International Journal of Veterinary Health Science & Research (IJVHSR)

A cross sectional study was conducted to assesses human resource capabilities, sanitation of slaughter houses and processing materials; and hygienic indicator microorganisms and specific foodborne pathogens. Observation survey was undertaken at all slaughter houses and meat-stalls; while interview data were collected from 54 slaughter house butchers. At the same time 21 meat samples were collected from 4, 8, 4 and 5 randomly selected meat stalls of Bure, Debremarkos, Dejen and Fenoteselam respectively from April to August. Slaughter house workers were not professionally trained and certified; most of them were not used aprons, hair cover and gumboots; and all had no overall cloth. The entire abattoirs had no clear division for slaughtering process, which undertaken simply on the ground and hanging were take place on simply constructed wood. Relatively Debremarkos (46.15%) abattoir had better sanitary standard, and followed with Fenoteselam (23.08%), Bure (15.38%) and Dejen (7.69%). The mean count of Enterobacteriaceae was not significantly (P≥0.05) different; but Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella species were significantly (P<0.05) different between places. From the total 33 bacterial isolates Escherichia coli (0.762) and
Proteus vulgaris (0.381) were found in a higher ratio as compared with Salmonella Species (0.19), Shigellaflexneri (0.143) and Klebsiella
pneumonia (0.095). In general the result of this study indicates poor hygienic handling practices of the raw meat production, so
this could result in public health risk to the consumers. Hence it needs improved hygienic practice at all levels in the raw meat production industry.

Cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium metacestode, is one of the major public health disease. Infected pigs play an important role in human
taeniosis and cysticercosis. Recently much progress has been made towards immunodiagnosis of T. solium metacestode infection in pigs that
have improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity at field level. DNA approaches are now being used for accurate species specific identification
of Taenia spp. Recent advances in diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis both antemortem and postmortem diagnostic techniques are
reviewed in this article.
Key Words: Taenia Solium Metacestode; Serodiagnosis; Molecular Diagnosis; Pigs

In the two years period of research on canine dermatology at College Hospital of College of Veterinary Science Tirupati, 32 dogs with dermatological
problems found to have demodicosis. In these cases demodicosis was confirmed by clinical examination, microscopic examination
of scrapings and tape impression smears collected from the lesions. In these two different types of Demodex mites were identified based on
their habitat and morphology along with micrometry. Micrometry was carried out on 320 mites of two different types of Demodex collected
from the all the cases. Demodex canis was identified in skin scrapings with pointed opisthosomal terminal end and mean body length of 211.81±
14.86 μm and mean width of 37.68±0.31 μm. Demodex cornei was noticed in tape impression smears and identification was based on its morphology
(stubby farm with a blunt posterior opisthosoma end) and its mean length of 137.15 ± 37.72 μm and mean width of 38.28±0.19
μm. Lengths of total body and opisthosoma of both types of the mites differed statistically significantly but, gnathosoma and podosoma did not differ significantly.
Key Words: Demodicosis; D.Canis; D.Cornei; Morphometry; Dogs

Notoedres cati associated with Malassezia was observed in a domestic cat. Cat exhibited crust formation, hyperkeratosis, alopecia, intense
pruritus and seborrhoea over the ears, face, neck and ventral abdomen regions. Laboratory examination of samples revealed Notoedres cati
mites in skin scrapings and Malassezia organisms in tape impression smears. Cat was treated with weekly thrice oral ivermectin @ 300 μg/
kg body weight, supportive therapy and weekly twice bathing was advised with shampoo containing 2% miconazole and 2% chlorhexidine.
Complete clinical recovery along with absence of mites in skin scrapings and absence of Malassezia organisms in impression smears
were noticed after completion of six doses of oral ivermectin along with supportive therapy.
Key Words: Notoedres cati; Malassezia; Cat; Ivermectin

This experiment was conducted in heat-stressed broiler chicken to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Vitamin C and Ocimum
sanctum on antioxidative enzyme levels. A total of forty broiler chickens of day old age were divided into 4 groups of 10 each, were used
for this study. Vitamin C (300 mg/kg), Ocimum sanctum leaf powder (0.5%) and their combination were added to the basal diet. Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation levels in plasma were measured
at the end of 6 weeks of age. Dietary supplementation of Vitamin C itself increased SOD, GSH-px, catalase enzyme levels significantly
(p<0.05). However, supplementation of both Vitamin C and Ocimum sanctum effectively enhanced the levels of SOD, GSH-px, catalase, and
GSH with concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation levels in plasma. It is concluded that dietary supplementation of Vitamin C and its
combination with Ocimum sanctum at 0.5% level can combat oxidative stress caused by high environmental temperature in broilers, by enhancing
antioxidative enzyme levels.
Key Words: Antioxidants; Vitamin C; Ocimum sanctum; SOD; GSH-Px; Catalase; GSH; Lipid Peroxidation; Broiler Chickens.

113 seabirds treated over 5.5 years had 132 fishing-related injuries that included entanglement with line only (N=35/132; 26.5%), entanglement
with line and an associated hook (N=47/132; 35.6%), embedded hooks only (N=34/132; 25.7%) and foreign body ingestion (N=16/132;
12.1%). The percentage of fishing-related injuries ranged from 0.9% for banded stilts (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus), pacific gulls (Larus pacificus)
and masked lapwing plovers (Vanellus miles), to 59.3% for Australian pelicans (Pelecanus conspicillatus). Entanglement and/or embedded hooks
were present more often than injuries from ingestion; i.e. 97% (70/72) of pelicans had entanglement and/or embedded hook injuries; of these
35/72 [48.6%] were entangled with line and hooks, 24/72 [33.3%] had embedded hooks alone and 11/72 [15.3%] were entangled with lines
only, with only 3% (2/72) having injuries from ingestion. A count of sea and river birds in close proximity to fishers revealed that the majority
were pelicans (33.9%), compared to pied cormorants (28.6%), silver gulls (21.4%) and black swans (16.1%). Regular removal of discarded
fishing material along local shores resulted in no reduction in the numbers of entangled or hooked seabirds. It appears likely, therefore, that
such injuries may result from seabird proximity to active recreational fishing, rather than from entanglement in discarded material.
Key Words: Recreational Fishing; Seabird; Australian Pelican; Entanglement; Fishing Hook; Ingestion.

