Gastric digestion

Para las personas que sufren de Gastritis, sea cual sea su tipo y antigüedad, la nutrición es fundamental.
La mayoría de las personas que tienen o han tenido un problema de salud estomacal o sufran de inflamación, Gastritis o ulceras deben implementar un cambio en su alimentación, pues es este el factor más importante para alcanzar la salud digestiva
y la salud en general.

The digestion of ovine antiserum under acidic conditions (pH 3.5) by pepsin is highly effective at reducing all unwanted serum components to low molecular weight (≤13 kDa) fragments while leaving the ~100-kDa F(ab’)2 intact. The pH is then raised to 6 to stop further digestion and the reaction mixture centrifuged or filtered to remove any insoluble contaminants. Next, unwanted low molecular weight fragments are removed by diafiltration with a 30-kDa nominal molecular weight cut-off membrane leaving an F(ab’)2 solution contaminated only with some pepsin and a small amount of the aggregated low molecular weight fragments. Material of this purity is suitable for many applications but, since all the contaminants are highly acidic, they can be easily removed by passage down an anion-exchange column to yield F(ab’)2 that is essentially free from pepsin and aggregates with a typical purity of over 96% and yields of 16–19 g/l serum. When an antivenom was processed, ~78% of the original serum’s toxin neutralising capacity was recovered. This simple, high yield protocol for processing serum to highly purified F(ab’)2 avoids the need for an initial or any subsequent salt precipitation step and can be utilised for either bench or large scale production. If required, a mild reducing agent may be used finally to create Fab fragments.

Water temperature can influence the metabolic rate of ectothermal animal such as, fish. This study aims to
investigate the gastric emptying time (GET) of malabar blood snapper (L. malabaricus) at different temperature (22, 26, 30,
34oC) fed with commercial diet pellet. The gastric emptying times at different temperatures were determined Xradiographically, using barium sulfate (BaSO4) as a contrast medium food marker. The food marker and X- radiography showed that initial voidance of fecal matter began 4-8 h after feeding at all temperature. The fastest GET (18 h) was
obsereved at 30°C, whereas the longest (28 h) GET was seen at 22oC. GET was increased with increasing temperature up to 30oC whereas decreased at extreme (34oC) and stress temperature (22oC). The findings of this study suggest to culture L. malabaricus at 26-30oC with commercial diet pellet as this temperature ranges escalate the faster digestion process which may contribute faster growth rate of this commercially important fish species. Overall, the data obtained from this study may have important consequences for optimization of commercial production of malabar blood snapper.

This study was conducted to investigate spatio-temporal patterns of exogenous
nutrient allocation in three sympatric North American pit-vipers.
Snakes were fed mouse meals artificially labeled with 15N L-Leucine
and 1-13C D-glucose. At various time periods following ingestion of
labeled mice (i.e. 0, 48, 96, and 144 hours), snakes were sacrificed and
the isotope signatures of several tissues were quantified using isotoperatio
mass-spectrometry. The results of this study revealed that the three
snake species demonstrated similar patterns in background isotope signatures.
Cardiac muscle exhibited the highest 15N enrichment whereas
skeletal muscle was the most deplete in 15N. Adipose tissue showed the
lowest enrichment of 13C whereas skeletal muscle had the greatest 13C
enrichment. Tissues of postprandial snakes consuming labeled meals
exhibited increases in 15N and 13C over time, but no changes in C:N
ratios of postprandial tissues were observed. Exogenous amino acids
were found at the greatest levels in hepatic and lower gastrointestinal
tissues followed by cardiac muscle and upper gastrointestinal tissues.
Absorbed amino acids were allocated at the lowest rates to skeletal muscle
and blood cells. Interestingly, the two rattlesnake species preferentially
allocated 13C-glucose to hepatic stores whereas copperheads apparently
allocated 13C to adipose stores. This study illustrates the potential utility
of isotopically labeled physiological fuels to examine dietary allocation
strategies in animals and promises to benefit forthcoming investigations
into the dietary physiology of animals as well as those quantifying stable
isotope flux among ecological food webs.

