Granaries

"GRANARIES IN THE PTOLEMAIC AND ROMAN Egypt"
The Study sheds light on the granaries in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt in the light of papyri and Ostraca, and opinions of scholars. It consists of an introduction, preface, main five chapters, conclusion, and Selected
Bibliography and Index .The preface deals with the study of granaries in ancient Egypt. So, it is an introduction for the study, i.e., granaries in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt.
This preface shows the term Shawna, types of granaries and their resources, as well as managerial positions and Architectural building.

The first chapter Architecture of granaries,Kinds of grains and weights used, displays technical terminology for granaries, types of granaries, Structure and design of the granaries, types of grain that stored in them, and the types of scales used in measuring the grain in these stores.

The second chapter granaries resources and ways of dispensing, is divided to two parts; the first part, granaries resources such as rents, Variety taxes, συνᾰγοραστικὸς πυρός wheat confiscation wheat (compulsory sale of wheat) imposed on people who have surplus of grain after the payment of state dues. In addition, deposits from grain sources. It was deposited by the people in the public granaries. The second part of this chapter is related to means of spending. There were multiple of means that were divided between seed loans that were provided to public farmers to sow in their lands. Wages of state officials, Ἀννώνη tax which was imposed by Rome on Egypt yearly, as well as σῑτηρέσιον the free wheat dole was monthly subsidized the citizens of metropolis.
The third chapter is devoted to "Directors of the granaries σιτολόγοι". It highlights the term σῑτολόγος, his position, sitologi names and problematic names, procedures for appointing the Sitologi, the duration of appointment, and their age, how many managers were appointed for each granary, their salaries, escaping from the performance of sitologia as a mandatory function. Besides, it shows dekáprōtoi that replaced sitologoi in the early third century AD until the early fourth century AD. Along with archisitologoi the heads of managers granaries.

The fourth chapter" Tasks manager's granaries and their competence"
comes as a complement for the third chapter managers granaries. Multiple tasks of managers' granaries aroused since they were responsible for a large and important administration at the same time. And it came on top of these tasks which assigned by the directors of granaries, collecting arrears in kind, the distribution of seed loans, deposits of individuals, measuring grain, grain transport, issuing receipts, and records that are classified into a daily, monthly, concise and detailed records, also the preparation of reports and submission to their superiors, as well as grain measuring and receiving funds.

The Final and fifth chapter "granaries officials", granaries employee were
multiple according to the multitasks which they are assigned by these
employees. Associates or partners' sitologoi came at the forefront of
employee's granaries, followed by assistants βοηθοί, aides ὑπηρέται,
secretaries, and “sitoparalēmptai” grain-receivers, and antigrapheus,
measurers, sealers, winnower. In addition to all these employees, appointed a large number of workers sack- carrier to clean the grain, to help grain measures and the mobilization of grain in sacks or boxes along with the transfer of the grain. As well as, there were employees who were joined to the granaries indirectly like “Praktor Sitikôn”, collector grain “sitapodektis”, Supervisors of collecting barley, controller of disbursements, tax-collector “Κεφαλαιωτής”, chief or supervisor “Προστάτης”, also guards to secure them against theft or any risk.
Finally, "conclusion" represents the results of the research and the
resultant implication.

RESUMEN:
El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo examinar, desde el punto de vista etnográfico, las características y los tipos de un elemento característico de la arquitectura tradicional de la Península Ibérica como es el hórreo. Este singular granero se halla en el presente extendido por parte de las regiones peninsulares, y a pesar de que en la actualidad ha perdido la relevancia que poseyó en los siglos medievales y modernos, todavía goza de gran vitalidad en regiones como Galicia y Asturias.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Hórreos, Graneros, Península Ibérica, Arquitectura tradicional, Patrimonio cultural.

ABSTRACT: Pdf copy of a power point presentation summarizing selected aspects on the Indus Valley Civilization (Harrapan culture), with text and images, and accompanying an in-class, video/dvd viewing of The Ancient Indus Valley Civilisation: The Masters of the River.
DOC: The Ancient Indus Valley Civilisation: The Masters of the River ... (via online link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnsatmxY7Kc [52 minutes]) --a full viewing of it reveals very good coverage, but avoid the close caption mode. A few interviews occur with a French scholar (in French without an English translation), but 95% of the documentary is in English;

Alternate documentary (with some coverage of Indus Valley Civ.):
Kultur: "India: A journey back in time" (also available online as
part 1/5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMRfJfMnRmo [10 minutes];
part 2/5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yEHoW1CjlI [10 minutes];
part 3/5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fXJzLjnJdg [10 minutes];
part 4/5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VOYM97mXeA [10 minutes];
part 5/5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khrXqMa0S0U [10 minutes]); OR ...

