Gas Pipelines

In recent weeks the US has stepped up its campaign against the Nord Stream 2 project. Washington is putting pressure on Berlin to withdraw its support for the project, and is threatening to use increasingly powerful measures, including sanctions on European companies involved in the gas pipeline's implementation. The growing dispute between the US and Germany over Nord Stream 2 has become an element of the broader controversy surrounding the project in the EU and is leading to deeper divisions between the member states. It has brought to the fore the differences in approaches to gas cooperation with Russia as well as approaches to the development of Russia's strategic gas pipeline projects. While Germany, but also Austria, the Netherlands and a number of other countries, limit their approach to commercial issues, Poland, the Baltic States, Denmark and the US also see it as having security implications which do not only relate to energy. The conflict over Nord Stream 2 is also part of the game concerning the future shape of the gas market in Europe, and the roles played by individual external suppliers (mainly Russia, but also to an increasing extent the US) and companies such as Gaz-prom and its European partners. The Nord Stream 2 case has become a major challenge of the EU's cohesion and its relations with the US and Russia. Gameplay on Nord Stream 2 brings short term political benefits to Russia. The project has not only caused a rift between the EU member states, it has also become a source of increased friction in transatlantic relations. The actions taken by Washington and Berlin with regard to Nord Stream 2 will have the greatest impact on its future. Although Berlin has changed its rhetoric and Chancellor Merkel has acknowledged that project has a political dimension in addition to the commercial one, Germany is unwavering in its support for NS2, trying to limit its negative consequences to problems regarding Ukrainian transit. Thus Berlin does not refer to the strategic concerns of the Central European and Scandinavian countries, the European Commission (EC) and the US which are not related directly to Ukraine.

The author aims to present the broadest possible context of the Baltic Pipe project, including legal, and to some extent, economic considerations, which ought to be scrutinized along with the broader geopolitical considerations surrounding present energy-related race in Baltic Sea. The aim is to juxtapose the long-lasting Russo-German strategic partnership resting on the development of Nord Stream(s) pipeline surpassing Poland on the one side, with a collection of pipe-dream moves ushered by Washington and aimed at upending this partnership, the Baltic Pipe project included, on the other side. Sec 2 looks at the Nord Stream(s) project as the direct competitor of the Baltic Pipe, and at the efforts by both the US government and the EU institutions to undermine Russo-German co-operation, thereby helping the viability of the Baltic Pipe. The discussion of the Nord Stream(s) covers US’ attempts to torpedo the Nord Stream 2 with sanctions imposed in December 2019 (sec 2.1) and the EU’s crusade against the Nord Stream via blocking the full capacity use of the OPAL pipeline since 2009 (sec 2.2). Sec 3 looks at the US’s and Germany’s energy strategies toward the CEE, including the energy dimension of the US-led Three Seas Initiative (sec 3.1), which favour the Baltic Pipe project, and Germany’s Energiewende which is at odds with this project (sec 3.2). Secs 4 and 5 look at drivers for advancing the Baltic Pipe, which stem from the structure Poland’s electricity-generation market (sec 4) combined with Poland’s EU and international climate and emissions-related commitments (sec 5), which all force a country-wide shift to electricity-generation from natural gas. Section 6 looks at the Yamal Contract, which will secure gas supplies to Poland until it tentatively expires in 2022, and those supplies are entirely replaced with gas supplied via the Baltic Pipe. Finally, sec 7 looks at the regulatory issues, including the intergovernmental agreement on the Baltic Pipe (sec 7.1), funding of the project along with granted state aid (sec 7.2), and the permitting process (sec 7.3).