Present communication about the doe which was brought to clinic with the complaint of prolapse of uterus. Upon clinical examination it had soiled, necrosed debris on the uterus with abnormal vital parameters. On laboratory examination doe had anaemia, leucocytosis, low levels of total serum protein, serum albumin and calcium levels. Doe also had severe Haemonchus spp. infection. The everted organ was washed with KMnO4 solution and gross debris was removed. Epidural anesthesia was achieved by 2 % lignocaine hydrochloride and prolapsed mass was slowly pushed inside the pelvic cavity through vagina and placed in its normal position. Doe was treated by administering the enrofloxacin, tolfenamic acid, oxytocin, calcium borogluconate and fenbendazole. After close monitoring for three days no incidence of prolapse was noticed.
Key Words: Doe, Haemonchus, Hypocalcaemia, Treatment, Uterine prolapse

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of GnRH analogue, PMSG and progesterone on induction of oestrus in
postpartum oanestrous cattle bearing inactive ovaries. The animals were divided into four groups viz. group I, II, III and
IV. Group I and II were treated with GnRH (Receptal 5ml) and PMSG (Folligon 500IU ). Group III animals were treated
with Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (proluton depot 500 mg) in two occasions at 7 days interval. Group IV was treated
with normal saline. The number of cows came into oestrus were 3/5(60.00%), 2/5(40.00%), 2/5(40.00%) and 1/5(20.00%)
in group I, II, III and IV respectively. Onset of oestrus was 20.00±1.15, 10.00±1.00, 4.50±0.50 and 17.00 days. The size
of the follicles attained on day of oestrus was 11.54±0.37, 12.70±0.60, 11.11±1.19 and 9.86 mm in group I, II, III and IV
respectively. Results indicated that the postpartum anestrous cow could be brought into oestrus earlier with largest follicular
size (12.70±0.60 mm).
Keywords: Postpartum Anoestrus; Cows; GnRh; PMSG; Progesterone; Induction of Oestrus.

A study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of these diseases at Faisalabad abattoirs in buffaloes and cattle. For
this purpose, 400 consecutive animals, including 200 buffaloes and 200 cattle were included in the study. Blood and diseased
organ, tissue samples were collected for further processing. For a study on the prevalence of brucellosis, the serum samples
were screened by RBPT (Rose Bengal Precipitation Test). The overall prevalence of brucellosis recorded was 10% and 11%
in buffaloes and cattle, respectively. The prevalence of brucellosis did not vary between male and females, three age groups and three weight groups each in buffalo and cattle. However, the odds of contracting brucellosis were 3.8 vs 1 for cattle than buffalo at an age below 5 years. On the basis of specific gross and histopathological lesions in different organs/tissues, including lungs, liver, lymph nodes and intestine, the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis were assessed. The suspected prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 1.5% and 1%, while it was 3.75% and 4.1 % in case of paratuberculosis in buffaloes and cattle, respectively. The cattle revealed significant (P = 0.05) difference between age groups on the basis of suspected lesions of tuberculosis in lungs with young cattle showing the lesions more than adult, but it was not so in buffaloes. The odds of contracting paratuberculosis in males were 3.74 vs 1 of buffalo than cattle. The other comparisons were not marked between age groups, sex and weight groups between buffaloes and cattle. The prevalence of these diseases is not unexpected in abattoir and is a threat not only for workers at the slaughterhouse, meat sellers (butchers) but also to the general public.
Keywords: Brucellosis; Tuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Cattle; Buffalo; Abattoir.

Prognosis of postsurgical behaviour of mammary carcinomas in dogs is difficult using a routine histopathological examination
alone. The aim of the present study was an assessment of prognostic value of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)
and Ki-67 antigen expression in canine mammary carcinomas. Expression was evaluated with computer assisted microscopic
image analysis in surgically removed, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by means of immunohistochemistry.
The growth fraction parameters were compared with previously described data of flow cytometric DNA analysis
as well as with clinical outcome based on 24-month long postoperative observation and careful postmortem examinations. In the group of dogs which died or were euthanatized due to metastases the mean Ki-67 index value was significantly higher in comparison to the group of animals which survived the observation period without malignant process progression. Such a relation was not observed for PCNA. Both Ki-67 and PCNA index values were significantly higher in the group of dogs with neoplasms that had increased levels of cells in the S-phase. The presence of a significant correlation between the Ki-67 antigen index and the clinical course after the operation, calculated using the t-student test, with the lack of such correlation in variance analysis test suggests that it should be treated only as a prognostic marker helper. The heterogenity of staining of the cell nuclei and the lack of correlations with the clinical course in case of PCNA seems to disqualify it as a prognostic factor.
Keywords: Ki-67; PCNA; Dog; Mammary Tumours; Immunohistochemistry; Flow Cytometry.

This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of a novel condensed tannin-rich pine bark (PB) mixture diet
on an in vitro gas production, in vivo animal performance, internal parasites, carcass production, and plasma metabolites in
meat goats. Fifteen Kiko-cross meat goats (Capra hircus; body weight (BW) = 28.0 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly assigned to two
experimental diets (control vs. PB supplementation): 1) control diet (70% grain mixture and 30% wheat straw (WS) and
2) 70% grain mixture with 30% PB. Animals were dewormed on day 10 and animals were artificially inoculated (day 20)
with 5,000 infective stage (L3) Haemonchus contortus larvae. Feed intake and performance were monitored for 87 days. Blood
samples were taken twice, once at the beginning and once at the end of the experiment. Fecal egg (FEC) was determined
approximately every 2 week. At the end of the experimental period, goats were slaughtered, and abomasum parasite load
was determined. Abomasal worms were identified and counted. All analyses were conducted using a GLM or MIXED procedure
of SAS, but in vitro gas analysis was conducted using non-linear procedure of SAS. Overall, there were no differences
(P >0.10) in dry matter intake, body weight, and carcass traits between diets. H.contortus adult worm numbers were lower (P
<0.05) for goats that were fed PB diet than for control. On day 84, control goats on control WS diet had greater (P = 0.01)
FEC than PB diet group. It was concluded that feeding ground PB as a feed ingredient has the potential to decrease internal
parasite infection without detrimental effects.
Keywords: Condensed Tannins; Animal Performance; Parasites; Pine Bark.

