GIS Mapping

http://www.isko.org/cyclo/soil
This article attempts to analyze the causes of soil classification problems and propose a way to solve them based on contemporary theories of classification and the General systems theory (open system) approach. It discusses the purposes and the current state of soil classification, as well as the following unresolved issues: what definition of soils should be the basis for a universal soil classification system, should soil classification systems be genetic or morphological, how to make them evolutionary and others. The article also discusses the common features of officially recognized national and international and some underdeveloped soil classification systems, as well as the features in which they differ from each other. It is shown that the shortcomings of soil classification systems are largely related to neglecting the essential character of soils, namely, its dual systemic nature to be not only a independent natural body (that is, a system), but also the result of interaction and interrelation of soil-forming factors (that is, an element of the system), ignoring the rules for logical division of concepts and replacing the differentiating criteria with diagnostic ones. In conclusion, the theoretical basis and advantages of the Soil-Landscape Classification System being developed by the author are outlined.

Dhaka is one of the most populated cities in the world and the largest city in Bangladesh. It is the capital of Bangladesh, where (DCC) is the self-governing corporation and organization having responsibility of managing many functions of Dhaka City. The City corporation area is divided into several wards. Each ward has an elected ward commissioner. From 1990 it functioned as Dhaka City Corporation, but in 2011 the Corporation was divided into two different city corporations named Dhaka North and Dhaka South City Corporation. The administrative demarcation and renumbering of wards into new wards under two city corporations has given rise to a complexity about ward numbers.
Dhaka municipality was established in 1863, it was renamed as Dhaka City Corporation in 1990. Dhaka City Corporation has grown to a large metropolis with a population now nearing over one crore or more (approximately 12 million). Till November 2011 the DCC  had 10 zones and 90 wards as small administrative units. The most discussed issue of row is the split of Dhaka City Corporation by the Local Government  as Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) and Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC).

In a globalizing world where development hinges on access to modern energy services, many regard renewables as catalysts for regional economic advancement. Yet, various parts of Africa lack access to modern energy services along with relevant spatial information tools to support decision making. It is also the only place in the globe where a major portion of the inhabitants stay without adequate electricity. Tracking renewable trends spatially remains the ideal way to improve access to energy services sustainably and efficiently as opposed to the other options. The matter is compounded by many limiting factors to energy security in West Africa such as poor system reliability, inadequate infrastructure and fuel import dependence. Seeing the positive linkage between energy access and growth, increasing access to renewable services through electricity and other services serves a vital purpose for the West African region. While identifying current developments in West Africa's renewable energy sector remains essential in understanding its potential, attaining it requires improvements to current approaches to energy management through new knowledge and spatial analysis of energy undertakings using GIS. In that light, the projected development of renewable energy in the region cannot be attained without complete and reliable information calibrated in a GIS environment. Accordingly, this paper focuses on regional assessment of energy in West Africa with emphasis on the issues, trends, factors, impacts and efforts. Using a mix scale method of descriptive statistics and GIS, the results show that the region has untapped renewable energy potentials spread across many nations. This is followed by changes in a set of renewable energy categories that are germane to regional development due to socioeconomic factors. GIS mapping of the trends also reveals gradual dispersal of energy security predictors clustered around many localities. For future lines of action, the paper suggests the need for effective policy, continual use of GIS and the design of a regional energy information system for West Africa.

The technical study objective is to apply segmentation techniques for clustering image into thematic areas. The data used in this research included Landsat TM and ETM+ multi-band imagery covering chosen research area. The image processing was performed using supervised classification in GIS software. The technical aim of the research is image classification which consists in automatic assignation of all pixels on an image into land cover classes that are typical for this study area. The logical algorithmic approach of clustering segmentation was applied to identify clusters for thematic mapping of land cover types in the selected study area. While using data for spatial modelling and mapping, specific study objectives should always be evaluated, hence the model may have certain limitations and dependancies on the scale and resolution.

In this study, land use capabilities, land types and other soil properties of Kırşehir province were classified and analyzed. In the study, 1/25.000 scale digital soil maps obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Turkey) were used. Numerical data were classified using Arc GIS 10.3.1 software, which is one of the GIS software. As a result of the research; In general, It was observed that IV. class lands were formed in the Kirsehir province IV.class lands were found to be 1658.3 km 2 and it was determined that they cover 25% of the total area. It is seen that soil insufficiency is high in Kırşehir province due to slope and erosion damage. Soil insufficiency due to slope and erosion damage was found to be 3520.7 km 2 and it was determined that 54% of the total area was exposed to this effect. It has been observed that the land type is generally composed of steppe, bare rocks and rubble. It was determined that the area formed by bare, rocks and debris is 1128.5 km 2. It has been determined that the stony soil areas are 1094.2 km 2. As a result of the study, classified map outputs related to land uses and some soil properties were obtained. It will be inevitable that this research will provide important database bases for other studies to be carried out in this region in the future.