Considering corrosion rate during the remaining life assessment of aging pipelines is fundamental to calculate the interval between two consecutive inspections. A total of 798 internal and external corrosion defects have been detected, using the Magnetic Flux Leakage intelligent inspection tool, over 48 km of a pipeline length located in the west region of Algeria. The statistical analysis has shown that there is a strong correlation between the corrosion defect length and the corrosion defect circumferential width, with a significant correlation coefficient equal to 82.87%. A probabilistic methodology is presented for the assessment of the remaining life of a corroded pipeline transporting gas, and a finite element method (FEM) was used to assess the pipeline failure pressure. The numerical FEM modeling results were compared with the commonly used codes-models for calculating limit pressure to establish a more realistic and accurate engineering model. The reliability analysis of an API 5L X60 steel made Algerian natural gas pipeline, in service for thirty years, and exposed to active corrosion attack, is presented. The sensitivity analysis of the basic random variables within the nonlinear limit state function was carried out to bring out the relative contribution of each variable affecting the remaining life of corroded pipelines. The reliability analysis is carried out by using Breitung's formula, based on the second-order reliability method (SORM). The reliability assessment of the corroded pipeline is based on the usage of the notched failure assessment diagram (NFAD), different codes for the calculation of the failure pressure, and the numerical results using the finite element analyses (FEA) software ANSYS.

The planned Nord Stream 2 (NS2) gas pipeline connecting Germany and Russia is a controversial issue in German political discourse. Even though criticism of the climate impact and security implications of proceeding with Nord Stream 2 tend to dominate the debate, vested interests in government and business have so far successfully defended the project. The poisoning of Alexei Navalny has not led the German government to block the pipeline. However, the case had a substantial discursive impact in Germany, as it made the media more sensitive to Ukraine’s security interests and to climate policy considerations. On the latter point, two controversies in early 2021 serve as cases in point: first, the revelation concerning the German government’s offer to import LNG from the US on preferential terms if the US would repeal sanctions; and second, the public outcry over Mecklenburg-Vorpommern’s controversial state “Climate Foundation,” which has been accused of greenwashing the pipeline. This article holds that Russia and Germany need to look beyond Nord Stream 2 to the hydrogen trade as a potential point of common interest, at least in a world where Russian troops have left Ukraine.

Piping covers very large part of any process plant. If you look at Oil Exploration platform, Refinery and Petrochemical complex one thing that catches the attention is a complex network of piping. Piping is used to transport various process materials from one equipment to another. But why?

Process Plant is a place where a series of activities performed in particular ordered to convert raw material into a useful product and interconnected pipe and pipe components are used to transport raw material, intermediated product and final product to the desired location. Piping components such Pipe, Elbow, Tee, Reducer, caps, flanges, gasket, and Valves are the basic building of Oil & Gas industries.

Learn about Fundamentals of Pipes, Manufacturing Methods and Inspection & testing.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Gr. X42 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM API 5L GR. X42/X46/X52/X56/X60/X65/X70 etc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe & Line Pipes API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Largest range of API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com https://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-x42-psl2-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

The impact of different methods for modelling heat transfer between a pipeline and the ambient is investigated. The differences in outlet temperatures between a steady and an unsteady heat transfer model are quantified, as well as the effects of simulating the annual oceanic temperature cycle over several years. A seasonal difference between measured and modeled outlet temperature is found. The results show that the absence of the heat storage term in the heat transfer model may only be a small contributing factor to this difference. Assuming the error is caused by inaccuracies in the ambient temperature, the impact on the capacity is found to be between 0.1 and 0.5 %.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Gr. X56 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM API 5L GR. X42/X46/X52/X56/X60/X65/X70 etc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X56 PSL 2 Pipe & Line Pipes API 5L X56 PSL 2 Pipe, Largest range of API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com  https://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-x56-psl2-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

This paper presents an updated review of the external corrosion and failure mechanisms of buried natural gas and oil pipelines. Various forms of external corrosion and failure mechanisms such as hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), hydrogen embrittlement (HE), corrosion fatigue (CF), stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) for oil and gas pipelines are thoroughly reviewed. The factors influencing external corrosion and possible forms of environment-assisted cracking (EAC) of pipeline steels in the soil are also reviewed and analyzed in depth. In addition, the existing monitoring tools for the external corrosion assessment and the models for corrosion prevention and prediction, failure occurrence, and remaining life of oil and gas pipelines, are analyzed. Moreover, the articles on external corrosion management, reliability-based models, risk-based models, and integrity assessment including machine learning and fuzzy logic approaches, are also reviewed. The conclusions and recommendations for future research in the prevention and prediction of external corrosion are presented at the end.

