti-Duterte social media influencers. The catchphrase, lastly, was equally employed by both sides in framing their content. The aforementioned techniques, moreover, were seen to have been used to frame issues that are closely attached to government affairs, including the Dengvaxia controversy, New People’s Army (NPA), extrajudicial killings (EJKs), fake news, and the war on drugs.

In the American political process, news discourse concerning public policy issues is carefully constructed. This occurs in part because both politicians and interest groups take an increasingly proactive approach to amplify their views of what an issue is about. However, news media also play an active role in framing public policy issues. Thus, in this article, news discourse is conceived as a sociocognitive process involving all three players: sources, journalists, and audience members operating in the universe of shared culture and on the basis of socially defined roles. Framing analysis is presented as a constructivist approach to examine news discourse with the primary focus on conceptualizing news texts into empirically operationaliza-ble dimensions—syntactical, script, thematic, and rhetorical structures—so that evidence of the news media's framing of issues in news texts may be gathered. This is considered an initial step toward analyzing the news discourse process as a whole. Finally, an extended empirical example is provided to illustrate the applications of this conceptual framework of news texts.

The genre of sports is immensely popular culturally in both national and international settings and often times boosts the morale of relatively large communities mired in tragedy and strife.  Consumption of sports media in U.S. culture has grown significantly by almost every conceivable measure, with trends showing that the demand for it continues to grow.  Applying the theories of gatekeeping, framing, and agenda setting, this study explores the role of sports journalism in the traditional media landscape, reinforcing its notion as a DVR proof format with increasing financial profitability within the traditional journalism business model.  An in-depth look reveals the ethical quandaries of sports journalism, as members of sports media are often forced to compromise their journalistic integrity due primarily to a lack of leverage with the entities they’re assigned to cover.  This study shows that sports journalism typically receives denigration from the traditional news media field despite playing an integral part in serving as the gatekeeper of significant news events of cultural and social significance.  A comparative contextual analysis is implemented using the analytical-descriptive methodology to research the sports media’s coverage of two historical events of vast cultural significance: Jackie Robinson breaking MLB’s color barrier, and Jason Collins and Michael Sam becoming the first publicly outed gay athletes in the NBA and NFL, with subtle bias, a clear agenda, and unethical journalistic practices found in their media coverage.

Bangero, Hyacinth B. Exposure to Political Issues and Electoral Success among 
Former Media Men in Iloilo: A Case Study. Unpublished Bachelor in
Broadcasting Undergraduate Thesis, West Visayas State University, Iloilo City,
March 2014.


Abstract


This case study highlighted the exposure to political issues and electoral success among former media men in Iloilo. The informants of the study were five purposively selected media men turned politicians. A descriptive type of research specifically, a case study was the method used by the researcher. The data were  gathered through a digitally recorded in-depth voice interview by the researcher with the informants which was guided by an interview schedule. Qualitative means were used by the researcher in analyzing the data. Results showed that: (1) The extent of exposure to political issues varied as to the positions, programs, and issues faced; (2) The exposure to political issues taught the informants to be vigilant as legislators; (3)People’s endorsement motivated the informants to secure an elective post in the government; (4) The exposure to political issues challenged the informants to enter the political world; (5) The informants have various measurements of political success; (6) Name recall was one aspect considered by the informants which became contributory to the success in politics; and (7) Other factors identified to be contributory were dominance of family name, leadership background and others.

This critical review of three decades of studies of frames and framing in Social Movement research first offers a brief history of the notion of ‘frame’ in various disciplines, and then discusses empirical studies of frame alignment, frame disputes, frame resonance and master frames, among other notions. It is found that the very notion of discursive of cognitive frames remains very vague in these studies, and what are actually studied are for instance, beliefs, attitudes, goals, ideologies or values, especially how they are expressed in discourse. Also a study of the relations between frames and culture, identity and discourse shows that the notions of frames and framing are theoretically and methodologically inadequate and of very little, if any, use in empirical studies. It is recommended the cultural paradigm of SM research should rather engage in more explicit and systematic studies of more specific aspects of discourse and cognition, and drop the notion of frame altogether. 

Keywords: frame, framing, social movements, discourse, discourse analysis, cognition, social movements.

RESUMEN La investigación sobre el contenido de los medios de comunicación ha recibido desde la década de los noventa un decidido impulso por parte de una serie de escuelas teóricas como el segundo nivel de la teoría de la configuración de agenda, las teorías sobre el encuadre noticioso o el análisis de los acontecimientos clave. Las fronteras que separan estos campos de investigación son difusas y provocan un constante solapamiento en sus objetos de estudio, metodologías y conclusiones. La necesidad de definir las ...

RESUMEN La investigación sobre el contenido de los medios de comunicación ha recibido desde la década de los noventa un decidido impulso por parte de una serie de escuelas teóricas como el segundo nivel de la teoría de la configuración de agenda, las teorías sobre el encuadre noticioso o el análisis de los acontecimientos clave. Las fronteras que separan estos campos de investigación son difusas y provocan un constante solapamiento en sus objetos de estudio, metodologías y conclusiones.