Two surgical methods were compared for rumen fistulation and cannulation in 8 buffaloes. A permanent fistula was created
in left paralumbar by two-stage surgery. In 4 animals, the muscles were incised along the skin edges in circular fashion and removed and in another 4 animals, the muscles were separated along the muscle fibre (grid). Suturing muscles with skin and rumen wall with muscles prevented postoperative complications. The cannula remained functional for long periods in grid technique.
Keywords: Rumen Fistulation; Cannulation; Buffalo; Grid Technique.

In order to investigate clinical and biochemical parameters in calves with bovine respiratory disease (BRD), twenty-five
Holstein calves with clinical picture of BRD were selected to this investigation. Ten clinically healthy calves were selected
as a control group. Blood, nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage were obtained from all calves under investigation. Complete
blood parameters picture were investigated. Serum total protein, albumin, Triglyceride (TAG), High Density Lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), Total cholesterol, Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT),
Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were examined. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP)
was estimated in all calves under investigation. Bacteriological examination showed Pasteurella spp in 18 calves and Escherichia
coli in seven calves. The laboratory results revealed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in the levels of white blood cells and
neutrophilia in calves with pneumonia when compared with control groups. Moreover, there was a significant (P ≤ 0.05)
increase in the values of TAG, VLDL-c, LDL-c, ALT, AST, ALP and AGP with significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in the levels
of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, HDL-c in calves with BRD when compared with control ones. From the present
study, it could be concluded that AGP and lipoprotein profile could be used as diagnostic markers for BRD in calves.
Keywords: Calves; Pneumonia; Alpha-1-acid Glycoprotein; Lipid Profile.

An eleven year-old, male, beagle was presented with a two-month history of progressive stiff gait and spinal hyperalgesia.
On the basis of clinical and magnetic resonance images features, an extensive bilateral paraspinal myopathy was diagnosed.
Two weeks later, the dog was euthanized due to the worsening of pain. At post-mortem examination, multiple nodules of
variable size were detected along the lumbar paraspinal musculature and the diaphragm pillars. Histologically, nodules were
composed by fibroconnectival proliferation arranged around cores of atypical neoplastic cells which were positive for cytokeratine
19, demonstrating a glandular origin. A primary lesion was not found. Here we report an atypical case of adenocarcinoma
of unknown primary origin metastasizing to the lumbar muscles and presenting with severe neuropathic pain.
Keywords: Cancer of Unknown Primary; CUP; Dog; Metastases; Neuropathic Pain.

An 8-year-old male lion with progressive lack of secondary sex characteristics, dysorexia and weight loss was referred to
our Institution. The patient was anaesthetized to undergo general clinical evaluation, hematologic, serum biochemical and
hormonal profile, FIV/FeLV tests. Total body computed tomography, abdominal ultrasonography and fine-needle aspirates
of the liver and left adrenal lesion were performed. Imaging findings showed the presence of a neoplastic lesion on the left
adrenal gland and generalized hepatopathy. Blood tests reported an estradiol concentration of 462 ng/dl. To our knowledge,
this is the first description of an adrenal mass in a lion associated with secondary feminization.

In vitro test methods are used primarily for rapid screening of chemicals based on mechanistic understanding of toxicity to
predict hazards and potential risks. We investigated organ-specific oxidative stress and the molecular mechanism of toxicity
using the pathway-focused DNA array of the hop ingredient hexahydroisohumulone (HEX) with canine hepatocytes, canine
proximal tubule cells (CPTC), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and enterocyte-like cells (ELC).
Free radical species were produced in HEX-treated hepatocytes and to a lesser extent in CPTC, BMSC and ELC. Transcriptional
profiles showed 30.5% (113 genes) out of 370 genes were differentially expressed in hepatocytes followed by
CPTC (21.6%, 80 genes), ELC (4.8%, 18 genes) and BMSC (1.0%, 4 genes). HEX predominantly affected DNA damage/
repair pathways in hepatocytes and CPTC, while for ELC endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response
(UPR) dominated. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were most abundant genes in
HEX-treated hepatocytes and CPTC; networked complementary between various pathways resulting in its adverse effect
on oxidative stress, ER stress/UPR, mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis. This work contributes to the understanding
of the molecular effects of HEX, cellular response to oxidative stress and provides insight into genes altered with HEX
exposure and the cell-type specific responses in dogs.

This perspective article delineates how optimizing starch nutrition in high-producing dairy ruminants can improve health
and economics. The current reckless use of starch in commercial dairy diets must cease. Dairy ruminants do not need that
much starch to be adequately profitable. Starch nutrition must be based on ruminant evolution and not exceeding their assimilative
capacities.

Recurrent pyoderma is not an uncommon complication of canine atopic dermatitis and the use of frequent courses of antibiotic for its control is of concern, related to the possible developing of resistances. This report describes a case where the use of a spot-on product PYOspot® avoids the recurrence of pyoderma in a dog with severe canine atopic dermatitis. A female French bulldog severely affected by canine atopic dermatitis was suffering from recurrent episodes of pyoderma, 5 in the last year. Pyoderma was manifested as bacterial folliculitis with alopecia and papule-crusted lesions and as intertrigo in facial folds and paws. The infection was controlled with courses of antibiotic lasting at least for 1 month, but it recurred once the treatment was stopped. The dog was in treatment with cyclosporine to control clinical signs of atopic dermatitis. The administration of a weekly treatment with a topical spot-on formulation containing a natural complex with antimicrobial properties, PYOspot®, prevents pyoderma recurrence in this dog.

