Diseases

Reproductive health is compromised during anorexia nervosa (AN). However, it is still unclear whether this medical complication is reversible after recovery from AN. The purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of the major reproductive health outcomes in females after recovery from AN. The review was conducted in adherence to preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data were collated using meta-analysis and a narrative approach. Of the 1186 articles retrieved, five studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. These studies monitored weight-restored females who had recovered from AN for a follow-up period of between six and 18 years. Their narrative analysis revealed that appropriate treatment of AN leads to the normalization of reproductive function, especially in terms of fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth rates. The meta-analysis confirmed this finding, where the pooled odds of childbirth rates between the ...

Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21 st century. This study aimed to investigate climate change and its health consequences in order to increase public awareness. This review study examined the climate change and its effects on human health by reviewing the literature and research conducted worldwide. According to the results, diseases associated with increased temperature and heatwaves include heat stroke, dehydration, heart and respiratory diseases. The most important diseases associated with rising sea levels and floods include harmful waterborne diseases, injuries, respiratory diseases, and mental health problems. The diseases caused by global warming include vector-borne diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease. Problems caused by forest fires include those caused by air quality degradation like respiratory diseases and mental illnesses. In general, vulnerable groups such as minors, the elderly, the disabled, pregnant women, are prone to be affecte...

The Performance Indicators for Coding Quality (PICQ) is a data quality assessment tool developed by Australia's National Centre for Classification in Health (NCCH). PICQ consists of a number of indicators covering all ICD-10-AM disease chapters, some procedure chapters from the Australian Classification of Health Intervention (ACHI) and some Australian Coding Standards (ACS). The indicators can be used to assess the coding quality of hospital morbidity data by monitoring compliance of coding conventions and ACS; this enables the identification of particular records that may be incorrectly coded, thus providing a measure of data quality. There are 31 obstetric indicators available for the ICD-10-AM Fourth Edition. Twenty of these 31 indicators were classified as Fatal, nine as Warning and two Relative. These indicators were used to examine coding quality of obstetric records in the 2004-2005 financial year Australian national hospital morbidity dataset. Records with obstetric dis...

Globally, India ranks second in terms of area planted under rice (Oryza sativa) and its production as well. Potential to yield is dented due to a lack of inbuilt resistance to different biotic stresses as discernible in ~1000 rice cultivars across the country. Farmers usually rely on applying pesticides that result in several environmental adversities apart from rejection of export consignments due to the presence of chemical residue in grains. Yield losses due to pests of rice in tropical Asia range 25-43%. There is a need to explore alternative integrated input-based management options for judicious use of chemicals with optimal combinations of non-chemical interventions to improve productivity and profitability of rice culture. Field trials were conducted in split-split plot design at Chinsurah, West Bengal during three consecutive rainy (kharif) seasons (2013-15) in transplanted rice. The exploratory objectives were to assess different interventions for alleviating crop biotic stresses and obtaining precise estimate of grain yield as well as economic advantages, and to devise a cost-effective recommendation on need-based integrated pest management (IPM) in transplanted rice. Green manuring with 45-day old Sesbania crop showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in infestation of leaf folder, stem borer, sheath rot, sheath blight, false smut, brown spot and bacterial leaf blight of rice compared to control. Both the herbicide (pretilachlor)-treated and green (Sesbania)-manured plots displayed a significant (P < 0.05) suppression of weeds. The diseases (sheath rot, sheath blight, brown spot) of rice were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by all the treatments targeted for better crop management as evidenced from the sub-sub plots. Rice diseases were best managed by seed treatment with carbendazim 50% WP @ 1.0 g a.i./kg seed, and the effect was more pronounced when the crop was green manured. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher grain yield of rice was recorded with Sesbania manuring, which was as good (P < 0.05) as pre-emergence application of pretilachlor. The herbicide application provided the highest (2.03) incremental benefit-cost ratio (IBCR) among the main plot treatments. Seed treatment with carbendazim followed by (fb) seed bed application of Pseudomonas fluorescens in combination with green manuring prior to rice transplanting in main field fb sequential sprays of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR (20 DAT), chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (40 DAT) and validamycin 3% L (50 DAT) on the standing crop provided the highest (5656 kg/ha) grain yield with a lower (2.02) IBCR. Contrastingly, only seed treatment with carbendazim recorded the highest (73.85) IBCR. Lower pest incidence and higher grain yields did not fetch greater economic return as apparent from the current investigation. Considering quantifiable and economic impact of inputs, their need-based usage would be a cost-effective proposition to take care of dominant pests in transplanted rice. No comprehensive investigation made such a target-based IPM of most influential crop pests of rice for realizing higher productivity and profitability.

