GVC

Widespread disappointment with compliance auditing in supply chains has led to a search for new governance solutions in global industries. Recent scholarship on labour standards in supply chains emphasises the need for complementarity between public and private forms of governance, and the importance of local contexts in shaping compliance outcomes. This paper, in contrast, argues that the distinction between public and private governance belies the complex interaction of regulatory forms and industry dynamics in global production networks. It develops this argument via an analysis of the International Labour Organisation Better Work programme, which, over the last decade, has metamorphosed from a country-specific monitoring programme into a unique model of hybrid governance that has been implemented in a half dozen countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Drawing from field research conducted on Nicaragua’s Better Work programme, it examines the achievements and limitations of hybrid governance, and proposes that these can best be understood when the global value chain for apparel is seen as a transnational field within which relational struggles between different stakeholders at the global and national levels shape the political contexts within which particular governance solutions are pursued.

By most accounts, forced labour, human trafficking, and modern slavery are thriving in the global economy. Recent media reports — including the discovery of widespread trafficking in Thailand's shrimp industry, forced labour in global tea and cocoa supply chains, and the devastating deaths of workers constructing stadiums for Qatar's World Cup— have brought once hidden exploitation into the mainstream spotlight. As public concern about forced labour has escalated, governments around the world have begun to enact legislation to combat it in global production.

Yet, in spite of soaring media and policy attention, reliable research on the business of forced labour remains difficult to come by. Forced labour is notoriously challenging to investigate, given that it is illegal, and powerful corporations and governments are reluctant to grant academics access to their workers and supply chains. Given the risk associated with researching the business of forced labour, until very recently, few scholars even attempted to collect hard or systematic data. Instead, academics have often had little choice but to rely on poor quality second-hand data, frequently generated by activists and businesses with vested interests in portraying the problem in a certain light. As a result, the evidence base on contemporary forced labour is both dangerously thin and riddled with bias.

Researching Forced Labour in the Global Economy gathers an interdisciplinary group of leading scholars to tackle this problem. It provides the first, comprehensive, scholarly account of forced labour's role in the contemporary global economy and reflections on the methodologies used to generate this research.

در این مقاله به بررسی نحوه تامین مالی شرکت‌ها نوپا پرداخته می‌شود. بدیهی است که بسیاری از شرکت‌های جوان و نوآور که نقش مهمی در توسعه اقتصادی و انتقال تکنولوژی و افزایش ظرفیت جذب دانش دارند،  از کمبود مالی رنج می‌برند. این شرکت‌ها در مراحل مختلف رشد خود از منابع مالی متفاوتی استفاده می‌کنند. سرمایه‌گذاری پرخطر معمولا به عنوان مهمترین منبع تامین مالی در مراحل رشد استارت‌آپ‌ها به حساب می‌آید اما از آنجایی که این‌گونه سرمایه‌گذاری، بلندمدت و نامطمئن است، تمایل سرمایه‌گذاران به چنین سرمایه‌گذاری کمتر شده است. سرمایه‌گذاری پرخطر دولتی به منظور حمایت از استارت‌آپ‌ها و توسعه اقتصادی در مناطق محروم و عمدتا بدون انتظار بهره‌وری به پرکردن این شکاف و تشویق کارآفرینی و سرمایه‌گذاری مخاطره‌آمیز خصوصی طراحی شده است. در این مقاله به بررسی اثرگذاری اینگونه سرمایه‌گذاری و تفاوت آن با سایر سرمایه‌گذاری‌ها و ذکر موارد موفقیت‌آمیز و یا شکست خورده می‌پردازد، هرچند که منطق این برنامه همچنان بحث‌برانگیز است. روش مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای و مروری است.

کلمات کلیدی: شرکت‌های نوپا، سرمایه‌گذاری پرخطر، سرمایه‌گذاری پرخطر دولتی، تامین مالی نوآورانه

