Fraternities and sororities

Caro leitor, Em 1614, há portanto quatrocentos anos, uma misteriosa Fraternidade se deu a conhecer quase simultaneamente na Alemanha, na França e na Inglaterra através da publicação de um Manifesto intitulado “Fama Fraternitatis Rosae Crucis”. Na época, esse texto suscitou muitas reações, sobretudo entre os pensadores, os filósofos e os responsáveis pelas religiões em vigor, particularmente aqueles da igreja católica. De modo geral, aquele Manifesto convocava uma Reforma universal, tanto no âmbito religioso quanto no político, no filosófico, no científico, no econômico etc. Segundo os próprios historiadores, a situação então era muito caótica em vários países da Europa, a ponto de se falar abertamente de “crise europeia”. Lembremos que o “Fama Fraternitatis” foi seguido de dois outros Manifestos: o “Confessio Fraternitatis” e as “Bodas Alquímicas de Christian Rosenkreutz”, publicados respectivamente em 1615 e 1616. Os autores desses três Manifestos invocavam a Fraternidade dos Rosacruzes e pertenciam a um círculo de místicos conhecido pelo nome de “Círculo de Tübingen”. Todos eram apaixonados por hermetismo, alquimia e cabala. Alguns anos mais tarde, em 1623, essa Fraternidade se deu a conhecer ainda mais pela publicação, nas ruas de Paris, de um cartaz enigmático: “Nós, Deputados do Colégio principal da Rosacruz, demoramo-nos visível e invisivelmente nesta cidade pela graça do Altíssimo…”.

The primary objective of this exploratory multiple-case study was to investigate how servant leadership attributes (pioneering, modeling, appreciation of others, empowerment, and vision) have been demonstrated within a college student organization, specifically a historically Black fraternity in Illinois. This study used a case approach, examining alumni of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity college chapters in Illinois. The researcher interviewed 38 college chapter alumni from three distinct eras: those who were initiated at least 10+ years ago, those who were initiated over 20+ years ago, and those who were initiated over 30+ years ago. There were a number of similarities between all three eras. All three eras demonstrated all five functional servant leadership attributes. While there were some constant themes throughout the eras, there were a number of differences that became apparent during the data analysis and aggregation of the respondents’ interviews. Each era had its own most important value as revealed by the frequency of respondents and frequency of citations. With the exception of the modeling attribute, there were several era-specific emerging sub themes.

This study was directed to evaluate the mediating role of self-esteem on the association between fraternity engagement and social behavior of the collegiate and alumni members of a Greek-lettered Filipino organization in 2024-2025. It bridged the gap by describing the perceived level of self-esteem, fraternity engagement, and social behavior of the respondents, tested the difference between the collegiate and alumni members' self-esteem, fraternity engagement, and social behavior, tested if self-esteem and fraternity engagement significantly influence the respondents' social behavior. Researchers used descriptive, comparative, and correlational causal designs. There were 119 respondents selected by simple random sampling surveyed using valid and highly reliable instruments. Researchers used the mean, standard deviation, Mann-Whitney U-test, and multiple linear regression and mediated regression using bootstrap technique. This study revealed very high levels of self-esteem, fraternity engagement, and social behavior among the respondents. Collegiate and alumni members' levels of self-esteem, fraternity engagement, and social behavior were not significantly different. Furthermore, fraternity engagement influenced self-esteem, while self-esteem and fraternity engagement significantly influence the respondents' social behavior. Self-esteem was a significant mediator in the relationship between fraternity engagement and social behavior. This study had intense implications for the organization's national and local leaders and future researchers.

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest kluczowym osobom w postępowaniu honorowym –sekundantom, którzy zwani byli również zastępcami honorowymi. Poprzez dokonanie analizy porównawczej kodeksów honorowych Włdysława Boziewicza Polskiego kodeksu honorowego (1919)oraz Ogólnych zasad postępowania honorowego (1927) dokonana ostanie rekonstrukcja zawartej w nich normatywności w zakresie roli sekundantów. Pozwoli to prześledzić kierunek zmian w refleksji Boziewicza nad istotą przebiegu postępowania honorowego, która zawarta jest w jego kodyfikacjach.  Tym samym ujawni się jeden z punktów jego krytyki społecznej wymierzonej względem praktyki postępowań honorowych. Badanie ujawni jak w refleksji Boziewicza nad postępowaniami honorowymi wzrosła rola autonomicznej refleksjimoralnej zastępców honorowych i wspólnoty etycznej, którą reprezentują, względem woli ich mocodawców.