This (unfinished) book aims to engage directly the issue of subjectivity, particularly as developed by Lacan in his revival of key Freudian ideas. The idea is to see subjectivity through the media of space and time. This involves an experiment to identify perspectival space as the “primary place” of subjectivity; and to consider how perspectivalism’s gaps and breakdowns might correspond to the gaps and breakdowns famously attributed to subjectivity’s “rational exterior.” For the benefit of non-Lacanian readers, it’s necessary to say that subjectivity is not a formal entity but, rather, an “ongoing project” that imposes severe and even impossible demands on the humans it would enlist (failure is built–in). Everyone who wants to participate in networks of symbolic relationships must join. “Discourse” is subjectivity’s sustaining communicative protocol. In contrast to the majority of communications models, however, Lacanian discourse emphasizes how our attempts to communicate end in failure — not just failure in general but specific kinds of failure, each with distinctive significant externalities. So, in comparing subjectivity to perspectivalism, the aim is to find where, in our predominantly “projective” perspectival notions of space and time, analogous breakdowns occur; and, when and where they occur, what they have to say about subjectivity’s limits, alternatives, and positive side–effects.

Mediated public diplomacy literature examines the engagement of foreign audiences by governments via mediated channels. To date, scholars have examined the competitive contest between global rivals in promoting and contesting one another's frames as reflected in global news media coverage. Recognizing the meaningful impact of social media platforms, along with the global rise of government-sponsored media organizations, the current study builds on previous mediated public diplomacy scholarship by expanding the scope of the literature beyond the earned media perspective to also include paid, shared, and owned media. The article presents a revised definition of the term mediated public diplomacy along with a case study of government to foreign stakeholder engagement via the social media platform, Twitter.

On May 13, 2013, millions of Filipinos went to their designated polling centers to vote in the Philippines‘ second automated elections. Major local news media scrambled to provide their own special coverage of the historic event. Whereas public opinion on the candidates would reflect on the votes that the Filipino electorate cast, it is also believed that news presentation on election day itself would shape public opinion on the conduct and outcome of the elections. This theory of media influencing what and how people think about issues is what communication scholars and social scientists now call framing. De Vreese (2005) noted that most previous studies of framing have focused on either content (e.g. frames in the news) or framing effects. This article however, will only focus on the content—what types of frames are being used in the election coverage of the Philippines‘ two major primetime newscasts: ABS-CBN‘s TV Patrol and GMA‘s 24 Oras (24 Hours).

Disclaimer: The author is a talent (contractual employee) of GMA Network, one of the two TV networks analyzed in this paper. The views of the author in this paper are his personal observations and do not reflect the views of GMA Network.

Even though the independence referendum held in 2017 in Catalonia was unsuccessful, the large role of the media together with easy, fast international broadcasting and the fear of a possible mimic effect in other regions made the entire world observe and discuss the event. The purpose of this article is to analyse the media coverage of the referendum in two benchmark British newspapers, The Guardian and The Telegraph. Based on hypotheses that the news coverage regarding the Catalonian referendum might be prone to the dissemination of information according to the editorial position of the newspapers, this research has analysed 188 news pieces by using framing analysis. The first hypothesis, that both newspapers adapted their versions of the story to readers according to the predisposition of the
different editorial trends of each newspaper, was not confirmed. The results allow us to conclude that in the news of the benchmark British press regarding the illegal referendum in Catalonia, fair journalistic coverage prevailed.