Natural events such as earthquakes, floods, and lightning can cause accidents in oil and gas transport pipelines with potentially adverse secondary consequences to the population, the environment, or the industrial activity itself. Such accidents are commonly referred to as natech accidents. In order to better understand the dynamics and possible impact of pipeline natech accidents, Action A6 under the EPCIP 2012 Programme aims at analysing accidents caused by natural disasters in oil pipelines.

In the first twelve months of the study, European and U.S. pipeline incident data sources were evaluated and data was collected for further analysis to identify the main accident triggers, system strengths and weaknesses, consequences and lessons learned. Because publicly available European pipeline incident data is limited and data on individual accidents of concern for the study is scarce, public U.S. pipeline incident data was included in the study to obtain information beneficial for the safety of pipeline systems in Europe. Although Action A6 focuses on oil transmission pipelines only, natural gas pipeline incidents were also considered in the data collection due to the abundance of accident data available.

The information sources considered for this study were: the incident database of the Pipeline and Hazardous Safety Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation, the database of the U.S. National Response Center, the French ARIA database, and information from EGIG and CONCAWE for Europe.

A database-driven incident data analysis system was developed to rapidly review and categorise the vast amount of incident records according to their causes, dynamics and consequences. Using an automated data-mining process followed by a peer-review of the record data, the pipeline natechs in the database were identified and extracted. The outcome of this process is a fully reviewed and categorised incident database which contains authoritative information on ca. 1,850 pipeline natechs worldwide. As a by-product of the data collection process, the database also includes over 800,000 records involving incidents from all causes in industrial facilities and pipelines (both on- and offshore), and transportation activities. This information is available for future studies in these application areas.

The results of the analysis of the identified data indicate that natural hazards are a non-negligible threat to pipelines transporting hazardous materials. The analysis of the U.S. data set shows that geological hazards triggered 37% of the onshore pipeline natechs analysed. This is followed by meteorological (29%), hydrological (14%), and climatic (14%) hazards. Landslides are the main geological hazard with 46% of the geological incidents, whereas earthquakes represent only 9% within the category. Among meteorological hazards, lightning is the major hazard with 36% of the incidents. 86% of the hydrological hazard related natechs are found to be due to floods. Overall, cold weather related hazards (frost, low temperatures) make up 94% of the pipeline natechs caused by adverse climatic conditions. The current level of uncertainty in the analysed data is estimated as 24%.

In terms of consequences, 55% of the U.S. pipeline natechs involved natural gas, while 45% concerned pipelines transporting other types of substances (mostly crude oil and other hydrocarbons). For natural gas incidents ignition occurred in about 25% of the analysed cases, compared to about 8% for other substances. The likelihood of explosions was much lower, 3% for natural gas, and 2% for other substances. Overall, the number of fatalities and injuries was low, with only one case of a high number of injuries. While this incident was due to multiple pipeline breaks caused by wide-scale flooding it clearly demonstrates the potential for a major impact on the population of Natech events. More than two thirds of the releases from ruptured pipelines entered inland water bodies, followed by on-land releases (25%). The combined property damage due to onshore pipeline natech events amounts to 650 million USD (in 2012 USD).

In contrast to the U.S., the data collection process for Europe was severely hampered by the lack of publicly available pipeline incident information. Generally, for Europe only overview data could be found, whose level of detail was not sufficient to allow an in-depth analysis of incident causes, dynamics and consequences. It would be desirable that information on pipeline incidents and their consequences be collected at a central level in Europe and made available for lessons-learning research. Using the limited European data available, the analysis results show that landslides and floods seem to pose the biggest threat to both oil and gas pipelines in Europe. Lightning is also a non-negligible threat with a high ignition probability in case of gas releases, as well as cold weather, which was identified as the main hazard for the French pipeline natech accident data set.