The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of condensed tannins (CT) containing diets of sericea lespedeza pellets (SLP; Lespedeza cuneata; 13.6% CT), pine bark powder (PB; Pinus; 16.3% CT), and a combination of SLP and PB on combating of the drug resistant Haemonchus contortus UGA/2004 in meat goats. Twenty four Kiko cross intact male goat (Capra hircus; BW = 38.6 ± 2.7 kg) of one year old were randomly assigned to four experimental treatments (n = 6): 1) 30%
bermuda grass (Cynodondactylon) hay and 70% grain mix, 2) 30% PB and 70% grain mix, 3) 30% SLP and 70% grain mix, and 4) 15% PB, 15% SLP, and 70% grain mix. Each treatment diet (30%) was mixed with the remainder of each diet containing 70% commercial sweet feed and 30% alfalfa pellets for a 42-day trial. The animals were experimentally infected with 5000 of 3rd stage larvae of the drug resistant H. contortus 6 weeks before the initiation of the experiment. Starting from the day zero the animals were fed once daily and their performance monitored for the following 42 days. Biweekly body weight, fecal egg counts (FEC), packed cell volume, and FAMACHA score. Blood samples were collected at day 42 and blood serum chemistry was detected. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sent to the Meat Technology Center, Fort Valley State University, GA for slaughtering, abomasum sampling and carcass evaluation. Samples of abomasum content were preserved then sent to Louisiana State University for adult worm counts. The results showed that FEC and adult worm counts in the mix diet were significantly reduced by day 42 compared to other treatment groups. FAMACHA data was significant low in the PB diet on day 21, while it was significantly reduced in both the SLP and mix diet on day 42.  Furthermore, the blood serum chemistry values were within the normal range of goats. This study shows that plant CT can affects gastrointestinal parasites infection in meat goats, and it is possible that this effect is depends on the source of CT or the CT-containing diet.

The blood concentrations of leukocytes and the major classes of leukocytes were compared across over 200 species of birds and over 300 species of mammals based on phylogenic relations, body weight and diet. The concentration of leukocytes was markedly higher in birds than mammals reflecting elevated concentrations of all major classes but particularly those of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Overall, there were no differences between blood leukocyte
concentrations in placental and marsupial mammals. There were differences between leukocytes concentrations within the placental mammals, for instance being lower in mammalian species within the taxa Glires than in Laurasiatheria and Primatomorpha which in turn are lower than in Afrotheria and Xenarthra. There were also differences in leukocyte concentrations in birds being higher in species with the taxa Afroaves than in Australaves. There were phylogenic differences in the percentages of the leukocyte classes. For instance, in placental compared marsupial mammals, the percentage neutrophils is elevated, the percentage lymphocytes is depressed and neutrophil to lymphocyte (N:L) ratio was much higher. Moreover, the percentage heterophils is high, the percentage lymphocytes is low and heterophil to lymphocyte (H:L) ratio is greater in birds from the taxa Paleognathae than the Neognathae. There was a positive relationship between concentrations of leukocytes or neutrophils and log body weight.

Bumble foot or plantar pododermatitis, is an inflammatory and typically infected lesion of the plantar aspect of the foot, affecting either the ball of the foot or one or more toes. A case of bumble foot in a 6 year old cock was managed by removal of caseous material with an artery forceps and left open to heal by granulation.

As has been observed previously, there are no differences between class Mammalia and Aves for either packed cell volume (PCV)/Hematocrit (HCT) or hemoglobin concentrations using a much larger data-base - data from 357 mammalian and 323 avian species. However, the erythrocyte concentrations and size were respectively higher and smaller in mammals. There were marked differences for hematological parameters between taxa within both the Mammalia and Aves. For instance in mammals, PCV/HCT is low in both Afrotheria and Xenarthra. In contrast, PCV/HCT is highest in the order Chiroptera and greater in marine mammals (Cetacea and Pinnipedia) than in their respective related taxa, Artiodactylia and non-marine carnivores. In birds, there were differences between taxa for PCV/HCT, for examples between orders Anseriformes and Galliformes but none for the blood concentration of hemoglobin. There marked differences between mammalian and avian taxa for both erythrocytes concentration and MCV. Allometric relations are observed for PCV/HCT, blood concentration of hemoglobin, erythrocyte concentration and MCV across both birds and mammals. However, allometric relationships for PCV/HCT and MCV are seen in only some but not other mammalian and avian taxa.

Probiotics have potential as prevention strategies or therapies for multiple diseases in chickens, such as Newcastle Disease (ND), heat stress, and Coccidiosis, but the mechanism still partially understood. It is an important and warranted issue for further investigation that how probiotics modulated gene expression in disease. In this study, 80 Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broilers were treated with probiotics, and inoculated La Sota vaccine, then detected the changes of the number of
antibody-producing cells (IgA+, IgM+, and IgG+) and the expression of IL-7 mRNA in mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT: Harder’s gland, cecal tonsils, duodenum and ileum Peyer’s patch), and the content of Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) in local humor (tear, trachea fluid, bile and intestinal fluid) by immunohistochemistry staining, RT-qPCR, and IELISA, respectively. Results showed that the contents of IgA, IgM and IgG in local humor, the number of IgA+, IgM+, and IgG+ and the expression of IL-7 mRNA in MALT of inoculated birds were significantly higher than control birds (P< 0.05 or P < 0.01) after 7 days post-inoculation (PI), and chickens showed higher immunity response after treated with probiotics. These results indicated that probiotics could enhance the humoral immunity in the respiratory and digestive tracts of chickens, and the immunological response to ND vaccine, and ND vaccine in combining with probiotics will get a better effect on humoral immunity. Both the probiotics and ND vaccine could increase the expression of IL-7 mRNA, and then improve the humoral immunity in the chickens, and the IL-7 maybe one of the ways by which the probiotics improve the humoral immunity.

Behavior assessment is commonly used to identify canines that may have a higher threshold for environmental stress, but no work has established a connection between behavior (as indicated by search performance) and travel stress (as indicated by fecal scores and microbial stability). Six canines (aged 18 months to 8 years), trained according to the standard established by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), were utilized to test the effects of airline travel stress on working canines. Our objectives were to test the hypotheses that: 1) working canines can overcome air travel stress with little or no impact on their performance; and 2) fecal score and microbial composition is impacted by airline travel stress. Two groups of dogs, (n=3 per group), were randomly selected from FEMA canine teams rostered in New York City, NY (CONTROL) and in Miami, FL (TRAVEL). TRAVEL dogs were flown in the cabin on a commercial airline to New York. Blood and fecal samples were collected each morning prior to travel (d0) and search work (d1-d3). Fecal bacterial DNA was extracted
and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was completed using an Illumina MiSeq followed by analysis with QIIME 1.8.0. Fecal scores from TRAVEL were significantly higher (P = 0.01) than CONTROL indicating softer stool in the group that travelled. Pre- and post-travel blood samples for the TRAVEL group were compared and demonstrated significant decreases
in lactate, bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, and base excess (P < 0.05) following travel. However, these decreases were still within normal range, therefore, may not be biologically significant. In addition, blood samples from TRAVEL and CONTROL were compared on search days and increases were observed in the TRAVEL group for ionized calcium, bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, base excess, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.05). In contrast, blood glucose was decreased in
the TRAVEL group (P < 0.05). Search behavior scores were not significant in TRAVEL compared to CONTROL. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of UniFrac distances between samples based on their 97% OTU composition indicated that TRAVEL bacterial communities (P = 0.01) and bacterial community abundances (P = 0.02) were significantly different from CONTROL. These data demonstrate that airline travel of 2.5h impacts the working canine gut microbiota and some blood
metabolites, but has no observed effect on working canine performance.