Az utóbbi években a világkereskedelem lassulásának vagyunk tanúi. Ez érinti az EUn belüli kereskedelmet is, hiszen az egyik legnagyobb világkereskedelmi szereplő Németország. A világ export-import folyamatait mára már a globális értékláncok alakítják, mivel a termelés fázisai több országban terülnek szét. A feldolgozóipari termeléstől egyre kevésbé választhatók szét a szolgáltatások, amik egyre nagyobb szerepet kapnak az értékláncokban, a termelési folyamat elején és végén. A szolgáltatás-kereskedelemnek csak bizonyos része mérhető, ezért a valós áramlásokról csak részben kaphatunk képet.
Az Unión belül a német irányítású multinacionális termelési hálózatok szervezik leginkább a kereskedelmet, amibe az elmúlt két évtizedben erősen beintegrálódtak az EU „új” tagállamai, leginkább a Visegrádi országok. Ebben legkiemelkedőbb az autógyártás szerepe. A gyártási technológiák (robotika) fejlődése, valamint a Visegárdi országokban kialakult/kialakuló súlyos szakképzett munkaerőhiány azonban felveti e modell hosszútávú fenntarthatóságának kérdését, ami azonban már az ipar- és gazdaságpolitika területével kapcsolódik össze. Az EU súlya a tagállamok kereskedelmében mindenesetre erősen meghatározó és az is marad.

Purpose-This study's primary objective is to propose actors' embeddedness as a source for governance and upgrading within the GVC (Global Value Chain) framework. Design/methodology/approach-This study uses co-word analysis to study the GVC scientific production. The analysis is conducted using controversies mapping from the Theory of Scientific and Technological Change (TSTC). Findings-Two theoretical gaps were identified. First, governance and upgrading have more than one definition. Second, value and network are upgrading strategies. This article proposes the use of the Montenegro and Bulgacov (2014) framework to translate governance and upgrading respectively as network governance and strategic outcomes. Embeddedness matters because it is a stable theoretical concept (Granovetter, 1985) that can be a link between network governance and strategic results. Originality/value-The study's main contribution is to propose relativist embeddedness as a source of governance and upgrading. The second contribution is to present an ANT-based framework to study governance and its strategic results.

A kelet-közép-európai országok gazdasági fejlődésében meghatározó szerepet játszanak azok a német járműipari vállalatok, amelyek a termelésük egyre jelentősebb részét telepítik át a térségünkbe. A legtöbb szomszédos országhoz hasonlóan Magyarország is e betelepülő vállalatok igényeihez igazította a gazdaságpolitikáját, ami nemcsak az elmúlt évek gazdasági reformjaiban, hanem néhány fontos társadalompolitikai területen, így az oktatásban is érzékelhető.
Tanulmányomban egyfelől azt igyekszem kimutatni, hogy a kelet-közép-európai országok ezzel a szakosodással hogyan kapcsolódnak be az újraformálódó európai munkamegosztásba, másfelől arra keresem a választ, hogy a nemzetközi járműipari láncok bővülése mennyire alkalmas a félperifériás helyzettől való szakításra. Hipotézisem, hogy a függő fejlődés néhány fontos jellemzője hosszú távon  újratermelődik a szakosodással. A cikkben megvizsgálom a járműipari értékláncok kelet-európai terjeszkedésének a külső és belső viszonyait. A külső esetében a járműipart mozgató globális hatások közül kettőt emelek ki: az elektromos autók elterjedését eredményező, „második autóforradalomnak” nevezett technológiai váltást, illetve a német járműipar világpiaci konszolidációját befolyásoló Transzatlanti Kereskedelmi és Beruházási Partnerségről (TTIP) szóló megállapodást. A belső tényezők közül röviden említést teszek azokról a gazdaságpolitikákról, amelyek a járműipari szakosodást segítik elő, és megvizsgálom ezen intézkedések társadalompolitikai vetületeit is.

The global consolidation of German automobile companies plays an increasing role in the development of the East-Central European countries’ economies. Industrial relocation from
core sites to semi-peripheral regions has been taking place with the reformulation of the European division of labour. This process indicates the kind of developmental pattern in which
most of the East-Central European countries engage. In my research I focus on the long-term consequences of the East-Central European specialization in automobile production. My
research questions whether the form of this specialization can contribute to the break from the legacy of long-term historical dependencies. My hypothesis is that industrial relocation
attributable to the lower-edge of the value chain in Eastern European production will reproduce the modes and forms of dependencies that these societies are tied to. To prove my
case I will focus on both the external and internal forces of industrial relocation that will help me analyze the direction and social costs of the specialization. With respect to the external
forces, I concentrate on the technological change that has been taking place in the global car production called the second car revolution by some scholars. I will also analyze the probable
effect of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) on the market strategy of German car producers. With respect to the internal forces, I explain why and how those
national policies that meant to help attracting international corporations to East-Central Europe were designed, with a particular attention on taxation, education and labour issues.