Geodetic Deformation Analysis

تعد مبرهنة بطليموس من الركائز الأساسية في الهندسة الإقليدية، حيث تربط بين أطوال الأضلاع والقطرين في الرباعي الدائري. تتجاوز أهميتها المجال الهندسي، لتشمل تطبيقات في علم الفلك والهندسة التحليلية.
في هذا البحث، سنستعرض نص المبرهنة مع إثباتها بطرق عديدة وسياقها التاريخي، إلى جانب متراجحة بطليموس كامتداد مهم. وسنوضح كيفية استخدامها في التحقق من خواص الأشكال الهندسية وإيجاد الأطوال المجهولة بالإضافة لبعض التمارين المصممة لتعزيز الفهم. سنتناول أيضًا مجموعة من المبرهنات والاستنتاجات التي تنبثق عن هذه المبرهنة.

Monitoring and the analysis of the results from deformation surveys are important due to the risk of landslides, structural movements, stability assessments of buildings, etc. The report reviews methods for finding stable points in geodetic networks. This research is concerned with the implementation in practice of the standards for deformation analysis and the number of reference points. The background for the analysis of the stability of points is presented together with the various criteria used in deformation analysis. The process for the detection of unstable reference points and the minimum number of reference points in deformation surveys are analyzed.

Abstract
Noise pollution constitutes serious threat to health and environment in urban region, especially in
developing countries where it is generally unregulated. This study interprets noise pollution data
obtained from vehicular traffic in Uyo, with the aim of examining the geospatial and temporal
variation of vehicular traffic with noise levels in view of establishing the relationship between
vehicular traffic velocity and noise level in Uyo. Quantitative data of noise pollution were collected
from 16 sites known for high vehicular traffic; and from 2 sites along low traffic roads. Data were
analyzed using ANOVA and multiple regression. Results show that noise level in 16 out of the 18
sites studied exceeded the acceptable limits for human well-being, and vehicular traffic
significantly contributed to the total noise levels generated within Uyo metropolis. The noise levels
were high (86-106dB) for sites with high traffic range volume; with the highest grand mean noise
level (GMNL) of 83.98dB at Oron Road by Edet Akpan Avenue. This was interpreted to mean;
traffic volume is directly proportional to the level of noise for any given road. The implication of
this result is that, dense vehicular traffic spots pose higher noise threat, hence, should not be for
occupancy. The study recommends restriction of vehicles based on their capacities to certain roads.

The Trecastagni Fault (TF) is an important tectonic structure in the middle-lower southern flank of Mt. Etna volcano. It is characterised by evident morphological slopes with normal dip-slip ruptures that directly affect roads and buildings. The TF plays a key role in the complex framework of the volcano dynamics since it represents part of the southern boundary of the unstable sector. Seismic surveys have been performed on three different areas of the fault to gain insights into the seismic stratigraphic structure of the subsoil. We considered the seismic activity of a sector of the territory affecting the surface evidence of the Trecastagni Fault in the period between 1980 and 2021 in order to highlight the main seismic release and define the space–time distribution of seismicity. Most of the seismicity is located in the north-western portion, while the central and southern sectors are characterised by low seismic activity. The strongest earthquakes occur mainly within the first 5...

The Trecastagni Fault (TF) is an important tectonic structure in the middle-lower southern flank of Mt. Etna volcano. It is characterised by evident morphological slopes with normal dip-slip ruptures that directly affect roads and buildings. The TF plays a key role in the complex framework of the volcano dynamics since it represents part of the southern boundary of the unstable sector. Seismic surveys have been performed on three different areas of the fault to gain insights into the seismic stratigraphic structure of the subsoil. We considered the seismic activity of a sector of the territory affecting the surface evidence of the Trecastagni Fault in the period between 1980 and 2021 in order to highlight the main seismic release and define the space–time distribution of seismicity. Most of the seismicity is located in the north-western portion, while the central and southern sectors are characterised by low seismic activity. The strongest earthquakes occur mainly within the first 5...