Religious and civic realism. A comparison between the novel poetics of De Tijdspiegel and De Gids In the second half of the nineteenth century, the monthly magazine De Tijdspiegel (established in 1844) developed a novel poetics that could be described as 'religious realism' to distinguish it from the more liberal 'bourgeois realism'. Like the liberals, De Tijdspiegel attached great importance to the modern novel, but the magazine rejected the liberal separation of the spheres of life (and thus art for art's sake), their view of mankind and the world, and their empiricism. De Tijdspiegel reverted to Jean Paul's humour theory, as it had been introduced in the Netherlands in 1820 by Weiland. This theory of humour determined the form and content of the magazine, as well as their mutual interdependence, which would repeatedly lead to problems of interpretation. According to the Christian humourists' view of mankind, the weak individual, making his way in an imperfect world, could only rise above himself through religion. Only through (Christian) religion the author, who should always be characterised as the (omniscient) narrator in the text, could elevate the world and mankind to a true 'humanity'. The importance of this, often ironic, 'religious realism' should not be underestimated. The religious aspect has perhaps been proven indispensable, but to this day the novel's ability to increase 'sympathy' is regarded as a crucial quality of this genre.

In 1956, Zbigniew Ogonowski published the commented translation of two letters from Andrzej Wiszowaty (1608-1678), philosopher and theologian of the Polish Brethren, to Stanisław Lubieniecki (1623-1675), his coreligionist and promoter of this confession. In his letters, which are known from Lubieniecki's book "Theatri cometici pars prior" (Amstelodami 1668), Wiszowaty presented a rationalist approach to cometary phenomena and criticized the way of conducting scholarly activities on the basis of the past thinkers' authority only. The present article completes that publication and contains the commented translation of Lubieniecki's replies to Wiszowaty's letters. Lubieniecki emphasizes religious aspects, seeking God's and angels' influence on comets. He is also much more dependent on the authority of other scholars whose opinions he knows mainly from compilatory works, chiefly from the "Almagestum novum" (Bononiae 1651-1666) by Giovani Battista Riccioli (1598-1671). Different positions of Wiszowaty and Lubieniecki represent various streams of thought among the Polish Brethren after their expulsion from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

This paper explores the enduring relevance of Freemasonry in the contemporary world, despite challenges such as declining membership and perceived secrecy. Freemasonry's rich historical roots trace back to medieval stonemason guilds, evolving into a global fraternal organization grounded in the principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth. These core values have guided Freemasons not only in personal development but also in substantial philanthropic efforts, impacting education, healthcare, and disaster relief. The analysis highlights Freemasonry’s significant cultural influence, evidenced by its notable members and contributions to democratic principles and the arts. Moreover, the paper discusses contemporary challenges facing the organization, including the need for greater transparency and inclusiveness to attract a diverse and younger membership. It concludes that Freemasonry remains a vital societal force, offering a unique community experience and ethical framework that are increasingly significant in today’s fragmented social landscape. The future relevance of Freemasonry depends on its ability to adapt to modern values while maintaining its foundational principles, positioning it as a dynamic and beneficial institution in the modern era.

The purpose of this study was to provide empirical research on Black Greek sorority membership as a vehicle to positive student outcomes and, specifically, the facilitation of leadership enhancement of its members. Despite over 100 years of service, commitment to academic achievement and community uplifting the impact of historically Black fraternities and sororities, Black Greek letter organizations (BGLOs) remain an understudied research area. Specifically, there exists little empirical research exploring the membership experiences of women belonging to a historically Black sorority. This phenomenological study explored the ways in which a one chapter, Pi Delta Chapter of BGLO Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. assisted its members in enhancing leadership skills during and after college. This study utilized a purposeful sample technique to identify and select 12 women who became members of the sorority through the Pi Delta Chapter at Stony Brook University during their undergraduate...