In the 12 months following this report the in-depth analysis of incident data will be continued with a view to identifying impact and failure modes and lessons learned for future accident prevention and consequence mitigation will also be identified. Based on this, recommendations for Natech scenario development in pipelines and for the formulation of prevention and mitigation measures will be prepared.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM A333 Grade 6 Low temperature Pipe. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Pipe, Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Pipe & Line Pipes A333 Grade 6 Pipe, Largest range of A333 Grade 6 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com http://www.savoypipinginc.com/a333-grade-6-seamless-pipes-suppliers.html

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Gr. X60 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like API 5L X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70 HIC Tested Pipeetc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X60 PSL 1 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70 HIC Tested Pipe; Line Pipes API 5L X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70 HIC Tested Pipe, Largest range of API 5L X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70 HIC Tested Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com http://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-grade-b-x42-x46-x52-x56-x60-x65-x70-hic-tested-pipes-sour-service-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

Metodología para la resolución de redes de tuberías manejando tanto líquidos como gases. Se incluyen diversos dispositivos como tuberías, bombas, turbinas, tanques, recipientes y múltiples. Se toma en consideración la influencia de los accesorios y válvulas. El procedimiento garantiza la obtención de una solución válida utilizando métodos ya conocidos y otros novedosos. Se basa en el ensamblaje de un sistema de ecuaciones no lineales, una ecuación  y una incógnita por dispositivo, que al resolverse da el punto de operación.

This research is focused on the difficulties that gas producers usually face with Hydrates formation during its production, processing and transportation. Hydrates build up in gas production pipeline is one of the major task for gas operators to deal with as it may cease gas flow through the pipeline and associated production facilities. Research efforts to date, have addressed flow assurance issues of oil and gas displacement through the production pipeline and processing facilities but further research is needed to determine the best methods in handling flow assurance problems.
The principal objective of this research is to simulate gas flow through two different wells using hydrocarbon simulation software Aspentech HYSYS 7.1 and PIPESYS to investigate the effect of E-glycol on hydrates in two separate production lines from both wells. Two different scenarios were considered at the operating conditions of the field; before glycol injection and after glycol injection. The phase envelope plots indicates hydrate formation lines moving from right to left after glycol injection.
The simulation results reveal that the current gas production at Eriemu field increased from 75,073.7MMBtu/day to about 127,827.61MMBtu/day, which is about 41.2% of the initial gas production of the field after the injection of low dosage ethylene glycol into the production line. The glycol acts as an inhibitor and aid in dissociating hydrates from the pipe which resulted in an increase in production. This increase in production stand as a good economic indicator for Eriemu Field.

This book presents three foresight scenarios for the development of the Caspian Sea region until 2025. The scenarios are titled "Caspia Inc.", "National Giants" and "Trade and Transit". The focus is on Central Asia as an energy-producing and -exporting region, Chinese Silk Road initiatives, the impact of climate change, the future of mining and resource extraction and the differences between the countries in the region.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Gr. X60 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM API 5L GR. X42/X46/X52/X56/X60/X65/X70 etc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe & Line Pipes API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe, Largest range of API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com https://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-x60-psl2-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM A333 Grade 6 Low temperature Pipe. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Pipe, Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Pipe & Line Pipes A333 Grade 6 Pipe, Largest range of A333 Grade 6 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com https://www.savoypipinginc.com/a333-grade-6-seamless-pipes-suppliers.html