Actinomycosis is commonly known as “lumpy jaw” that is a specific disease characterized with mandibular osteomyelitis in cattle. In our study, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and some biochemical parameter levels in cattles with Actinomycosis were investigated. Thirty cattle were used in this study. 15 number of these were used as a control group of healthy individuals. Out of fifteen were Actinomycosis group. Statistical analysis showed that, concentrations of malondialdehyde were higher (P<0.001) and superoxide dismutase concentrations were lower (P<0.001), catalase, glutathione peroxidase
and glutathione levels were significantly lower (P<0.01) in the cattles with Actinomycosis than in healthy ones. Glucose, cholesterol and LDL levels were significantly increased (P<0.001), HDL levels were  significantly decreased (P<0.001) in the Actinomycosis group according to control group. Triglyceride concentrations were markedly increased (P<0.01) and albumin concentration was decreased (P<0.01). The enzyme activities of ALT were significantly increased (P<0.05) and as
to AST enzyme’s activities were decreased (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant differences for the total protein levels in the Actinomycosis Group.

This article elaborates on discovering circadian rhythmicity of rumen microbial characteristics including pH, osmolarity, volatile fatty acids production and absorption capacity, lactate utilization capability, rumen liquid and solids volume and pool, microbial protein synthesis and efficiency, and microbial population diversity and variations. The evolution of ruminants on nature and during modernization has shaped such circadian properties of the rumen microbial ecology. Insights into such evolutionary microbial exclusivities can greatly help develop innovative pragmatic strategies to minimize risks of metabolic disorders and improve farm economics and environmental quality measures.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters especially liver, renal enzymes and some element concentration on the reproductive performance of female camels. Blood samples were collected from 51 adult female camels. 39 adult female camels (diseased) suffered from anorexia, decreased body gain, some camels were emaciated and with varying degrees of reproductive abnormalities starting from repeat breeder, anestrous and infertility and 12 control camels that showed no evidence of clinical disease during clinical examination and samples collection. The results of hematological, biochemical and ultrasonographic findings were recorded. The hematological results showed significant reduction in erythrocyte count (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) with significant increase in packed cell volume (PCV%). The leucocyte count (WBCs) and neutrophils percentage were significantly increased in diseased camels compared to controls while, lymphocyte percentage was significantly decreased in diseased camels. The serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase
(AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinas (CK) and γ-glutamyl transferase (γGT) was significantly increased in diseased camels. The concentration of selected elements in serum indicated significant reduction in copper, calcium and phosphorous concentration in diseased camels. Progesterone concentration was significantly decreased in diseased camels. Other tested parameters did not differ significantly in diseased and control camels. In conclusion, the hepatorenal dysfunction parallel with inanition might affect on the reproductive performance especially ovulation.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a disease with high
morbidity (80-100%) and mortality (60-80%) rates. Rapid diagnosis
of this devastating disease is essential for its immediate containment.
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (formerly  Mycoplasma biotype F-38), a member of the family Mycoplasmataceae, is the cause of the contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.

Bacterial pyoderma and Malassezia dermatitis are frequent dermatosis in dogs, for which the use of systemic courses of respectively antibiotics and/or anti fungals is needed. However, as the risk of emergence of antimicrobial resistance in dermatology is growing, the use of topical antiseptics or antimicrobials is highly recommended. This study describes the value of a topical spray made of essential fatty acids and essential oils from plant origin to help treating antimicrobial infections in
dogs. 47 dogs suffering from skin infection diagnosed on the basis of clinical and cytological signs were included and treated with a twice daily application of the spray. Follow-up visits were performed after 10 and 21 days. The rate of satisfaction was 90% for veterinarians and 89% for owners. Extent of lesions decreased by 23% and 37% after  respectively 10 and 21 days. Severity of lesions decreased by 42% and 61% after respectively 10 and 21 days. Few side effects were reported. These results suggest that the use of a topical antimicrobial agent can help in treating bacterial or yeast infection in dogs.

The current study was conducted with major objective of assessing the major animal health factors that cause rejection in international live animal trade at Adama export quarantine station and to estimate economic loss due to the rejection factors/disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to April 2016 at two private feedlots found in Adama and Adami Tullu Eastern Ethiopia. From the total of 2697 bulls examined for the presence of physically and clinical
abnormalities, 3.74% (101/2697) physical and clinical abnormalities were detected. From a total of 2596 bulls that were examined for the presence of FMD (Foot and mouth disease) and CBPP (Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia); 12.9% (334/2596) and 9% (233/2596) were found to be positive respectively. The results of the present study showed significant variation in the prevalence of FMD (Foot and mouth disease) and CBPP with respect to origin of bulls (P < 0.05). The study also revealed the overall loss of hard currency due to failure to export seroposative live animals and rejected due to physical and clinical abnormalities from the two exporter farms which were included in our study was 580,826 US$. The economic loss that is incurred from FMD, CBPP and physical and clinical abnormalities were 290,413 US$, 202,593.5 US$ and 87,819.5 US$ respectively. The results of this study indicate that FMD and CBPP are still important disease in the feedlots. Therefore prevention and control strategies are needed in the feedlots; and biosecurity of the feedlots must be improved so that to reduce the exposure of bulls to new infections.

