Fumigation Studies

Cleanrooms, laboratory areas, isolators and biosafety workspaces (microbiological safety cabinets) require a level of cleanliness and microbial control (achieved through disinfection) according to the intended use of the area. This paper assesses the current technologies and process steps required for the effective biodecontamination of cleanrooms and containment laboratories.

Ethanol offers significant potential to reduce particle emissions in diesel engines; because ethanol has a lower carbon content than diesel fuel and is oxygenated. Active in the world, working in the field of about 30 million, has about 2 million tractors in Turkey. In order to reduce the harmful emissions emitted by these tractors, the emulsions were sprayed directly into the cylinder with their own injector system without any change in the fuel system of the engine used in the experiments. In addition, after the experiments using the emulsion method, the fuel system of the engine was changed and a second series of experiments were made for fumigation method by spraying ethanol into the intake manifold with a gasoline injector. Fuel injector RICS-based software developed by our injector has been checked. Arduino card was used to develop electronic control unit (ECU). In this study, the fuels tested are mixtures of diesel fuel (E0), 5% (v / v) ethanol / diesel fuel (E5) and 10% (v / v) ethanol / diesel fuel (E10). In order to investigate the preparation and usability of the mixture fuels to be used in the experiments using emulsion method, the effect of the temperature between 300C and 500C on the solubility of ethanol and diesel and on the emulsions was investigated. Also, the mixture fuels were examined at 7 degrees temperature and their behaviors were observed. In the fumigation method, fuels were injected with 5% (EP5) and 10% (EP10) ethanol to the intake manifold with the injector placed in the specially designed apparatus. In the all experiments, Cylinder pressure, Motor tourque, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, cooling water temperature, fuel temperatures, and finally exhaust emissions were measured. In the second stage of the thesis, the experimental engine model was created with the AVL BOOST 16v program which is a one-dimensional thermodynamic motor simulation program. This simulation engine is calibrated to verify the in-cylinder pressure diagram obtained at the test operating points using the test data of the test engine. With the simulation program, E0, E5, E10, EP10 fuels are modeled separately for  the engine speeds. Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions were observed to decrease at high speeds. In particular, experiments with fumigation using electronically controlled fuel injection have resulted in improvements in HC and work emissions. In the experiments, it was observed that carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrous oxide (NOX) emissions decreased at high speeds by the emulsion method.
In the studies carried out with the simulation model, the engine power data obtained with the test engine for each fuel was obtained with the model and the changes in the NOx and soot emissions were evaluated. With only post-injection sprayed with ethanol, there was an average reduction of 95.5% in the soot emission. With two post ejections made with E10 fuel, the emission of smoke decreased 60.5% and 60.3% respectively, while NOx emission increased.

The phasing out of methyl bromide as a fumigant has prompted a search for possible alternatives. Here,
the relative efficacy of soil solarization and fumigation with chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene
(CPþ1,3-D) was evaluated in greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Experiments were conducted over two
seasons in southern Italy, aimed at evaluating the effects of soil treatment on soil-borne pest control, and
the vegetative growth and fruit production of tomato. Solarization provided a better level of control over
the major fungal pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and f. sp. radicis lycopersici, as well as
Pyrenochaeta lycopersici) than CPþ1,3-D fumigation. Solarization was also more effective in reducing the
population of Meloidogyne spp. in the soil, and was particularly valuable for the suppression of the
parasitic plant branched broomrape Phelipanche ramosa (syn. Orobanche ramosa). In both seasons,
solarization was more beneficial than CPþ1,3-D fumigation in terms of plant growth and crop productivity.
In conclusion, solarization provided a good level of control over some important tomato pests and
weeds, while at the same time improving the productivity in an environmentally friendly manner. It
should therefore represent a viable alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for the greenhouse
production of tomato.

To Assess  the suitability ( Safety and  Quality )  of  imported Calcium Chloride grade  Chemical and impurity contents and  to insure its non-reactivity  levels  for usage to Riken FI-21  Interferometric Optical  gas  Detection Applications .

A new humidification system is innovated to control the relative humidity (RH) rates in dynamic fumigation systems. The system is tested for efficacy in application to carbon dioxide as a fumigant with which other humidification systems are difficult to be used. RH control using a humidifier connected to an innovated piping unit, and RH monitor using data loggers are tested. The system proved safe and effective in application. It is easy to assemble and provides accurate follow-up and complete control of RH.