Water borne diseases including cholera, Typhoid fever, Diarrhea, Ulcers, Hepatitis, Arsenicosis, Respiratory Tract Infection, Kidney Damage, and Endocrine Damages are very risky for lives of individuals and especially for humans ultimately leading to death. In India, over one lakh people die of water-borne diseases annually. It is reported that groundwater in one-third of India’s 600 districts is not fit for drinking as the concentration of fluoride, iron, salinity and arsenic exceeds the tolerance levels. These diseases are mainly due to drinking water problems because of presence of different harmful bacteria and germs which may cause these drugs. The water treatment can also be used so no one can drink or use dirty or untreated water and can be saved from these effects.

COVID-19 has had a negative impact on family caregivers, whether the care receivers lived with the caregiver, in a separate community home, in supportive living, or in long-term care. This qualitative study examines the points of view of family caregivers who care in diverse settings. Family caregivers were asked to describe what could have been done to support them during the COVID-19 pandemic and to suggest supports they need in the future as the pandemic wanes. Thorne’s interpretive qualitative methodology was employed to examine current caregiver concerns. Thirty-two family caregivers participated. Family caregivers thought the under-resourced, continuing care system delayed pandemic planning, and that silos in health and community systems made caregiving more difficult. Family caregivers want their roles to be recognized in policy, and they cite the need for improvements in communication and navigation. The growth in demand for family caregivers and their contributions to the h...

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative pathogens, predominantly ESBL-producing clinical isolates, are increasing worldwide. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing clinical isolates, their antibiogram, and the frequency of ESBL genes (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) in the clinical samples from patients. Methods: A total of 1065 clinical specimens from patients suspected of heart infections were collected between February and August 2019. Bacterial isolates were identified on colony morphology and biochemical properties. Thus, obtained clinical isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, while ESBL producers were identified by using a combination disk diffusion method. ESBL positive isolates were further assessed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the ESBL genes blaTEM and blaCTX-M. Results: Out of 1065 clinical specimens, 17.8% (190...

High temperature represents one of the most serious abiotic stress factors limiting plant photosynthesis, biomass production and crop productivity. Photosynthetic apparatus is an important heat sensor in plants, sensing a wide range of air temperatures, from moderate to extreme. In this chapter we offer current knowledge on both photochemical and metabolic changes occurring within the photosynthetic apparatus in conditions of heat stress associated with signaling and stress response. The heat stress directly affects the heat sensitive sites, mainly Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II and Rubisco activase. It leads to subsequent indirect effects, such as changes of the redox status of individual components on thylakoid membrane in chloroplast and increase in production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Hence, the redox signaling plays the crucial role in enhancement of alternative electron pathways such as cyclic electron flow as well as triggering the signal transduction pathways resulting to heat stress response. The redox signaling in chloroplast is closely associated with ROS signaling, which interferes with regulation also out of chloroplast. The stress response involves mainly production of specific proteins (mostly heat shock proteins or antioxidants) or protective compounds (osmoprotectants) leading to increase of thermostability of sensitive sites or protection against ROS. Different signal molecules contribute in photosynthesis-related heat-stress signaling pathways, such as reactive oxygen species with hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, calcium, abscisic acid, etc. The specific roles of cytokinins and isoprene in heat stress response are also reviewed.