IL-17 plays important roles in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, little is known about the possible relation of IL-17 in canine IBD. For comparative medicine and canine disease, it is useful to demonstrate the role of IL-17 in canine IBD. In this study, 7 cases of the dog with IBD typed of lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis without Intestinal lymphoma were examined immunohistochemically for possible relation with IL-17. Here, we found that IL-17 is expressed
in intestinal mucosa of the dog with IBD. Among 7 cases, there are strong expressions of IL-17 in cases 2, moderate expression of it in cases 2, weak expression of it in cases 2, and very low expression of it in case 1. The score of IL-17 expression is not correlated with sex, age, and the breed. Using biopsy specimen, our results revealed the  immunopathological relevance of IL-17 in the dog with IBD.

Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer system that displays stored digital data developed over the last decade. GIS is a platform consisting of hardware, software, data and people and encompasses a fundamental and universally applicable set of value-added tools for input, transforming, data management and storage, analyzing, and output information that are geographically referenced. GIS can be applied to different veterinary activities. It can help to understand and explain the dynamics and spreading pattern of a disease and increase the speed of response in the case of a disease emergency. In an outbreak of a disease it could make the management of the situation easier, and it could also provide a tool to evaluate different strategies to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. The following areas in which GIS and special GIS-functions could be incorporated are presented: surveillance and monitoring of animal diseases, recording and reporting information, epidemic emergency, modeling disease spread, and planning control strategies. The technology has many features which make it ideal for use in animal disease control, including the ability to store information relating to demographic and causal
factors and disease incidence on a geographical background, and a variety of spatial analysis functions.

Over the past decade, a disturbing trend in antimicrobial resistance of both gram-negative and gram-positive “superbugs” in addition to fungal “superbugs” has seriously complicated the treatment of not only immune-compromised patients but dogs and farm animals (e.g., cattle, pigs, horses, etc) as well. To this, must be added the numerous hospitalizations and veterinary visits caused by contaminated meats, poultry, vegetables, seafoods, and multiple types of animal feeds. Government resources, worldwide, are being stretched-thin and often remain powerless to combat these assaults to our patients, dogs and farm animals. By about 2075, the number of people dying from drug-resistant infections and diseases could reach in excess of 35 million while the deaths in the pet and farm animal populations could be expected to far exceed this number. Added to this is the ever-growing and soaring worldwide use of antibiotics in agriculture. How much of
this indiscriminate use of antibiotics is contributing to the ever -growing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics noted above?

This study discovers the possible effect propolis, royal jelly, bee pollen and Ronozyme supplementation in diets that can be beneficial for Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Total one hundred and sixty Japanese quails at 43 days of age were used and divided randomly into 4 replicate groups each containing 32 animals. The experimental groups as follows: control group was feed a basal diet, royal jelly group was added to the water with 500 mg/kg diet, propolis group was feed orally on a basal diet supplemented with 4 g/kg diet, bee pollen group was feed orally on a basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg diet, Ronozyme group was feed orally a basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg diet for 74 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of the yolk were found highest in the control, royal jelly and Ronozyme groups as compared with bee pollen and propolis groups (p<0.05). MDA levels was significantly improved in the bee pollen and propolis groups as compared with royal jelly and Ronozyme groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, this experiment demonstrated that quails supplemented with propolis and bee pollen could produce egg rich. This study will help the researcher to uncover the critical areas of egg quality that many researchers were not able to explore. Thus a new theory on these compounds may be arrived at.

The current study aimed to elucidate the effect of adding various  concentrations of cysteine to the in vitro fertilization culture
medium on the fertilization rate and following embryonic development of buffalo oocytes. In vitro matured oocytes were fertilized using different concentrations of cysteine (0.5, 1.3 mM) in the presence of 5.0 mM caffeine. After in vitro fertilization, fertilization rate, cleavage rate and developmental rates till the blastocyst stage have been evaluated. The present results revealed that supplementation of the fertilization media with 0.3 Mm cysteine enhanced significantly (P<0.05) the fertilization
rate and the development rates till the morula and blastocyst stages (53.45% ± 6.61%, 19.18% ± 4.64% and 13.70% ± 4.05%, respectively) compared to those of the control groups (30.65% ± 5.90%, 5.56% ± 3.15% and 1.85% ± 1.85 %, respectively). The current results demonstrated that addition of 0.3 mM cysteine to a fertilization medium had positively improved in vitro fertilization rates and supported embryonic progress till the blastocyst stage of buffalo oocytes.

A cross sectional study was conducted in and around Debre Berhan town, Ethiopia from November 2016 to April 2017. The objectives of study were to estimate the prevalence of lungworm infection and associated risk factors in sheep. Coproscopic examination was done by using a modified Baermann technique. Fecal samples were collected from randomly selected sheep of systematically chosen households. The study animals were composed of different breeds, age groups,
sexes, management systems, and subjected to different health care conditions. Out of 378 sheep examined, 69 (18.3%) were found to be positive for one or more species of lungworm parasites. Dictyocaulus filaria (6.6%) was the predominant species of parasite identified followed by Muellerius capillaries (5.6%) Protostrongylus rufescens (2.6%) and mixed infection of D. filaria and M. capillaries (3.5%). There was statistically significant difference in prevalence of lungworm parasite (P<0.05) among the risk factors like respiratory signs, deworming history, and management systems. Animals with respiratory signs,
not dewormed, and managed under extensive production system were more infected with the parasites. On the other hand, the prevalence of the parasites among breeds, age groups, and sexes showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Despite the smaller prevalence observed in this study, ovine lungworm is still a constraint to sheep in the area in different season of the year, and therefore, vigorous controlling strategy should be implemented to reduce the prevalence of infection.