The project ‘Stone Monuments and Stone Quarrying in the Carnuntum – Vindobona Area’ aims to acquire knowledge about Roman economic and settlement history, art, quarrying and infrastructure. The examination of about 250 Roman stone objects from the Vindobona part of the project suggests that four of the defined quarrying regions were significant for the stone supply to ancient Vienna. Based on historical maps and airborne laser scans potential quarrying areas around the legionary fortress of Vindobona were selected and rock samples analysed. In evaluating the results certain conclusions can be made: following the establishment of Roman military units building material was quarried at the foothills of the Alpine region from nearshore Miocene sedimentary rocks along the Vienna Basin, including the Vindobona vicinity. Red algal limestones from the Leitha Mountains
played an important role as material for sculpted stone monuments. GIS-mapping of archaeological sites between Vindobona and Carnuntum and the analysis of aerial photographs and airborne laser scans should pinpoint potential quarry areas and highlight their necessary infrastructure.

Область исследования сосредоточена на прибрежном городе Тайбэй. Экологические изменения города были обнаружены с помощью геопространственного анализа спутниковых снимков. Площади, занимаемые различными типами ландшафта, были проанализированы. Было обнаружено, что разные части города развиваются с разной скоростью и интенсивностью из-за сложного сочетания антропогенных и природных факторов. Результаты показали урбанизацию, деградацию зеленых ареалов, увеличение площадей застроенных территорийс 1990 года.
The study area is focused on the coastal city of Taipei.
The environmental changes of the city were detected by geospatial analysis of the satellite images. The areas occupied by different landscapes. It was detected that various districts were developing with different rate and intensity due to the complex factors of both human and ecological origin. The results showed urban development, decline of green areas, increase of urban spaces since 1990.

How was the Roman maritime landscape perceived by ancient authors dealing with geographic and navigational matters of the oikoumene ('known world')? How did mariners navigate this space? This paper presents a case-study of the Levantine coast and explores alternative modes of perceiving space beyond the predominant linear approach, through a comparative analysis of selected ancient sources, with a focus on the maritime archaeological evidence and geospatial analysis. The main aim is to show how these ancient authors differ in terms of representing and perceiving the oikoumene, through two key themes: (A) Static, and (B) Movement. The Levant region presents a high degree of variation, both physically and conceptually, and aspects connected to the nature and scale of navigation are examined, in relation to regional maritime conditions, harbours, activities and routes. These themes are further contextualised via analogous cases in other regions of the Mediterranean. Emerging patterns offer insights into which authors actually experienced these voyages or had a sense of seafaring, as well as raising questions relating to the nature of their sources, genres and purpose. Results reflect a varied sense of spatial awareness of the known world amidst ancient authors, suggesting more multi-faceted ways of perceiving space in antiquity, and thus, improving our knowledge of past perceptions of the maritime landscape and the dynamic relationship between people and the sea, from both a mariner's and an armchair geographer's perspective.

The modern life all around the world including Bangladesh requires the service of electricity. But there is a great difference between the demand and supply of electricity in the country. The scarcity of electricity is hindering the development of the country. Although, the production of electricity using natural gas, coal and oil is costly and tough to reach the demand, but the use of solar system can be valuable to produce environmental friendly low cost electricity for all. The broad aim of this research work is to study the feasibility of the use of solar panels in Bangladesh. Both primary and secondary data sources have been used to conduct the study. Primary data includes the collection of information and functionality of the available solar panels in Bangladesh. Secondary sources includes the cloud coverage and sunshine data from the meteorological department of Bangladesh from 2000-2009. GIS technology has been used to show the spatial distribution of the cloud coverage and sunshine in different parts of the country. The research reveals that on an average the country receives about 3-4 hours of cloud cover in a day which is vertically distributed from west to east of the country. On the other hand, the country receives on an average of 5-7 hours of sun shine per day. The research suggests that Solar Panels should be selected on the basis of their capability and the distributional pattern of sunshine in the country.

Статья представляет применение пространственного анализа и ГИС-картографиярования для изучения состояния экосистем Национального парка Шумава в западной Чехии. Методы работы включают в себя программное обеспечение (ПО) Quantum GIS (Квантум ГИС) и данные дистанционного зондирования Земли для геоботанических исследований. Пространственно-временной анализ был применен к растровым спутниковым снимкам на 1991 и 2009 г. Математические алгоритмы встроенных функций ПО QGIS позволили обработать снимки и получить информацию для геоэкологического моделирования и картографирования. Классификация снимков продемонстрировала изменения в ландшафтах, которые состоят в динамике типов растительного-почвенного покрова с 1991 г.