"Pipelines to Cultural Heritage", edited with an Introduction by Paul Michael Taylor, brings together the papers presented at an international workshop on the archaeology of the BTC-SCP Pipeline Corridors, held from April 20-23, 2010, in Baku, Azerbaijan, as one part of the collaborative work done by the Smithsonian Institution and the Institute of Arhaeology and Ethnography (Baku, Azerbaijan), the Gobustan Historic and Artistic Preserve (Azerbaijan), and the Georgian National Museum (Tbilisi, Georgia). This workshop brought together scholars of the region to assess and interpret cultural heritage findings along the BTC-SCP pipeline corridors through Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey. Panels highlighted and attempted to interpret the linkages in the richly layered cultural history of this region, brought together again today through their participation in this pipeline project. Other panels addressed issues of historic site preservation, salvage archeology, and museum development.
These proceedings were  originally published online in 2011 within the "Uncover More" pages of a Smithsonian website about this project. This present 2018 revision and reformatting of that online publication presents the papers in a more convenient PDF and print format. In this publication, the papers that were not originally presented in English at that workshop are here presented in their original versions (in Russian, Azerbaijani, or Georgian) immediately after the added English translations.

Enerji, bir ülkenin güvenliğini ve dış politikasını etkileyen ve uzun vadeli kararların alınmasını gerektiren en stratejik sektördür. Bir ülkenin enerji kaynaklarına ulaşabilme yeteneği, çevre politikalarını da belirlemektedir. Hidrokarbon çağının devam ediyor olması, uluslararası aktörlerin stratejilerini belirlemektedir. Türkiye, bir enerji merkezi olmayı hedeflemektedir. Petrol ve doğal gaz ihtiyacı açısından, Orta Doğu ülkelerine ve Rusya’ya bağımlılığından kurtulmayı hedeflemektedir. Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın Resmi Web Sitesi’nde de (2013) belirtildiği gibi, Türkiye’nin enerji stratejisinin dayandığı 4 temel unsur bulunmaktadır.  Bunlar;  kaynak ülke ve güzergâh çeşitliliğine gidilmesi, enerji ihtiyacının karşılanmasında yenilenebilir enerjinin payının arttırılması, nükleer enerjiden yararlanılmaya başlanılması, enerji verimliliğinin arttırılması ve Avrupa’nın enerji güvenliğine katkıda bulunulması olarak sıralanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin enerji stratejisini yeniden değerlendirmektir. Çalışmanın ilk kısmında, nükleer enerji ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi amacı üzerinde durulacaktır. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında ise, boru hatları politikaları konusu değerlendirilerek, Türkiye’nin enerji merkezi olma amacı üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu çalışma, enerji politikalarının, dış politika karar alma sürecinin ve milli güvenlik politikasının, etkili bir unsuru olduğu gerçeği üzerinde temellendirilmektedir.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Grade B Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM API 5L GR. B,X42/X46/X52/X56/X60/X65/X70 etc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe & Line Pipes API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Largest range of API 5L Grade B PSL 2 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-grade-b-psl2-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

In October 2016, Turkey and Russia signed an intergovernmental agreement for the construction and development of the TurkStream natural gas pipeline connecting Russia to Turkey via the Black Sea. There is no international law governing the offshore section of the pipeline other than the intergovernmental agreement, as Turkey is not party to the United Nations Convection of Law of the Sea, and Russia is
not party to the Energy Charter Treaty. This paper will endeavour to provide a synopsis of different aspects of the TurkStream pipeline project, addressing legal, policy, fiscal and technical challenges, and concludes with some reflections on the event that the project is realised.

I. Principalele coridoare energetice Marea Caspică – Europa
1. Traseele petroliere
2. Tranzitele petroliere 
2.1 Exporturile de ţiţei din Kazahstan prin Rusia
2.2 Exporturile de ţiţei azer prin Rusia
2.3 Exporturile de ţiţei turkmen prin Rusia
II. Diviziunea Mării Caspice
1. Prezentarea problematicii Mării Caspice
2. Marea Caspică : lac sau mare?
3. Cine a descoperit petrolul caspic?
4. Precedente juridice pentru cazul diviziunii Mării Caspice
4.1 Precedentul „suveranităţii comune”
4.2 Precedentul împărţirii sectoriale
5. Ce ar decide o curte de justiţie?