Background: This single-arm, unmasked, single-site study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of oclacitinib (APOQUEL®)
administered twice daily for 14 days with a topical anti-infective, when indicated, for the control of otitis externa secondary to allergic skin disease in dogs. Thirteen (13) client-owned dogs were enrolled; three (3) dogs were withdrawn for owner non-compliance. Dogs were required to be ≥1 year old, weigh 3.0-80.0 kg, have uncomplicated otitis externa that the Investigator attributed to allergic skin disease, have an Otitis Index Score of ≥6 and been withdrawn from any systemic or topical treatments with antipruritic, anti-inflammatory or anti-infective properties that could interfere with assessments. Cytology samples were collected from each ear. Ears with otitis externa were cleaned at enrollment. Oclacitinib was administered orally twice daily; in dogs with evidence of infection, enrofloxacin/silver sulfadiazine (Baytril® Otic) was administered topically twice daily in affected ears. Owner assessments were performed daily and Investigator assessments were performed on Days 7 and 14.
Results: Seven (7) female and three (3) male dogs completed the study. Ages ranged from 3.0-12.0 years and body weight ranged from 3.6-47.0 kg. Administration of oclacitinib and enrofloxacin/silver sulfadiazine twice daily for 14 days resulted in mean Investigator otitis scores improving from 19.7 on Day 0 to 3.4 by Day 14, for a mean reduction of 81.7%. Mean owner assessment improved by 94.7% (left ear) and 80.6% (right ear) during the 14-day study. Cytologic examination of the ears showed bacteria in seven left ears and seven right ears at enrollment compared to only one left ear and no right ears on Day 14. One dog had no bacteria or yeast on Day 0 compared to nine dogs with no bacteria on Day 14. Yeast was present in two left and two right ears at enrollment and in only one right ear on Day 14.
Conclusions: The results of this single-arm, single-site, unmasked study suggest that oral administration of oclacitinib with a topical anti-infective applied to affected ears twice daily for 14 days is effective for the management of otitis externa secondary to allergic skin disease in dogs.

This study elucidated the effects of replacing soybean meal with silkworm meal on production performance, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, blood profile, and egg quality traits in white leghorn layers. A total of 150 white leghorn laying birds (52 weeks of age) were randomly divided into fifteen replicate groups (n=10 per replicate), and reared on five experimental diets having three replicates allocated to each treatment group for a period of six weeks. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets (D) were utilized as; 0 (D1), 25 (D2), 50 (D3), 75 (D4) and 100% (D5) as replacement of soybean meal with silkworm meal in commercial layer rations. The weight of the bird, daily feed intake (g/day/bird), hen day production (%), average egg weight
(g), and feed conversion ratio did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the dietary groups. Apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients was not different in the control group compared to treatment groups. Blood profile and egg quality parameters also showed no significant (P>0.05) differences among dietary groups. The egg weight, albumen height, yolk weight and shell thickness were not affected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. Based on our results, it could be concluded that silkworm meal can be effectively used as an alternative protein sourceto soybean meal without any adverse effects on the layers.

Tick-borne protozoan diseases, Theileriosis and Babesiosis, are major
health and management problems of cattle, small ruminants and buffaloes in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Recently, tickborne diseases were ranked high in terms of their impact on poor farming communities in developing countries. Whereas the global economic importance of ticks is particularly high for livestock, there is also a relevant impact on public health in the northern hemisphere. Laboratory diagnosis of infection with piroplasms was traditionally based on microscopy of peripheral blood smears to find the parasites within erythrocytes as well as serological tests. Nevertheless, both methods have limitations in detecting carrier animals with low numbers of infected erythrocytes and
discriminating pathogenic from non-pathogenic species, particularly
in mixed infections, and cross-reactivity problems have been described for serology.

Milbemycin oxime tablets were evaluated for efficacy against sarcoptic mange mites in naturally infested dogs. Sixty-five dogs were allocated
to two groups and were housed individually. Fifty of the dogs were treated orally with milbemycin oxime at the proposed dose. The other
fifteen were treated orally with vehicle. Study day 0 was defined as the first day of treatment administration. Dogs were treated on days 0, 7
and 14, and efficacy was assessed by counting viable mites recovered from skin scrapings. To enumerate Sarcoptes scabiei mites, skin scrapings were taken on each of Days-1, 14, 28, 42 and 56. Clinical signs of mange and the extent of sarcoptic lesions were evaluated on each dog when scrapings were made. Evaluation of the efficacy of the treatment was based on the absence of mites supported by the absence of clinical signs associated with canine sarcoptic mange. Treatment with milbemycin oxime at weekly intervals resulted in a rapid reduction of mites and improved clinical signs. Percentage reductions in geometric mean mite counts for milbemycin oxime, compared with vehicle, on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 were 90, 96, 100, and 100%, respectively. The overall cure rates at Day 56, based on zero mite counts and resolution of clinical signs were 100% of dogs. Weekly treatment with maximum dose (2.0g/kg) rate of milbemycin oxime for continually three weeks, was effective against naturally acquired infestations of sarcoptes scabiei in dogs, reducing mites counts by 100%.

A cross sectional study was conducted to assesses human resource capabilities, sanitation of slaughter houses and processing materials; and hygienic indicator microorganisms and specific foodborne pathogens. Observation survey was undertaken at all slaughter houses and meat-stalls; while interview data were collected from 54 slaughter house butchers. At the same time 21 meat samples were collected from 4, 8, 4 and 5 randomly selected meat stalls of Bure, Debremarkos, Dejen and Fenoteselam respectively from April to August. Slaughter house workers were not professionally trained and certified; most of them were not used aprons, hair cover and gumboots; and all had no overall cloth. The entire abattoirs had no clear division for slaughtering process, which undertaken simply on the ground and hanging were take place on simply constructed wood. Relatively Debremarkos (46.15%) abattoir had better sanitary standard, and followed with Fenoteselam (23.08%), Bure  (15.38%) and Dejen (7.69%). The mean count of Enterobacteriaceae was not significantly (P≥0.05) different; but Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella species were significantly (P<0.05) different between places. From the total 33 bacterial isolates Escherichia coli (0.762) and
Proteus vulgaris (0.381) were found in a higher ratio as compared with Salmonella Species (0.19), Shigellaflexneri (0.143) and Klebsiella
pneumonia (0.095). In general the result of this study indicates poor hygienic handling practices of the raw meat production, so this could result in public health risk to the consumers. Hence it needs improved hygienic practice at all levels in the raw meat production industry.