Bu araştırma iklim hareketi ve termik santral karşıtı hareketin nasıl haberleştirildiğini karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, iklim eylemsizliğine ve çevresel adaletsizliklere neden olan kişi, kurum ve politik sistemi eleştiren hareketlerin medyada nasıl temsil edildiğini incelemektir. Araştırmanın literatür bölümünde genel olarak ekolojik problemlerin özel olarak ise iklim krizinin neoliberalizmin egemenliğinde konsensüse dayalı bir söylemsel çerçevede tartışıldığı ve bunun kamusal tartışmalarda depolitize edici bir etkiye sahip olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Bu araştırma da çevresel adalet ve iklim adaleti söylemlerinin ve bu talepte bulunan aktörlerin iklim sorununu siyasallaştırma mücadelelerinde medyanın ekonomi politik sınırlarını aşamadığını ileri sürmektedir. Bu iddianın ampirik olarak test edilmesi amacıyla çerçeveleme kuramı yöntem olarak seçilmiştir. Bu kapsamda araştırmada Bianet, BirGün, Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Sabah ve Yeni Şafak gazeteleri araştırmanın örneklemine dahil edilmiş, 2018-2020 yılları boyunca yayımlanan toplamda 682 haber nicel ve nitel haber analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre haber medyası sosyal bir problem olan iklim krizinin depolitizasyonunu iklim eylemsizliğine tepki gösteren iklim aktivistlerinin adalet taleplerini ve suçlamalarını merkeze almayan haber çerçeveleriyle üretmekte ve sürdürmektedir. Bununla birlikte yurt dışında gerçekleşen eylemlerin sayısının Türkiye'deki iklim eylemlerine kıyasla daha fazla olması iklim hareketi aracılığıyla Türkiye'nin iklim eylemsizliği hakkında politik söylem üretme şansının kaçırılmasına neden olmuştur. Termik santral karşıtı hareketi konu alan haberlerde ise alternatif ve bağımsız medyada yereldeki çevresel adaletsizlikler gündeme getirilmesine karşın bu hareketlerin medya temsili aracılığıyla iklim krizi arasında zayıf bir bağ kurulmuş, bu durum termik santrallerin küresel çapta yol açtığı iklim adaletsizliğinin görmezden gelinmesi sonucunu doğurmuştur. Ayrıca termik santral karşıtı hareketin kolektif eylem çerçeveleri aracılığıyla termik santrallerin yol açtığı risklere ve problemlere yapılan vurgu neoliberalizmin fosil yakıt hegemonyasını sarsma yolunda önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Buna karşı bu problemler, kapitalist sistemin azami kar elde etmek için sürekli olarak büyümeyi hedeflemesi ve bunun gerçekleşmesi için fosil yakıt endüstrisinin oynadığı rol arasında bir bağlantının kurulmamış olması, medyanın kapitalizmi tartışmalarından uzaklaştırarak statükoyu sürdürmesine neden olmuştur.
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This research comparatively analyzes the news media portrayal of the climate movement and the anti-thermal power plant movement. The principal purpose of this study is to examine the representation of social movements that challenge the institutions and political systems given their responsibility in climate inaction and environmental injustices. It was claimed that ecological problems in general and the climate crisis, in particular, are discussed within the framework of a consensus-based discourse shaped by neoliberalism and that this framework has a depoliticizing effect on public debates. Based on this claim, this master's thesis asserts that the calls for environmental and climate justice and the actors' demand on this issue cannot cross the political economy constraints of the media in their attempt to politicize the climate crisis. Framing analysis has been utilized as a research method to test this hypothesis empirically. Based on this claim, Bianet, the daily BirGün, Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Sabah, and Yeni Şafak were included in the research sample, and the total 682 news articles published between 2018-2020 were examined by applying qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Research results indicate that the depoliticization of climate crisis as a social problem was manufactured and sustained by news frames that did not focus on the demands and accusations of activists who react to the climate inaction. Moreover, provided that the number of actions taking place abroad is higher than the climate actions in Turkey, this situation resulted in a missed opportunity to disseminate the claims on Turkey's climate inaction through the climate movement. In a similar vein, the representation of the anti-thermal power plant movement in the alternative and independent media foregrounds the local injustices caused by the thermal power plants. On the other hand, there is a lack of connection between thermal power plants and their effects on the climate crisis in the media, and this misframing disguises the role of these plants in the materialization of transnational climate injustices. Besides, the focus of the collective action frames of anti-thermal power plants movement on the risk and problems resulting from these plants provide genuine opportunities to shake the fossil fuel hegemony of neoliberalism. However, the connection has not been established between these problems, the capitalist systems' intrinsic tendency for ongoing growth to achieve maximum profit, and the importance of the fossil fuels industry to realize it. Therefore, news media maintained the status quo by removing the capitalist system on the issue.

Este escrito busca analizar el discurso Keynote Speech 2004 ofrecido por Barack Obama en la Convención Democrática del 2004.  Se analiza siguiendo las teorías de Jeffrey Fieldman en su libro Framing the Debate y Johnathan Charteris Black en su libro Politicians and Rethoric.  Se ofrecen fragmentos de este discurso y se hace un pequeña autobiografía de Barack Obama siguiendo su libro Dreams from my Father.

When we were children learning the names of animals, farm utensils and food products from picture books,
talking about farming animals and related food products appeared simple. However, the intricate realities
of modern-day farming practices differ momentously from this primary reference - the picture books. The
topic brings about polarized responses, both rationally and emotionally, reflecting very diverse outlooks
on the world. This dissertation reports on a research, set in the Netherlands and Turkey, that was designed
to improve our understanding of the everyday-life construction of the acceptability -or non-acceptability- of
keeping and killing animals for food, or in other words: to disentangle the domestic contract.

Tras la entrada en vigor de la Ley 31/1995 de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales en España, se introdujo en los trabajos la prevención antes que la curación. Esta tesis analiza el impacto en la sociedad, a través de sus diarios principales de prensa escrita por difusión en sus ediciones nacionales (El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia y ABC), desde 1994 hasta el año 2014.

A través del análisis cuantitativo y estadístico se han analizado todas las inserciones periodísticas y su manejo de la Agenda Setting sobre el tema. Posteriormente se realizó un estudio a través de la teoría del Framing o encuadre sobre dos casos concretos y los géneros de opinión. Se pudo comprobar que la legislación no hizo variar significativamente el tratamiento que prima el dolor y la muerte, aunque se aprecian diferencias entre los diarios. A partir de 2007 la atención a la siniestralidad laboral desciende significativamente.

Palabras clave: prevención, siniestralidad, framing, agenda-setting, prensa
keywords: safety, accident, framing, agenda-setting, press