For over two decades the US has funded repressive forced coca eradication in Peru, Colombia and Bolivia to reduce the illegal cocaine trade. These policies have never met their stated goals and have generated violence and poverty. In 2006 Bolivia definitively broke with the US anti-narcotics model, replacing the militarized eradication of coca crops with a community-based coca control strategy. The program substantially reduced the coca crop while providing subsistence and citizenship for farmers and respecting human rights. This article outlines the elements of the Bolivian initiative that ensure its functioning and considers to what extent they can be translated to other contexts. More broadly this paper draws attention to the fundamental inability of supply side control initiatives to slow the illegal drug trade, which is driven by continuing demand and exorbitant profits.

The use of modified inert atmosphere (MIA) fumigation as an alternative to conventional chemical and physical pest control techniques has proven effectiveness in eradicating insect pests in museum collections. Nowadays MIA are conducted in rigid chambers whose fixed size limits their use whenever small, few or very large objects are to be treated. Therefore, the growing need for utilizing custom-size flexible systems seems to be everlasting. Conducting flexible systems is associated with some operational problems; as the difficulty of choosing the proper inert fumigant and maintaining its desired concentration over the treatment period, to regulate relative humidity to the range suitable for the materials of the artifacts to be treated, and to detect live insect individuals to a high level of accuracy. Incompetence in dealing with these problems, MIA treatment may fail, and artifacts may be jeopardized. Researches conducted to propose solutions to some of these problems still have their limitations.
This study focuses on the operational problems of MIAs and their solutions, highlighting the innovative approaches that overcome the limitations of conventional trials. It aims at providing comprehensive knowledge of the technology and technical aspects of carrying out MIA treatments, to guide implementing a proper MIA treatment to disinfest a polychrome wooden coffin at the Grand Egyptian Museum, Egypt. The thesis is divided into five chapters: Chapter 1: The Use of Modified Inert Atmosphere in Eradicating Insect Pests in Cultural Objects: Introductory Background; Chapter 2: Modified Inert Atmosphere Fumigation: Operational Problems; Chapter 3: Documentation and Examination of the Polychrome Ancient Egyptian Wooden Coffin under Study; Chapter 4: Determining the Modified Inert Atmospheric Parameters for Treatment of a Polychrome Wood: Experimental Study; and Chapter 5: Modified Inert Atmosphere Fumigation and Conservation Treatments of an Ancient Egyptian Polychrome Wooden Coffin: Applied Study

Dezynsekcja drewna, zwalczanie szkodników spożywczych, czy fumigacja obiektów o charakterze zabytkowym nastręczają wiele problemów. Zgodnie z obecnymi wymogami ekologii, metody służące do pozbywania się szkodników muszą spełniać wysokie standardy i jednocześnie być jak najbardziej przyjazne dla środowiska.

Fumigacja całych budynków, jako sposób pozbycia się owadów technicznych szkodników drewna ma długą historię, już na początku wieku XX przeprowadzano udane zabiegi dezynsekcji za pomocą toksycznych gazów. Najstarszą z metod było spalanie siarki w żaroodpornych naczyniach w celu pozyskania jej ditlenku. W 1936 r. opracowano metodę Delicia, gdzie inny toksyczny gaz - fosforowodór uzyskuje się z pastylek - fosforku glinowego, wykładanego w aluminiowych pojemnikach. Związek ten wchodzi w reakcję z parą wodna zawartą w powietrzu, emitując fosforowodór, przykładem mogą być tu preparaty typu Delicia GASTOXIN. Stosowanie gazów toksycznych do fumigacji obiektów drewnianej architektury, ma miejsce do dziś, ale zmniejsza się listą dopuszczonych do użytku gazów, poczynając od wprowadzenia zakazu użytkowania bromku metylu w 2002 roku zgodnie z Kartą Montrealską. Zalety fumigacji sprawiły jednak, że zaczęto szukać innej bardziej ekologicznej alternatywy dla gazów toksycznych. Tutaj duże znaczenie zyskał ditlenek węgla, CO2, gaz duszący wykorzystywany na szerszą skale do dezynfekcji budynków.

Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis was employed for characterisation of chloroform fumigation-extractable soil organic matter, commonly used for soil microbial biomass estimation. This allowed, for the first time, to discriminate between humic-like (i.e. noncellular) and microbial protein-like, fumigation-extractable components, challenging the presumption that only microbial constituents contribute to the fumigation flush of C serving as a proxy measure for soil microbial C. A Vertisol was assayed under increasing K 2 SO 4 extractant molarity (0-0.5 M), which allowed increasing organic matter extractability levels and the association of these increases with relative contributions from microbial versus humic sources. Expectedly, protein-like fluorescence was found negligible in the nonfumigated soil extracts while comprising the bulk of fluorescence of the material becoming K 2 SO 4-extractable due to fumigation. Nevertheless, fumigation also led to an increase in extractable concentrations of humic-like components, showing that not only microbial constituents were fumigation-extractable. Humic-like fluorescence in the fumigation flush generally increased with decreasing K 2 SO 4 molarity, being minimal at 0.25 M K 2 SO 4. Considering also the preference for maximal flush of extractable soil organic matter, indicative of maximal fumigation efficiency, the use of 0.25 M K 2 SO 4 seems preferable for extraction of microbial biomass with minimal interference from humic substances, for the investigated Vertisol. The presented working framework for assessment and alleviation of interference from humic substances in microbial biomass estimation is recommended to be applied specifically to any soil type before routine monitoring.

This work investigates the influence of fumigation fuel on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine using different fumigation ratios (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 %) with diesel fuel. Test was carried out on a single cylinder diesel engine using ethanol as a fumigation fuel. In this work, computer control injection using LabVIEW software is attempted for ethanol fumigation and common rail is used to inject at same pressure always. Ethanol at different rates is used as fumigation fuels. The mathematical experiments were designed using a statistical tool known as design of experiments based on response surface methodology. The resultant models of the response surface methodology were helpful to predict the response parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and smoke. Optimization of the input and response parameters is also done using desirability approach. Finally a software tool is developed using LabVIEW software for predicting engine parameters when the engine input parameters are given.

Powszechnie stosowanym, skutecznym sposobem zwalczania szkodników w przemyśle spożywczym oraz owadów uszkadzających  drewno jest gazowanie. Jednak lista toksycznych gazów stosownych do tej pory do celów fumigacji uległa znacznej redukcji, wycofano bromek metylu, prowadzi się również przygotowania do zakazania stosowania tlenku etylenu. Gaz ten ma właściwości rakotwórcze. Zgodnie z rozporządzeniem (WE) nr 2037/2000 Parlamentu Europejskiego od dnia 31.12.2005 wszedł zakaz produkcji i użytkowania bromku metylu poza zastosowaniami krytycznymi. W Niemczech zakaz ten wszedł już w 2002 r. Przed przemysłem staje, wiec nowy cel znalezienie nowych alternatywnych rozwiązań. Jedną z takich prób jest stosowanie gazów obojętnych azotu i argonu, czyli tak zwana modyfikowana atmosfera (MA) lub kontrolowana atmosfera (CA) o niskiej zawartości tlenu. Metody te cieszą się zainteresowaniem badaczy już od lat 70 ubiegłego wieku. Argon okazał się być zbyt drogi w eksploatacji w praktycznym zastosowaniu bazuje się, więc głownie na azocie. Gaz może być pozyskiwany w czasie zabiegu na różne sposoby wypuszcza się sprężony gaz z butli, pozyskuje z powietrza atmosferycznego za pomocą generatorów, istnieją metody pozyskiwania azotu z jego ciekłej postaci oraz według najnowszych trendów atmosferę azotową uzyskuje się poprzez usunięcie tlenu z komory. Jednak ze względu na długotrwały czas zabiegu poszukuje się metod przyspieszających i zwiększający skuteczność gazów obojętnych, przy dodatkowo ważnym również zmniejszeniu kosztów samego zabiegu. Stosowanie, bowiem niektórych metod np. przepływowych, powoduje duże straty gazu, co przy wykorzystaniu do zabiegu gazu sprężonego z butli podnosi koszty zabiegu. Jedne metody dążą do znacznego skrócenia czasu ekspozycji przez wprowadzenie dodatkowych czynników negatywnie wpływających na owady np. podniesienie temperatury, wprowadzenie mieszanin różnych gazów, czy poprzez maksymalne zmniejszenie obecności tlenu w czasie zabiegu.