A retrospective study was undertaken at Sodo zuria district of Wolaita zone during November, 2015 to April, 2016 with the aim of to describe the important diseases and disorders observed in cattle and to assess and estimate the financial loss due to the treatment of such cases. For this purpose a 4 years data, from January, 2011 to December, 2015, were collected from patient register of sodo zuria district veterinary clinic case recording book. During the study, a total of 6105 cattle were examined and 21 various types of diseases and disorders were identified. The commonly found diseases were gastrointestinal worm infestation (26.2%), trypanosomosis (26.2%), infectious systemic problems (17.3%), mixed infections (12.2%), mastitis (9.2%), ectoparasite infestation (6.5%), pneumonia (2.7%) and Lumpy skin disease (1.1%). Rest of the diseases and disorders had lower percentage
than 1%. The occurrence of diseases and disorders were higher in female and young than male and adult animals, respectively.
Internal parasite infestation found to be the most prevalent cattle diseases among all groups of cattle, which was followed by
trypanosomosis and infectious systemic problem. For the treatment and management of 6105 patient cattle, different types of antibiotics, antihelminthics, antiprotozoal, acaricides, disinfectants and multivitamins were used. The total estimated financial loss was found to be 147,844.00 Ethiopian birr (ETB) and high amount of money was lost because of antiprotozoal purchase (52,032.54ETB). Thus, these diseases and disorders were found that they cause a considerable financial loss due to treatment of the affected animals. This study suggests that implementing control programs targeting these diseases and disorders and conducting further retrospective epidemiologic analysis for a long period of years to identify risk factors of diseases and exact economic impact will help to reduce the occurrence and the direct and indirect economic loss due to this diseases and disorders in this area.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of hesperidin and coenzyme Q10 on muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model. A total of 28 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into four groups: Control, Sham, I/R+CoQ10 and I/R+Hesperidin groups. All rats were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine. Except for the control group, the left lower limbs of the other 3 groups were applied to 2 hours of ischemia and 2 hours of reperfusion with tourniquet. TNF-α, IL-6, GSH, MDA levels, CAT, GPx, SOD activities were measured in the plasma. The levels of MDA with XO, CAT, SOD activities were determined in tissues. Increases in TNF-α, IL-6 and MDA levels, decreases in the CAT, GPx and SOD activities were significant in the sham group according to the control group but the differences in GSH were insignificant in plasma samples. The decreases in plasma TNF-α, IL-6 and MDA levels, the increases in CAT, GPx and SOD activities were statistically significant in the experimental groups compared to the sham group, but the GSH differences were insignificant. MDA and XO levels were higher in the
experimental groups than in the sham and control groups, CAT and SOD levels decreased, these differences were statistically significant. The results of this study support the possibility that hesperidin and CoQ10 may play a protective role against skeletal muscle injury caused by I/R in rats by reducing oxidative stress. Hence, hesperidin and coenzyme Q10 may be useful adjunctive therapeutic agents in some operations suspected of organ I/R damage.

A study was conducted from November 2007 to April 2008 in Bahir Dar zuria woreda of tsetse free and Bure woreda of tsetse infested area of Amhara region of Northwest Ethiopia to investigate the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle. In each study area randomly selected cattle were sampled and their blood investigated using parasitological methods. The diagnostic techniques used include PCV (packed cell volume) to measure the degree of anaemia, heamatocrit centrifugation techniques (buffy coat examination) and thin smear. A total of 600 cattle (300 from Bahir Dar zuria woreda and 300 from Bure woreda) were sampled. Among them 80 cattle 45 (15%) in Bure woreda and 35 (11.66%) in Bahir Dar zuria were positive for trypanosome infection.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory degenerative joint disease that affects humans and animals alike. Currently, \u003e20% of the adult and 80% of the geriatric dog population in the US (\u003e90 million) suffer from OA. The pathophysiology of OA is very complex as it involves multiple mechanisms and molecular pathways. Currently, there are several choices to manage OA, but many veterinarians choose nutraceuticals because of lesser or no side effects compared to pharmaceuticals. The present investigation was undertaken to assess anti-arthritic efficacy and safety of Flex Choice TM chews (Clinics Choice, LLC) in dogs with moderate OA. Flex Choice TM chews are composed of krill oil, hyaluronic acid, astaxanthin, Boswellia serrata extract, greenlipped mussel, and iron transport tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (ITPGS). Dogs with OA received Flex Choice TM chews b.i.d. for 150 days. Each month, dogs were given a full exam and were evaluated for arthritic pain (overall pain, pain upon limb manipulation, and pain after physical exertion) using the Glasgow scoring system, CBC, and serum biomarkers of liver (bilirubin, ALT, and AST), kidney (BUN and creatinine), and heart and skeletal muscle (CK) functions. Dogs receiving Flex Choice TM showed marked reductions in overall pain (52%), pain upon limb manipulation (35%), and pain after physical exertion (40%). The active ingredients in Flex Choice TM exert antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, cartilage repair and anti-osteoarthritic effects. ITPGS, in addition to being a bioenhancer, exerts its effects such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory. No significant (P\u003e0.01) change occurred in physical parameters, CBC, and serum biomarkers of liver, kidney, and heart functions. Findings revealed that Flex Choice TM significantly ameliorated OA-associated pain, and it was well tolerated by dogs with moderate OA.

ASFV typically invades macrophages, monocytes and other blood-formed elements, thus making host-defense problematical. These invasive cellular effects induce a massive number of inflammatory responses along with hemorrhages, particularly in the lungs [1-3]. Moreover, ASFV leads to cell death of macrophages, monocytes, leukocytes and endothelial cells.

The present study aimed to highlight the characteristic anatomical, morphometrical, as well as, histochemical features of the major salivary glands (SG) in dogs. Based on the surgical anatomy of the major SG, surgical excision of the parotid SG may be the most challenge due to vital blood vessels and nerves invading its parenchyma (the branches of the facial nerve, the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries, as well as, the internal maxillary vein).Creating an incision directly over the thick fibrous capsule of the mandibular SG and dissection of the gland from the capsule may be easier to excise the gland and safer to both; the maxillary and linguofacial veins. The excision of the zygomatic SG may necessitate osteotomy or ostectomy of the zygomatic arch. Based on the histological and histochemistry of the major salivary glands, the dog that one of its salivary glands was excised, the type of its food may have to be changed according to the excised SG and upon its nature of secretion.

Currently, about 20% of adult dogs suffer from arthritis. Out of two common forms of arthritis (osteoarthritis, OA; and rheumatoid arthritis, RA), OA occurs with greater frequency. Although any breed of dog can develop OA, large breed dogs (such as German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Newfoundland, Rottweilers, Siberian Huskies, and others) are genetically predisposed for OA and are ~45% likely to develop this disease.