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Poor sanitation is the reason for many diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, and many more. According to the WHO report, in India, around 600 million people are indulging in defecation in the field. It reports that in India, one in tenth deaths is due the poor sanitation hygiene. To overcome this problem, the prime minister of India has launched Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, which is an honour to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary in 2019. There are various factors which hinder proper sanitation, awareness about sanitation, improper facilities due to lack of money and culture etc. Swachchh Bharat Mission caters all the factors. In some culture, the toilet considered as very impure, so it has to be outside the house. This misconception has to be removed. This study did Meta-analysis of various research papers and official reports of WHO and Swachchh Bharat Mission. The study concluded that there should be a proper check on each stage from the sanction of subsidized amount for the construction of toilet building till its practice in use. Safe drinking water should also be provided. Awareness should be provided to the people about their rights. Awareness would be possible only through various media, and participatory approach has to be used because of its high effectiveness.

ABSTRACT
The pathogens transmitted by ticks to human beings are a motive of public health concern around the world, such is the case of Lyme disease in the northern hemisphere, Encephalitis virus in Europe, the recurrent fevers and the Rocky Mountains spotted fever, better known in Colombia as “Tobia Fever”. People of all economic and social conditions are prone to develop a zoonotic agent transmitted by these vectors, which could be infected by several pathogens through co-infection mechanisms. The epidemiology and prevalence of these diseases are affected by ecological, climatic and anthropogenic factors. All these factors, affect in a different manner the enzootic cycle between pathogens, ticks and wild hosts. Current molecular diagnostic tools have allowed to progress in pathogen identification, previously unknown or undetermined. The government intervention capacity of each country, and the multidisciplinary professional cooperation, especially from physicians and veterinarians, is fundamental in order to strategically implement control and prevention plans that can deal with this problematic. The present article aims to make a thorough review of the factors which are favoring the transmission of zoonotic agents by ticks, contextualizing the most important aspects that determine their prevalence, and the most relevant control and prevention measures.

A retrospective study was undertaken at Sodo zuria district of Wolaita zone during November, 2015 to April, 2016 with the aim of to describe the important diseases and disorders observed in cattle and to assess and estimate the financial loss due to the treatment of such cases. For this purpose a 4 years data, from January, 2011 to December, 2015, were collected from patient register of sodo zuria district veterinary clinic case recording book. During the study, a total of 6105 cattle were examined and 21 various types of diseases and disorders were identified. The commonly found diseases were gastrointestinal worm infestation (26.2%), trypanosomosis (26.2%), infectious systemic problems (17.3%), mixed infections (12.2%), mastitis (9.2%), ectoparasite infestation (6.5%), pneumonia (2.7%) and Lumpy skin disease (1.1%). Rest of the diseases and disorders had lower percentage
than 1%. The occurrence of diseases and disorders were higher in female and young than male and adult animals, respectively.
Internal parasite infestation found to be the most prevalent cattle diseases among all groups of cattle, which was followed by
trypanosomosis and infectious systemic problem. For the treatment and management of 6105 patient cattle, different types of antibiotics, antihelminthics, antiprotozoal, acaricides, disinfectants and multivitamins were used. The total estimated financial loss was found to be 147,844.00 Ethiopian birr (ETB) and high amount of money was lost because of antiprotozoal purchase (52,032.54ETB). Thus, these diseases and disorders were found that they cause a considerable financial loss due to treatment of the affected animals. This study suggests that implementing control programs targeting these diseases and disorders and conducting further retrospective epidemiologic analysis for a long period of years to identify risk factors of diseases and exact economic impact will help to reduce the occurrence and the direct and indirect economic loss due to this diseases and disorders in this area.

Today, Ginger is used as a spice all around the world. In the past, Ginger was consumed for the treatment of various diseases, including osteo-arthritis, neurological diseases, vomiting, asthma, and so on. It seems that Ginger can reduce inflammation in those diseases. We searched the following keywords in PubMed, Google scholar, and Scopus database until 2015: inflammation and Ginger, Ginger and diseases. Clinical trials, animal studies, and human studies were included in the results of this search. Ginger extract with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as 6 Gingerols, 6-Shogoals, Zhingerol, etc can reduce
inflammatory mediators such as inflammatory cytokines and hemokines due to their effects on NF-κB activation, cyclooxygenase 2 reduction and serotonin receptors inhibition. It increases reducing antioxidant enzymes so it can be useful in inflammatory diseases improvement and
their complications prevention. In conclusion, Ginger can help in the treatment of inflammatory chronic diseases such as Fatty Liver, Asthma, Cancer and Arthritis through anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory and antioxidative mechanisms.