Recommended Citation McCreary, Gentry; Bray, Nathaniel Ph.D.; and Thoma, Stephen Ph.D. (2016) "Bad Apples or Bad Barrels? Moral Disengagement, Social Influence, and the Perpetuation of Hazing in the College Fraternity," Oracle: The Research Journal of the Association of Fraternity/Sorority Advisors: Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25774/pvbg-9c47 Available at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/oracle/vol11/iss2/3

Монография посвящена старинной династии сельских священников Петуховых, самоотверженно служивших в разных приходах Кемского уезда Архангельской губернии с начала 1880-х годов вплоть до советского времени. Отдельное внимание уделяется жизни, деятельности и мученической кончине протоиерея Алексия
Петухова, настоятеля заонежского Спасо-Кижского прихода в 1934–1937 годах.
Он мужественно боролся за спасение уникальной действующей церкви Преображения Господня на острове Кижи и был расстрелян по ложному обвинению
в окрестностях Петрозаводска.
Историческое повествование основано на малоизвестных и впервые представленных архивных источниках, опубликованных документах, воспоминаниях современников и очевидцев. Книга предназначена для специалистов и всех интересующихся историей православия Карелии.
УДК 281.9

A presente tese tem como objetivo geral discutir em que medida se deu a consolidação da propriedade moderna na Amazônia na transição do século XIX para o século XX. Para tanto, tem-se como objeto de pesquisa o processo de gestão e destinação de terras públicas da Fazenda Pinheiro para particulares, entre os anos de 1870 a 1916, operadas pela Província do Pará e pelo Estado do Pará (pós-1891). [...] Quanto ao delineamento metodológico, trata-se de pesquisa histórico-jurídica, de vertente empírica e com método de abordagem indutivo. Baseando-se em perspectivas teóricas historiográfico-jurídicas críticas quanto ao direito de propriedade, os dados foram coletados a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Como fontes documentais tem-se: legislação imperial e estadual; livros-talonários do acervo fundiário do Instituto de Terras do Pará (ITERPA); falas, relatórios e mensagens da Presidência da Província do Pará e do Governo do Estado do Pará, dirigidos, respectivamente, à Assembleia Legislativa Provincial e ao Congresso Legislativo Estadual; jornais e periódicos de circulação local, contendo expedientes do governo provincial/estadual, além de atas e discussões parlamentares; obras raras de direito civil e de direito administrativo do séc. XIX. Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos de interpretação e análise dos dados coletados, a pesquisa configura-se como quanti-qualitativa, com a construção de banco de dados, transcrições de documentos e análise de conteúdo. [...] Ao final, concluiu-se que: a) os instrumentos jurídicos de gestão e de destinação de terras da antiga Fazenda Pinheiro, especialmente até 1889, só podem ser compreendidos sob a premissa de que a fazenda configurava-se como um “próprio provincial” e que, apesar da égide da Lei de Terras de 1850, o caso possui especificidades próprias não só quanto aos instrumentos provinciais de transferência de direitos de propriedade a particulares, como também ligados a disputas políticas e ao controle do espaço locais; b) perceber a Província do Pará e o Estado do Pará como sujeitos proprietários em relação às terras da Fazenda Pinheiro confirma o que outros estudos em história social da propriedade e história do direito de propriedade abordam: o processo de consolidação da propriedade moderna no Brasil, para além do aspecto estritamente jurídico do vínculo entre pessoas e terras, ignorou a realidade social e local. A leitura cuidadosa dos dados indica que havia, para além da política oficial de transferência de terras pela Província e pelo Estado do Pará, grupos sociais que ocupavam as matas, as olarias e as margens dos rios. A falta de menção explícita e de reconhecimento jurídico às práticas sociais nas terras da antiga Fazenda Pinheiro indica que o processo analisado na presente tese representa (mais) uma experiência de negação das relações de propriedade coletiva dos povos amazônicos.

Online learning began as a subset of distance learning. It was initially, and is still perceived by some students, families, and educators, to be inferior. However, digital communication and technological advances have allowed a more interrelated educational experience to develop between learners and teachers. There is no need to be in the same place at the same time, hence, new online learning models are emerging to compete with or compliment brick and mortar education. Online learning is beginning to challenge the future of traditional brick and mortar models of education. It allows both the learner and the professor to combine their educational commitments with family, work, and other obligations. On the other hand, brick and mortar campuses allow students to monitor communication more efficiently and enhance student opportunities to form worldwide networks through sororities, fraternities, et al. As demand for more convenience and practical benefits of education increase, univer...