ABSTRAK Jembatan Penggaron merupakan jembatan yang berada di ruas jalan tol Semarang-Solo kilometer 427. Jembatan Penggaron berada di Desa Susukan, Kabupaten Semarang. Panjang dari Jembatan Penggaron diperkirakan kurang lebih 400 m. Wilayah sekitar jembatan Penggaron teridentifikasi adanya suatu pergerakan tanah yang mengakibatkan jembatan dapat mengalami deformasi. Metode yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini yaitu pengamatan GNSS ( Global Navigation Satellite System ) karena memiliki akurasi yang cukup tinggi dalam pemantauan berbasis point . Pengamatan titik di sekitar jembatan diambil 2 kali pengamatan yaitu tahun 2018 dan 2019. Durasi pengamatan kurang lebihnya 8 jam. Data pengamatan diolah menggunakan software GAMIT 10.7 dengan titik 5 ikat regional (CORS BIG) diantaranya: CJPR, CMGL, CPKL, CPWD, dan CSEM. Hasil pengolahan berupa koordinat yang nantinya dapat dianalisis nilai pergeseranya. Pergeseran terbesar terjadi pada titik pengamatan BMDU dengan nilai resultan sebesar 0,051...

Dalam deformasi pada sistem thrust-fold belt, bidang basal detachment sering hadir dan memberi pengaruh signifikan terhadap mekanisme dan kinematika deformasi. Analisis dengan metode analogue sandbox modeling merupakan metode yang efektif untuk melihat evolusi deformasi yang terjadi. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menambahkan lempeng alumunium yang merepresentasikan bidang detachment pada bagian dasar model. Pada jarak 22 cm lempeng alumunium akan terlepas dari material pasir pada titik pengelupasan maksimal. Model didorong secara kontinyu dan dianalisis aspek geometri struktur geologi yang berkembang untuk melihat evolusi deformasi yang terjadi. Pemendekan yang dialami model membentuk sistem thrust-fold belt dengan konfigurasi sistem imbricate thrust dengan variasi struktur berupa forethrust, backthrust, dan overtuned fold. Mekanisme fault-propagation folding merupakan mekanisme utama yang berkembang pada model dengan titik pengelupasan maksimal menjadi titik awal perkembangan ramp (cu...

Modern development, increased capabilities and performance of software and hardware products have caused higher standards in many spheres of work and business, including construction, design and reconstruction of facilities. Efficient collection of three-dimensional data in less time and with less resources has become imperative in maintaining business competitiveness. The methodology of terrestrial laser scanning enables the creation of detailed 3D models of objects and areas of interest over which it is possible to conduct various analyzes, calculations and create additional necessary products. The case study in this paper presents a scanning of the facade and interior of a seven-storey building (basement, ground floor and 5 floors) with a TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner) and data processing of the realized scanning. Scanning using TLS was performed in order to obtain a 3D model of the object for the needs of reconstruction, i.e. designing a new state of both the interior and exter...

One of the most crucial issues in engineering of structure and investigating ground deformation is deformation monitoring. The only thing which is strongly required is to create microgeodesy networks. An essential issue in microgeodesy networks is detecting unstable points of network. L1-Norm minimization and the global congruency can be noted as one of the classical methods for identifying network unstable points. In all previously conducted studies regarding this issue, results distinctly demonstrates that when displacement point vector is small, the number of points which have really displaced is more than that of true detection of displaced points using common deformation analysis ways. The probable reason for that can refer to spreading nature of the least squares estimation. Considering the results of recent studies in the detecting the network unstable points, to tackle the limitation the idea of subnetwork analysis is offered. In this case, some subnetworks including a subje...

The application of modern technologies makes it easy to collect, process, present, and apply data for logistics in hard to reach areas. Proper delivery of equipment, personnel, and materials directly affects the quality of work. The need for precise and real information about the condition of the terrain and the conditions of the environment has always existed since this knowledge enables proper planning, forecasting and task performing in the field. Improvement in the digital industry enables fast and easy transfer of unchanged digital data from the field to the information processing centers, which consequently improves decision making and planning processes. New workflows made proper logistics even more important because it increased the precision of field work and better anticipation of previously unforeseen circumstances. Work on hard to reach areas, with large slopes, non-existent and/or non-persistent infrastructure, and different degree of vegetation coverage requires precis...