A gadget included in the modern gadget which has a boon for the entire human race and almost all of them have an important and integral part in their daily routine, that thing is the smartphone. While on one hand it remains a boon for humans, and the other hand it causes serious health problem due to its increasing misuse. And it's making people sick. Radiations emanating from the phone are absorbed by the skin, although it is tolerable. But its prolonged exposure can cause various types of complications. If the smartphone is used for too long of the night, the circadian rhythm is disturbed. It leads to insomnia as well as its glossy blue light brings change in photoreceptor cell in eyes. Most people carry or keep smartphone near the waist and in the pockets of paint, by doing so, it adversely affects reproductive organs and brings infertility. Radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation ( RFEMR) which is emitted from smartphone causes damage of gonad. These radiation decreases sperm motility and development. In females radiation exert adverse effect on ovary and endometrial tissue. The study also revealed that cancer and tumor is also possible due to misuse and excessive of smartphone.

This study aimed to document the traditional knowledge of traditional healers of Laguna, Philippines on the use of medicinal plants in treating different diseases. Thirty two respondents were identified following a snowball sampling technique and were interviewed on their traditional knowledge and practice of using different medicinal plants. The gathered data were identified with the help of literature from different published articles and websites. A total of 50 plant species, grouped into 29 families were recorded. The families most represented were Lamiaceae with eight species, Euphorbiaceae with five species and Asteraceae with three species. Out of 27 medicinal uses, the eight most common were urinary tract infection, wound infection, stomachache, cough, diabetes, headache, cold and hypertension. The commonness preparations were done by boiling the leaves with water (decoction) and taken internally.

Seven cotton strains, i.e. CIM-78, CIM-80, CIM-81, CIM-84, CIM-95, CIM-96 and Cyto-55 were tested for their resistance against bollworm complex under sprayed and unsprayed conditions at Multan. Cyto-55 and CIM-95 were susceptible, while CIM-78, CIM–80, CIM-81 and CIM-84 were less susceptible to
American, Helicoverpa amigera and Spotted, Earias spp. bollworms. CIM-78 and CIM–80 were susceptible to pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. CIM-78, CIM-80, CIM-81 and CIM-84 produced better yield under both sprayed and
unsprayed conditions. Cyto-55, CIM-95 and CIM-96 were tolerant against pink bollworm under both conditions, but produced lower yield.