In the Fall 2017 issue of The Pentagon [3], Anand Prakash posed some general questions concerning the “Sum of Divisors of Integers.” We will be presenting some results addressing these questions. More specifically, if σ(n) is the sum of divisors function: 1. Can we characterize all pairs (m,n)such that 2(m+ n) = σ(m) + σ(n) and 2. Can it be shown that there are an infinite number of solutions of the form (m, kp) where k is a perfect number and p is a prime number with gcd(k, p) = 1? In his note, Mr. Prakash showed that for certain values ofm and k there are an infinite number of pairs (m, kp) satisfying the equation in (1). Though we were unable to characterize all pairs (m,n), we show that there are infinitely many values of m and k that satisfy the equation in (1).

Après que l'auteur de la Genèse a postulé un déluge universel qui a éliminé toutes les mauvaises personnes du monde, il doit maintenant expliquer comment il se fait que le monde dans lequel vivent tous les lecteurs soit aussi rempli de mal et de violence comme il le fût avant le déluge. Alors que le mal est entré dans le monde pour la première fois par Caïn qui a tué son frère – et personne n'imagine qu'il était un saint – cette fois-ci, le mal est entré dans le monde par Noé qui avait réussi à être un saint pendant pas moins de 600 ans. Cette fois, le mal est entré dans le monde sous une forme tout à fait bénigne : Noé s'enivre, s'expose nu, l'un de ses fils le voit accidentellement nu et avertit ses autres frères de l'état de leur père qui l'a couvert, et après que Noé a repris conscience, il commence à lancer des bénédictions et des malédictions à droite et à gauche par lesquelles il transforme son petit-fils Canaan en un esclave qui n'était même pas conscient de ce qui s'était passé. Puisque l'esclavage doit être imposé par la force, et donc par la violence, Canaan et ses descendants ont également recouru à la force et à la violence pour défendre leur liberté et sont devenus les grands héros du monde antique qui ont construit les empires qui ont dominé cette partie du monde, y compris la Palestine. Nous sommes maintenant de nouveau au carré avec un monde rempli de Nephilim et de violence, cette fois, non pas pour venger des meurtres, mais pour créer des sociétés prétendument idéales fondées sur le pouvoir avec une hiérarchie en forme de pyramide avec les bonnes personnes au pouvoir. C'est ce que Noé a établi : une pyramide avec son fils Sem ou « nom » au sommet et l'autre fils comme ses subordonnés, avec Cham et Canaan comme esclaves. Le but de l’ensemble de la structure sociale n’était pas de faciliter la coopération entre tous les citoyens, mais plutôt de contrôler ou de « maintenir » tous les peuples ensemble. Les figures géométriques telles que les pyramides, les obélisques et les triangles sont des symboles universels des structures de pouvoir qui véhiculent stabilité, sécurité et permanence. Contrairement aux interprétations traditionnelles, l’histoire de la tour de Babel ne concerne pas la construction de gratte-ciel, mais la construction de sociétés établies sur une pyramide de pouvoir qui contrôle tous les membres de la société, voire éventuellement le monde entier. Bien que cela ait été le rêve de tous les grands conquérants, de telles entreprises ont toujours échoué, comme l’histoire de la tour de Babel se termine par un échec. La raison pour laquelle toutes les hiérarchies qui utilisent le pouvoir et non la rationalité finissent par s’effondrer parce qu’elles sont basées sur le secret et la tromperie. Bien que la démocratie présuppose la capacité de tous les individus à évaluer les performances des dirigeants qu’ils élisent, le secret et la tromperie, non seulement rendent cela impossible, mais permettent également aux plus corrompus d’accéder au sommet. C’est la raison pour laquelle tous les empires et toutes les civilisations ont fini en ruines, et l’histoire de la tour de Babel affirme que non seulement Dieu n’a jamais approuvé de telles entreprises, mais que leur effondrement est en réalité le verdict de Dieu.

Black Greek-Letter Organization (BGLO) scholarship presents a long-standing involvement of fraternity and sorority engagement in civil rights, philanthropy and community service. Although scholars have praised Black Greek-Letter Organizations for their commitment to community empowerment, literacy advancement, Black women’s involvement in politics, and racial uplift, some scholarship suggests a critical examination of BGLOs is required. Arguing that BGLOs tend to focus on traditional forms of advocacy, there is a risk of becoming irrelevant in the contemporary landscape of social justice movements and African-American social and political organizations. In this Article, we examine the historical organizational efforts by one BGLO, Delta Sigma Theta, to influence local communities and national policy for social justice. Delta Sigma Theta boasts one of the largest memberships among BGLO sororities. The organization has a long, storied history of civic engagement and political activism...