The map reports the annual probability of exceedance maps and the hazard zonation maps (insets) of major river segments of the Benevento Province in southern Italy. The annual probability of exceedance maps are<br>an interpretation of the hazard level across the Calore,<br>Tammaro and Ufita floodplains connected to the<br>occurrence of storm-induced floods of different magnitudes.<br>These maps are simple tools suitable for identifying<br>the hazard level of each human structure located<br>within the floodplains on annual basis and is the first<br>step toward a flood risk evaluation for this area.The zonation maps (insets) show four zones of the floodplain that can be flooded by events of specific return period.<br>

Environmental mapping is a necessary tool for the geoscience research in the university classes of geography, GIS cartography and mapping. However, GIS methods of processing remote sensing data are often being discussed, and the optimal approaches are disputed. This work reports innovative approach of the processing Landsat TM satellite image in ILWIS GIS software using unsupervised and supervised classification methods. The methods of ILWIS GIS are compared and the results described below. The results demonstrate successful application of the innovative approach of technical satellite image processing for the studies of the environment. The presented methods can be used by students of geography.

The emphasis of this article is placed on the technical application of the remote sensing tools and methods for studies of vegetation coverage in northern ecosystems. The study area is located in Yamal peninsula, the Russian Federation. Landsat imagery covering study area in 1988, 2001 and 2011 has been analyzed using ILWIS GIS. The image processing was performed using semi-automated method of image interpretation. The remote sensing data classification from ILWIS menu enabled to map vegetation coverage over research area, which helped to identify land cover types and distribution in Yamal. Results show that Landsat TM imagery with 30 m mesh spacing is useful for landscape mapping and the interpretation of the vegetation cover types.

The seismic vulnerability of a historical Basilica church located in Italy is studied by means of limit analysis and nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis. Attention is posed to the failure mechanisms involving the façade of the church and its interaction with the lateral walls. In particular, the limit analysis and the nonlinear FE analysis provide an estimate of the load collapse multiplier of the failure mechanisms. Results obtained from both approaches are in agreement and can support the selection of possible retrofitting measures to decrease the vulnerability of the church under seismic loads.

Geospatial Informatics and its application to terrain understanding and situational awareness with particular focus on disaster management are addressed in this paper. The opportunities for information systems leveraging geospatial and other data sources are presented. Remote sensing imaging and non-imaging sources of information are explored. Coordination and sharing of in information is explored to improve the ability of multiple organizations to more effectively manage and respond to disasters and infrastructure condition assessment issues. These include 3-D visualization, thermal infrared imagery, high resolution satellite imagery and the use of digital aerial imagery. Several example applications are used including an oil spill in Virginia, water quality assessment in New England, pipeline assessment in Canada and automated bridge damage assessment in California.

Better understanding by mapping picturesque thematic information, and visualizing the actual burden of arthropod vector borne disease vertically and horizontally, using GIS, analytical cartographic and geovisualization methods guide to select an appropriate methods for control and management of the disease. Both, the site specific public health epidemiology and entomological reality information on the grounds could be collected with GPS, and could be mapped under the GIS techniques. Different type of field survey methods and techniques could have been functional for the study of arthropod vectors surveillance, especially, mosquitoes, ticks, and mites vector abundance, and ecology, must have been essentially needed revision and updates for the achievements of goal move towards the betterment of vector borne disease control and management. Probability sampling (random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling), and Nonprobability sampling (convenience sampling, snowball sampling, quota sampling) existing conventional survey methods have been replaced with GIS scientific methods, used for public health epidemiological studies, and arthropod entomological study as well. Applied GIS contains the methods and techniques used for different field survey, such as; a systematic grid sampling techniques, GIS and GPS based reconnaissance survey methods, cluster sampling, stratified sampling, multistage sampling pilot sampling and random sampling survey with i) physiographic landscapes, ii) climate zones, iii) socioeconomic structures, iv) settlement structures, v) land use / land cover categories, and vi) sampling survey in the buffering zones, etc., provides the accurate geo-coordinates site specific approach to portray the diversity and reliability of arthropod vector presents, and geovisualization of the vertical and longitudinal pattern of vector profusion, and thus, researcher and planners could be formed a datum of guidelines for arthropod vectors surveillance, and hence, preparing the indispensable prevention measures to vector borne disease control and management for sustainable health.

The research territory is located in Šumava National Park (further ŠNP), Czech Republic. Since 1990 it has been the protected Biospherical Reserve of UNESCO, and the Natura 2000 protected area. The GIS based mapping was performed as a spatial analysis of the whole area and overlay with Landsat TM image, synthesis of individual components, masking and generalization of the map of ŠNP. This research demonstrated cur- rent distribution of the spruce and mixed forests in the study area, visualized biogeographic areas, e.g. raised bogs, springs, fens, transitional mires and distribution of valuable biotopes within the ŠNP. The results include cartographic and textual data.

The article formulates requirements of international relations geoinformation mapping algorithm. Database elements for international relations GIS-mapping are defined. The requirements for spatial data sources are Identified. The series of static and interactive maps are founded. The flow chart of Ukraine international relations GIS-mapping algorithm is presented.

... Initially the fortresses were constructed as part of the Ottoman defence against Venetian naval invasions into the Dardanelles during the long war over Crete; since that time they have served the Ottoman and later Turkish defence against a variety of enemies who have coveted ...