Since decades the discrepancy exists that geodesists monitor changes of the earth surface resp. large engineering structures with most-modern equipment, but the results are computed and presented in a suboptimal manner: In many cases, the displacements are computed in relation to reference (datum) stations, which are not stable over a long time. Aside, the variations of an object are presented as coordinates for representative points with time stamps or with displacements rates (absolute values or velocities). Finally, nowadays often we have continuous measuring sensors and data, but there is no complete concept to treat variations continuously within the coordinate approach. In this paper at first the problems are outlined and open questions are formulated. Then some ideas are presented, how to analyse and describe coordinates in a continuous manner, taking into account the classical concepts and thinking of the surveying profession. The new ideas start with the definition of a sta...

Gempabumi di Pulau Jawa Indonesia merupakan fenomena yang sudah dimaklumi terjadi, dikarenakan lokasi geografis yang berdekatan dengan jalur subduksi Asia Tenggara – Hindia Australia. Namun kontribusi struktur geologi bukan hanya berasal dari mega-thrust hasil dari subduksi saja, melainkan struktur sesar yang berada di Pulau Jawa juga menimbulkan beberapa event gempabumi yang signifikan dan bencana yang besar.Gempabumi dangkal (hiposenter gempa lebih dangkal dari 70 km) di Pulau Jawa sangat dipengaruhi dari struktur sesar di kerak bumi yang sesar tersebut dapat dilihat bahkan di permukaan bumi melalui DEM (digital elevation model) maupun skala singkapan. Sesar-sesar ini didominasi oleh sesar naik berupa sabuk lipatan dan sesar anjak (fold and thrust belt / FTB): Sesar Baribis dan Sesar Kendeng; juga sesar – sesar mendatar, seperti: Sesar Cimandiri dan Sesar Opak.Sesar Baribis seringkali digambarkan berupa sesar dengan arah strike barat timur, yang memanjang dari Jawa Barat hingga Ja...

Wilayah sungai adalah tempat untuk melakukan banyak kegiatan manusia, contohnya sebagai daerah pertanian, pariwisata, perikanan, pemukiman, pelabuhan pada bagian muara, dan lain sebagainya. Karena banyaknya kegiatan manusia yang bisa dilakukan di wilayah sungai, salah satu masalah yang diperhatikan yaitu sedimentasi yang mengakibatkan beberapa masalah, seperti banjir dan terhambatnya trasportasi kapal yang akan berjalan. Sedimentasi itu sendiri terjadi akibat curah hujan tinggi dan tata guna lahan yang berpengaruh kepada laju erosi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menghitung laju erosi permukaan akibat curah hujan dan tata guna lahan menggunakan metode MUSLE pada DAS Batang Arau. Metoda MUSLE ini merupakan metoda yang digunakan untuk menentukan besarnya laju erosi berdasarkan kejadian hujan tunggal (curah hujan harian maksimum tahun 2010-2019) pada DAS dengan berbagai jenis tutupan lahan. Hasil perhitungan menggunakan metode MUSLE dan berdasarkan data y...

Penelitian mengenai analisis deformasi atau pergerakan massa batuan atau tanah penyusun lereng ini dilakukan pada jalan trans provinsi kilometer 18 Kolaka. Tujuan penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kondisi dan geometri lereng jalan terhadap kestabilan lereng dan menghitung laju perpindahan atau pergerakan massa batuan atau tanah penyusun lereng serta menganalisis tipe longsoran yang dapat terjadi pada lereng jalan Trans Provinsi KM 18 Kolaka.. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua metode yaitu metode monitoring langsung dengan bantuan instrument pemantauan Total Station atau Theodolit dan metode permodelan numerik Phase 2D Rocscience sebagai pendekatan lain yang digunakan untuk memperoleh gambaran visual deformasi yang dapat terjadi pada lereng.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik material penyusun lereng jalan trans provinsi KM 18 Kolaka didominasi oleh batuan lunak (soft rock) dengan nilai kekerasan batuan berkisar 25 – 50 MPa dan...