ABSTRACT
Faced with reduced levels of food, animals must adjust to the consequences of the shortfall in energy. We explored how C57BL/6 mice withdrew energy from different body tissues during three months of food restriction at graded levels up
to 40% (calorie restriction: CR). We compared this to the response to equivalent levels of protein restriction (PR) without a shortfall in calories. Under CR there was a dynamic change in body mass over 30 days and thereafter it stabilized. The time
to reach stability was independent of the level of restriction. At the end of three months whole body dissections revealed differential utilization of the different tissues.
Adipose tissue depots were the most significantly utilized tissue, and provided 55.8 to 60.9% of the total released energy. In comparison, reductions in the sizes of structural tissues contributed between 29.8 and 38.7% of the energy. The balance
was made up by relatively small changes in the vital organs. The components of the alimentary tract grew slightly under restriction, particularly the stomach, and this was
associated with a parallel increase in assimilation efficiency of the food (averaging 1.73 %). None of the changes under CR were recapitulated by equivalent levels of protein restriction.

The main purpose of the study was the development and evaluation of a hydrodynamically balanced capsule of Tramadol HCl by using chitosan and locust bean gum as a natural polymer that prolongs the gastric residence time. Chitosan with different grades (low molecular weight, medium and high molecular weight) and locust bean gum were used as drug release retarding agents. The hydrodynamically balanced capsule of tramadol HCl was prepared by ordered mixing technique. The concentration of both the polymers was optimized to achieve the sustained release of the drug (TH) for 10 hours. Then the prepared capsules were evaluated for buoyancy test and in vitro drug release was performed and another characterization analysis was also considered like FTIR study, DSC/DTG/TGA study and interaction study were also performed based on characterization analysis. From these studies, it was confirmed that there is no interaction observed between drug and excipient. The drug release studies show that the retarding drug release pattern is dependent on the concentration and molecular weight of the polymer as the concentration /molecular weight increases the retarding drug release pattern was also improved. And the synergistic action of retarding drug release was observed by the addition of another polymer i.e locust bean gum. Release pattern was fitted with the different kinetic models like Zero order, First order, Higuchi model and KorsmeyerPeppas and it was concluded from the models that the drug release pattern obeys zero-order model which signifies high therapeutic efficacy and minimum side effects.

BACKGROUND: Actinidin is a cysteine protease and major allergen from kiwi fruit. When purified under specific native conditions, actinidin preparations from fresh kiwi fruit contain both an active and inactive form of this enzyme. In this study, biochemical and immunological properties upon simulated gastro-intestinal digestion, as well as thermal stability, were investigated for both active and E-64-inhibited actinidin.

RESULTS:Active actinidin retained its primary structure and proteolytic activity after 2 h of simulated gastric digestion, followed by 2 h of intestinal digestion, as assessed by SDS-PAGE, zymography andmass spectroscopy. Immunological reactivity of active actinidin was also preserved, as tested by immunoelectrophoresis. The E-64 inhibited actinidin was fully degraded after 1 h of pepsin treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that active actinidin has one transition maximum temperature (Tm) at 73.9∘C, whereas in the E-64–actinidin complex the two actinidin domains unfolded independently,with the first domain having a Tm value of only 61∘C.

CONCLUSION: Active actinidin is capable of reaching the intestinal mucosa in a proteolytically active and immunogenic state. Inhibitor binding induces changes in the actinidin molecule that go beyond inhibition of proteolytic activity, also influencing the digestion stability and Tm values of actinidin, features important in the characterisation of food allergens.

Faced with reduced levels of food, animals must adjust to the consequences of the shortfall in energy. We explored how C57BL/6 mice withdrew energy from different body tissues during three months of food restriction at graded levels up to 40% (calorie restriction: CR). We compared this to the response to equivalent levels of protein restriction (PR) without a shortfall in calories. Under CR there was a dynamic change in body mass over 30 days and thereafter it stabilized. The time to reach stability was independent of the level of restriction. At the end of three months whole body dissections revealed differential utilization of the different tissues. Adipose tissue depots were the most significantly utilized tissue, and provided 55.8 to 60.9% of the total released energy. In comparison, reductions in the sizes of structural tissues contributed between 29.8 and 38.7% of the energy. The balance was made up by relatively small changes in the vital organs. The components of the aliment...