New and multi-dimensional threats such as ethnic conflicts, civil wars and terrorism which emerged after the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991 have urged a closer cooperation between Turkey and the U.S., the two old allies of the Cold War period. Although these new areas of cooperation have proved to be insufficient to construct a “strategic partnership” between the two countries – as seen in the latest Iraqi crisis in 2003 - it is also true that Ankara and Washington have provided a greater degree of support for each other in several issue areas compared to the Cold war years. Among these, probably the most outstanding one has turned out to be the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Project (BTC) which, when completed, is planned to carry the oil extracted from the Caspian Sea coast to the Western markets through a pipeline via Turkey.

Ilgar Gurbanov, “Caspian Convention and Perspective of Turkmenistan’s Gas Export to Europe”, Caucasus International Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2, Winter 2018, pp.159-178, http://cijournal.az/post/caspian-convention-and-perspective-of-turkmenistans-gas-export-to-europe-by-ilgar-gurbanov

Indigenous peoples are among the most affected by environmental
injustices globally, however environmental justice theory has not yet
meaningfully addressed decolonisation and the resistance of Indigenous
communities against extractivism in the settler-colonial context. This
paper suggests that informing environmental justice through decolonial
analysis and decolonising practices can help transcend the Western
ontological roots of environmental justice theories and inform a more
radical and emancipatory environmental justice. The Unist’ot’en
Resistance and Action Camp blocking pipelines in northwestern British
Columbia, Canada, their “Reimagined Free Prior and Informed Consent
protocol” and the Delgamuukw case are described to discuss limitations
of the state and legal framework for accommodating a decolonial and
transformative environmental justice. A decolonial analysis informed
by these two moments of Wet’suwet’en history suggests limits and
adaptations to the trivalent EJ framework based on recognition,
participation and distribution. It is argued that a decolonising and
transformative approach to environmental justice must be based on
self-governing authority, relational ontologies of nature and
epistemic justice and the unsettling of power through the assertion of
responsibility and care through direct action. This discussion is
placed in the context of the expansion of the concept of ecological
rights, for example through the enshrining of the “Rights of Nature”
in the constitutions of countries such as Bolivia and Ecuador, to
highlight the Inherent tensions in the translation of Indigenous
cosmo-visions into legal systems based on universalist values.

KEYWORDS: Resistance, epistemic justice, decolonisation, climate
politics, relational ontologies; fossil fuel infrastructure, fossil fuel infrastructure,
Wet´sewetén

The decades-long struggle for control over oil and natural gas resources, infrastructure and influence in the Caspian region has been referred to as the ‘New Great Game’, with Europe, China, the US and Russia typically cited as the main combatants. We explore recent developments and aver that, if present trends continue, Europe will have access to Azerbaijan's resources, China to those of the East Caspian states, the US will stay commercially and strategically engaged, and Russia's influence will (continue to) diminish. How did this unexpected turn of events arise? We examine China's dominance and argue that the foreign policies of the US and Russia – within the region and even further abroad – have inadvertently driven the East Caspian states and China towards each other. Wary of potential maritime chokepoints in the Pacific, China feels strongly compelled to shore up resources and influence in the Caspian region. In part because of Russia's intransigence regarding the Caspian Sea's status, the East Caspian states – faced with constrained access to the West – have turned to China as an alternative market and counterbalance to Russia.