Cyprus, being located on the Mediterranean fault zone, exhibits a unique geodynamic regime since its tectonic evolution is driven by the interaction of the Eurasian and the African plate. Besides its seismological interest, Cyprus exhibits many active landslides and slope instabilities in areas of steep topography that pose an imminent threat for entire settlements, critical infrastructure, and cultural and natural heritage landmarks. To address these challenges, a novel strategic research infrastructure unit, abbreviated CyCLOPS, is being developed and established by Cyprus University of Technology in cooperation with the German Aerospace Agency (DLR). CyCLOPS will utilize novel space technologies, including cutting-edge European space missions, such as Galileo, Copernicus Sentinel and TerraSAR-X along with state-of-the-art processing techniques to monitor the effects of geohazards, such as earthquakes and landslides, and assess their impact on the built environment and cultural he...

Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) mencatat sebanyak 8.693 gempa bumi terjadi dan mengguncang wilayah Indonesia ditahun 2017. Tempat terjadinya gempa bumi alamiah hampir 95 persen terjadi di daerah sesar dan daerah batas antar lempeng. Pada wilayah Kota Bandung terdapat struktur sesar Lembang dengan panjang jalur sesar yang mencapai 30 km. Hasil monitoring BMKG menunjukkan adanya beberapa aktivitas seismik dengan kekuatan kecil. Sesar Lembang digolongkan sebagai sesar normal. Pada dasarnya penelitian ini menggunakan data citra SAR Sentinel-1A pada tahun 2015 sampai tahun 2017 yang diproses dengan menggunakan metode DInSAR untuk mendapatkan informasi nilai deformasi. Informasi nilai deformasi hasil pengolahan DInSAR digunakan sebagai dasar perhitungan potensi gempa bumi akibat aktivasi sesar menggunakan perhitungan besar laju geser dan locking depth. Hasil deformasi sesar Lembang berdasarkan metode DInSAR dengan citra Sentinel-1A diperoleh deformasi vertikal disisi utara se...

Real Time Precise-Point Positioning (RT-PPP) is a relatively new method for satellite-based positioning or better known as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). RT-PPP has similarities with PPP in terms of data accuracy and precision because it was developed from the previous method called Precise Point Positioning (PPP). However, RT-PPP has an advantage in real time because it gets correction from the L-band in the Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS). This study aims to evaluate the RT-PPP method for mining surveys. The precision evaluation was carried out repeatedly for 7 days at specific points, while accuracy testing was compared with the static differential method at 11 points spread over the mining area. The results showed that the standard deviation of the RT-PPP method was 1.0 cm and 1.1 cm in the east and north, 3 cm in elevation. The accuracy test shows 17.5 cm for the RMSE horizontally and 6.2 cm vertically.

Concrete is more durable against fire than other construction materials. However, high temperature has deteriorating effects on concrete mechanical properties. Decrease of strength at higher tempera¬ture can be associated with various reasons, such as micro-and macro-cracks in concrete, volume expansion of coarse aggregates and the deterioration of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel in the cement paste. Behavior of concrete subjected to fire depends on its mix properties, fire temperature and duration, dimensions of the structural elements, thickness of the concrete cover, fire extinguishing method (which control the rate of cooling) and the surface area to volume ratio of different structural elements. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of four different extinguishing methods on the ultimate strength of 30 reinforced concrete columns subjected to fire. The tested columns are of different surface area to volume ratios. Non-destructive tests (Core & Ultrasonic pulse velocity tests) were used to estimate the deterioration extent of concrete subjected to fire. Results of the experimental study had shown that by increasing the surface area to volume ratio or by increasing the cooling rate, the ultimate strength of RC columns decreased considerably. A mathematical model was developed to estimate the ultimate strength of RC columns subjected to fire in order to decide whether these columns deserved repair and strengthening or not. Results of the mathematical model and the obtained experimental results were compared together to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model

This paper investigates the precision and capability of low cost off-line industrial photogrammetry for determination of deformations in aircraft parts. The study concentrates on deformation analysis of an airplane propeller through standard photogrammetric procedures. In this regard, around 100 targets were fixed on the blades of the propeller and imaged from several stations. The left and right models of the blades were developed using the measured points. The two models were then compared with each other to reveal any deformations in the propeller. The results indicated a maximum of 2.5 mm deformation in the blades. The investigations carried out in this research, suggest that with an ordinary non-metric digital camera, low cost targets and scale bars, an accuracy of around 1:20,000 (up to 50μm in object measurements) can be achieved. In addition, compared to current quality control techniques used in aviation, photogrammetry offers more flexibility, convenience, and a reasonable...