Trichophyton tonsurans is an anthropophilic dermatophyte, responsible for infections of the scalp and sometimes of the glabrous skin or nails. Tinea capitis, the most common dermatophytosis in children, is an infection of the scalp and hair shafts. It can be transmitted by poor hygiene and overcrowding, and can occur through contaminated hats, brushes, pillowcases, and other inanimate objects. Tinea corporis typically appears as single or multiple, annular, scaly lesions with central clearing, a slightly elevated, reddened edge, and sharp margination (abrupt transition from abnormal to normal skin) on the trunk, extremities, or face. Tinea unguium, a dermatophyte infection of the nail, is a subset of onychomycosis, which also may be caused by yeast and non-dermatophyte molds. Risk factors for this infection include aging, diabetes and poorly fitting shoes. It is characterized by thickened, brittle and discolored nail. Dermatophyte infections can be readily diagnosed based on the history, physical examination, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy. Diagnosis occasionally requires Wood's lamp examination and fungal culture or histologic examination. Topical therapy is used for most dermatophyte infections. Topical Terbinafine, among all different alternatives,for about a month has all the attribute of being the treatment of decision for tinea corporis, cruris and pedis. I. INTRODUCTION Trichophyton tonsurans is an anthropophilic dermatophyte, responsible for infections of the scalp and sometimes of the glabrous skin or nails. Unlike dermatophytosis caused by otherdermatophytes, the clinical features of infection due to T. tonsurans are not very apparent initially. Tinea corporis due to T.tonsurans appears as small, erythematous, scaly plaques, oftenmeasuring only 1-2 cm in diameter, have no central clearing,and are similar in appearance to eczema. Tinea capitis due to T.tonsurans can be subdivided into three types: the seborrheic subtype, which is primarily characterized by the presence ofdandruff and crusts; the kerion celsi subtype; and the black dot subtype(1-4). A. Tinea Capitis Trichophyton tonsurans, an anthropophilic dermatophyte, is the most normal reason for tinea capitis in North America.Other causes: Microsporum canis (more often than not from pets),Microsporum audouinii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes,Trichophyton violaceum. Tinea capitis is prevalent in youngsters 3 to 10 years old; family individuals in danger; can happen in postmenopausal youngster caretakers. T. tonsurans is transmitted from human to human.M. canis is transmitted from pets (hounds, felines). The differential diagnosis for tinea capitis includes alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, folliculitis, impetigo, lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, traction alopecia, and trichotillomania.[5] Standard treatment recently comprised of griseofulvin, 20 mg/kg every day (limit of 1 g) in micronized structure (accessible in suspension), or 10 to 15 mg/kg every day (limit of 750 mg) in ultramicronized structure. Since it is oftentimes the main specialist secured by protection plans, griseofulvin stays a well known, generally utilized treatment. The term of treatment for the most part is 6 to about two months. As of late, numerous suppliers have discovered that higher dosages of micronized griseofulvin (up to 25 mg/kg every day) and longer spans of treatment are here and there required for cure.[6] M. canis sickness frequently is more hard to treat than T. tonsurans, what's more, higher portion and longer span of treatment regularly are required to accomplish total resolution.[7,8] Administration of griseofulvin with a greasy supper (e.g., milk, frozen yogurt, nutty spread) improves medicate assimilation; research center tests to screen for antagonistic impacts are not required except if treatment surpasses two months. A forthcoming preliminary utilizing micronized griseofulvin (20 mg/kg/day) and topical treatment with twice-week after week selenium sulfide cleanser for about a month and a half demonstrated mycologic, clinical, and complete fix paces of 89%, 66%, and 49%, respectively.[9] Common side impacts of griseofulvin incorporate sickness, migraine, and photosensitivity responses.

Dahil sa ugali ng karamihan sa mga Pilipino na umasa sa mahal na makabagong gamot na ginawa sa laboratoryo, marami ang namamatay ganoong marami namang mga halamang maaaring gamitin upang maiwasan ang pagdapo o paglala ng mga sakit sa kanila.

Background: Skeletal muscle has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes but it has never been investigated in diabetes after pancreatitis. The aim was to investigate the relationship between psoas muscle volume (PMV) and diabetes in individuals after pancreatitis, as well as its associations with ectopic fat phenotypes and insulin traits. Methods: Individuals after an attack of pancreatitis and healthy individuals were studied in a cross-sectional fashion. All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging, based on which PMV, skeletal muscle fat deposition (SMFD), as well as liver and intra-pancreatic fat depositions were derived. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were collected to calculate indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion. Linear regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for possible confounders (age, sex, body composition, comorbidities, use of insulin, and others). Results: A total of 153 participants were studied. PMV was significantly de...

The increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant and biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates in hospital settings is a gruesome concern today. The main objectives of this study were to determine the burden of S. aureus in clinical samples, assess their antibiotic susceptibility pattern and detect biofilm formation and mecA gene in them. A total of 1968 different clinical specimens were processed to isolate S. aureus following standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolates was performed by Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. Biofilm was detected through tissue culture plate method. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were screened using cefoxitin (30 µg) discs and mecA gene was amplified by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 177 bacterial growth, the prevalence of S. aureus was 15.3% (n = 27). MRSA were 55.6% (15/27) and 44% (12/27) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). There was no significant associ...