The main goal of this paper is investigating the reasons why Russia keeps opposing the implementation of the EU-favored Trans-Caspian pipeline, that would complete the so-called EU Southern Corridor of natural gas supply.
This natural gas pipeline would connect Turkmenistan, and potentially other major Central Asian producers, with Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey and finally the EU final consumers.
Given that European domestic natural gas production is expected to steadily decline during next years, EU diversification would not seriously affect Russian revenues.
This latter aspect show that the Russian Federation’s government and its monopolistic exporter Gazprom, hold additional interests in the area.
A multiple approach has been applied to the situation in order to point out the factual and potential reasons that have been leading Russia to maintain this attitude towards Central Asia and towards the EU.
The study has been given the form of a case study, whose purpose is to explain the motivation of the actors in the system to act and the character of their intertwined relationships, concentrating, above all on Russia (which has been also set as the paper’s point of view) and the EU, but taking also into account the action of third parties when, after a preliminary review, they turned out to influence to some extent the relationship between the two main partners, or, above all, they had a role in the main issue.
Both a “market and interdependence” and a “geopolitical realist” approaches were used as main explanatory tools. The study pointed out the presence of a balanced interdependence between the two main actors, that Russia strives to maintain, together with benefits deriving from it, and the EU, instead, tries to alter with a policy of diversification where Central Asia and in general the Great Caspian Sea Region holds a primary position, due to their relevant natural gas resources.
The geopolitical realist approach, on the other hand, confirmed the existence of a Russian “sphere of special interest” that the Kremlin is decided to defend from Western potential political (and possibly military) influence presumably conveyed and supported by multilateral framework for economic cooperation centered on energy, considered the importance the drilling industry and hydrocarbon distribution holds in Central Asian countries’ economy.
Another noteworthy finding of this study is the growing strategic polarization of international relations around the alliance between U.S and EU on one side and Russia with China on the other, although these last two have to clearly define their respective boundaries concerning influence in Central Asia. The present configuration of IR tends to exclude the emergence of conflicts between the two “blocks” however if the trend continues, the management of Great Caspian Sea Region could be the winning factor to achieve the primacy over the strategic opponent.

We support the U.S. and European calls on Germany to help stop this Russian geopolitical project. Indeed, it is time for Berlin to take a firm position against Nord Stream 2 and work with its U.S. and European allies to ensure that pipe-laying activity in the Baltic Sea ceases. This diversionary pipeline threatens European unity, contradicts the climate goals, and subverts the E.U.’s common energy policy. Thus, its completion can’t be permitted.

The special issue, “Energy Humanities,” gathers experimental and brief accounts of the cultural history of energy in order to figure new research in the emerging fields of Environmental and Energy Humanities. From plastics to oil and literature, pedagogy to pipelines and activism, loving oil to understanding energy infrastructure, this collection offers a snapshot of the various ways one might approach questions of energy in the humanities.

Numerical investigation of transient hydrogen-natural gas flow in a steel pipeline. Influence of gaseous hydrogen flow on the structural integrity of precracked pipes. Interaction between transient hydrogen-natural gas flow and hydrogen embrittlement. Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) of a precracked API 5L X52 steel pipeline. The stress intensity and safety factors analysis during transient hydrogen pressure. Rapid closure valve Failure assessment diagram Semi-elliptical crack Finite element analysis a b s t r a c t We are reporting in this study the hydrogen permeation in the lattice structure of a steel pipeline designed for natural gas transportation by investigating the influence of blending gaseous hydrogen into natural gas flow and resulted internal pressure values on the structural integrity of cracked pipes. The presence of cracks may provoke pipeline failure and hydrogen leakage. The auto-ignition of hydrogen leaks, although been small, leads to a flame difficult to be seen. The latter makes such a phenomenon extremely dangerous as explosions became very likely to happen. In this paper, a reliable method is presented that can be used to predict the acceptable defect in order to reduce risks caused by pipe failure due to hydrogen embrittlement. The presented model takes into account the synergistic effects of transient gas flow conditions in pipelines and hydrogen embrittlement of steel material due to pressurized hydrogen gas permeation. It is found that blending hydrogen gas into natural gas pipelines increases the internal load on the pipeline walls due to overpressure values that may be reached in a transient gas flow regime. Also, the interaction between transient hydrogen gas flow and embrittlement of API 5L X52 steel pipeline was investigated using Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) and the results have shown that transient flow enhances pipeline failure due to hydrogen permeation. It was shown that hydrogen embrittlement of steel pipelines in contact with the hydrogen environment, together with the transient gas flow and significantly increased transient pressure values, also increases the probability of failure of a cracked pipeline. Such a situation threatens the integrity of high stress pipelines, especially under the real working conditions of hydrogen
gas transportation.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Gr. X65 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM API 5L GR. X42/X46/X52/X56/X60/X65/X70 etc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X65 PSL 1 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X65 PSL 1 Pipe and; Line Pipes API 5L X65 PSL 1 Pipe, Largest range of API 5L X60 PSL 1 Pipe Supplies in India.  https://www.savoypipinginc.com

A 10 bit opamp-sharing pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using a novel mirror telescopic operational amplifiers (opamp) with dual nmos differential inputs is presented. Reduction of power and area is achieved by completely merging the front-end sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) into the first multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) using the proposed opamp. Transistors in the opamp are always biased in saturation to avoid increase of settling time due to opamp turn-on delays. The design targets 0.18um CMOS process for operation, at 200MS/s from a 1.8V supply. The simulation results show the SNDR and SFDR of 59.45dB and 68.69dB, respectively, and the power consumption of 35.04mW is achieved.

The discovery of oil and natural gas reserves in the Middle East at the beginning of the twentieth century changed the fate of the region. From a backwater of international politics, the Middle East became central to international strategic rivalries. Almost a century later, energy discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean are unlikely to bring about such tectonic shifts in the strategic fortunes of the Levant. Yet they have generated fresh interest in their potential impact on existing regional disputes and power constellations.
The recent discovery of sizable quantities of natural gas in the seabed between Israel and Cyprus has added to the complexity of international politics in the region. Cyprus and Israel are expected to be the first two states to benefit, as they have already signed large contracts for exploration and drilling projects that would soon turn them into net energy exporters. The possibility of discovering further energy reserves has revived the question of delineating the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of all littoral states in the Eastern Mediterranean and added one potential regional dispute. Turkey's role has been important, not only because it is one of the region's littoral states and a large energy importer, but also because it could serve as a transport hub for the delivery of extracted hydrocarbons to the world market. Nevertheless, the Cyprus question, disputes over the delineation of the EEZ and Turkey's frozen relations with Israel have deterred regional cooperation, despite the positive effect that it could have, not least for European energy security.

This paper argues that theorizing pipeline governance in Canada necessitates engaging with Indigenous modes of effecting jurisdiction over development. Focusing on the Unist’ot’en land defence against the TransCanada Coastal GasLink pipeline, the paper argues that Indigenous resistance disrupts the scales of settler pipeline governance in British Columbia, Canada. Contesting the authority of the state, Indigenous territorial assertions constitute countervailing forms of jurisdiction grounded in and operationalized through distinct scales of resource governance.

This paper present the most important problems connected with the transfer of gas from the underground coal gasification (UCG). One of the possible solution used in this experiment in the pilot scale was described. Proceedings for the transfer method determination are featured by particular limitations of the process. Requirements enforced by the existing underground mine infrastructure call for the need of solving specified technical problems. The elementary design parameter for the UCG gas transfer is the gas composition and its thermodynamic state. The technical analysis of the applicability of the available gas transfer technologies for the UCG should allow for the exploitation stability of the gas track.

This essay introduces an insufficiently appreciated aspect of Germany’s Ostpolitik during the last circa 25 years into the heated European discussion about how to deal best with Putin’s Russia. It proceeds from the well-known Interdependence Theory to argue that the Berlin-promoted two Nord Stream projects are loosening Russian-Ukrainian economic ties, and thereby ease conflict between the two post-Soviet republics. The peculiarities of Ukraine’s surprisingly peaceful development during the first twenty years of its existence as an independent state are contrasted with the escalation of tensions between Moscow and Kyiv in 2013–2014. The completion of the second string of the first Nord Stream pipeline in October2012 is seen as a crucial development that untied the Kremlin’s hand vis-à-vis Ukraine. The lowering of economic interdependenceas a result of a diversion of Siberian gas exports to the new Baltic Sea pipeline led to a territorial conflict between Ukraine and Russia reminiscent of developments that had earlier taken place in Moldova and Georgia.