The pervasiveness of human health impacts and ecosystem effects of lead (Pb) is not controversial, but there are serious arguments about the pace at which Pb should be eliminated from consumer products. Presumably, these arguments can be resolved by converting costs and benefits of Pb use to similar units, a notorious methodological challenge for health impacts in developing countries. To estimate the costs of Pb poisoning attributable to petrochemicals in Nigeria, we conducted a meta-analysis of measured blood lead levels (BLL) and we used published Relative Risk values for disease categories to estimate the proportion of overall disease burden attributable to Pb. We modeled the health costs of Pb exposure and we compared this to the cost of banning Pb. We estimate that Pb exposure accounts for 7- 25 % of the disease burden among Nigerian children, costing the health and education sectors $0.38 – 1.15 billion year-1 for every 1 µg/dL increase in BLL. In comparison, we estimate that...

ABSTRACT
In February 2012, a reproductive group of 60 adult blackbucks (Antilope cervicapra) from Veracruz, Mexico was relocated to hunting units in eastern and northeastern Mexico. Seven individuals died due to hemorrhagic parasitic, abomasitis and enteritis caused by Haemonchus spp., Setaria spp., and Trichostrongylids. Deaths were associated with hepatic necrosis, bilateral congestive distention of heart and fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia. Also Anaplasma marginale was identified. The blackbucks’ population displayed a general mortality rate of 11.67%, where 25% of total male and 9.62% of total female died. The mortality was controlled by segregation of all remaining blackbucks and the treatment for internal and external parasites (biting flies and ticks). After the treatment, no fatality cases related to parasitosis were recorded. The results presented here exhibit the high relevance of parasitosis as possible factor risk in the survival of tis specie.

Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21 st century. This study aimed to investigate climate change and its health consequences in order to increase public awareness. This review study examined the climate change and its effects on human health by reviewing the literature and research conducted worldwide. According to the results, diseases associated with increased temperature and heatwaves include heat stroke, dehydration, heart and respiratory diseases. The most important diseases associated with rising sea levels and floods include harmful waterborne diseases, injuries, respiratory diseases, and mental health problems. The diseases caused by global warming include vector-borne diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease. Problems caused by forest fires include those caused by air quality degradation like respiratory diseases and mental illnesses. In general, vulnerable groups such as minors, the elderly, the disabled, pregnant women, are prone to be affected by climate change. Mental illness, non-communicable diseases, poisoning, diseases related to food insecurity and nutrition, water and foodborne diseases, and reproductive health care are among the factors affected by climate change. Since climate change has numerous direct and indirect impacts on human health, responsible institutions must educate the public through mass media and take adequate measures to offset the health effects of climate change.

Weight cycling (WC) is a common phenomenon in patients with obesity, however, its consequence on body composition has not yet been fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether multiple WC can negatively affect the latter, especially in terms of body fat distribution in female adults seeking treatment that are overweight or obese. Body composition was obtained using a segmental body composition analyser (MC-780MA, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) in 125 adult females who had been referred to the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at the Beirut Arab University (Lebanon). WC was defined as intentional weight loss of ≥3 kg followed by involuntary weight regain of ≥3 kg, and participants were categorized as WC if they had experienced ≥2 cycles. Ninety of the 125 participants met the criteria for WC and displayed a higher total and trunk fat mass than those without WC. This was confirmed through linear regression analysis, showing that multiple WC were associated with increase...

Dysmenorrhea (pain during menstruation) is one of the most common medical conditions among women of reproductive age. Dysmenorrhea has been studied around the world but not yet in Greece. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence, characteristics, and impact of dysmenorrhea on the wellbeing (exercising, and social and academic functioning) among nursing students in Greece. A cross-sectional study of 637 nursing students was conducted by administering a questionnaire at a university in Athens. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 89.2% and the rate of severe intensity was 52.5%. Factors that were associated with severe dysmenorrhea were family history (p = 0.02), early menarche (p = 0.05) and menstruation duration (p = 0.05). Women with moderate and severe pain reported using pain relievers (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol etc., p &lt; 0.0005). Finally, activities affected by severe pain were class attendance (p = 0.01), personal studyin...