Both the video/dvd viewing and power point presentation form the main sources from which students are asked to extract answers/data regarding 12 culture response questions on (1) early searchers, (2) the nature of the evidence, (3) more recent survey and excavation projects, (4) dating methods and chronology, (5) social organization, (6) the associated environment, (7) subsistence and diet, (8) technology, (9) trade and exchange, (10) cognitive archaeology, art, and religion, (11) bioarchaeology, and (12) why and how did things change.  These response questions/topics follow and reinforce readings in the first 12 chapters of the course textbook, Renfrew and Bahn, 2012.  Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practices (6th edition).
PLEASE NOTE: Only the first 10 minutes of the Kultur documentary apply to the Ancient Indus Valley civilization; I have since located a second, longer, English language documentary dedicated to this region and period (web link above), but have yet to review it fully. Any further suggestions are very welcome: The background ppt. lecture and documentary are intended to introduce undergraduate students to the relatively less well-known --(i.e., to many North American students)-- ancient civilization in the Indus Valley.  REVISED: Fall 2024.

Today, half of the Netherlands is situated below sea level. Because of this, water-management is of key importance when it comes to maintaining present-day habitation of the Dutch low-lands. In prehistory, however, large parts of the Dutch landscape were highly dynamic due to ongoing fluvial sedimentation. Vast deltaic areas with ceaseless river activity formed the backdrop against which prehistoric occupation took place. Although such landscapes may seem inhospitable, the often excellently preserved archaeological evidence indicates that people lived in these lowlands throughout prehistory.

This book describes why Bronze Age farmers were keen to settle here and how these prehistoric communities structured the landscape around their house-sites at various scales. Using a vast body of evidence from several large-scale excavations in the Dutch river area, the author, reconstructs the changes in the cultural landscape over time. Starting from the Middle Neolithic, changing preferences for settlement site locations and changes in domestic architecture are traced in detail to the Iron Age. However, for proper understanding of the cultural landscape, not only settlements but also graves and patterns of object deposition – and their landscape characteristics – are discussed.

By using evidence of over 50 major excavations, yielding over 300 house plans, this book contains by far the richest data-set on Dutch Bronze Age settlements. Most of these results were not before published in English, making this book of over 500 pages a true academic treasure for an international audience.

The in-depth presentation of Bronze Age settlement sites, as well as the critical discussion of models and premises current in later prehistoric settlement archaeology, have an important relevance stretching beyond the Dutch lowland areas on which it is based. The wealth of high-quality Dutch data is presented as a synthesized (yet well-annotated) narrative, that rises above mere site interpretation, even more so due to its landscape-scale focus. Therefore this book is a must-have for those interested in later prehistoric cultural landscapes and settlement archaeology.

Se realiza una revisión y análisis del fenómeno de los hórreos en la comunidad autónoma de Cantabria, desde la antigüedad hasta el presente. Cantabria se consideraba en la literatura especializada o fuera del fenómeno e en la periferia del Noroeste de la península Ibérica donde se conserva mayor proliferación de hórreos construcciones en el mundo. Con este trabajo se cierra el vacío editorial que simulaba un falso hiato entre Asturias y Vizcaya, recogiendo su historiografía, citas documentales, tipologías, estado actual y problemática de conservación, tanto de hórreos reubicados como de los de construcción moderna, aunque muchos de los hórreos se encuentran aún en sus sitios de origen y conservan el mayor interés etnográfico. De estos últimos se han elaborado fichas descriptivas y estudios más detallados.

Autores: Joaquín González Echegaray, Virgilio Fernández Acebo, Carmen Pérez Martínez.

Until a few decades ago, studies on historical, architectural and
archaeological aspects of the Grotte of Gurfa were confined to few reports, often conflicting with each other. Recently the interest on this
extraordinary monument of Medieval archaeology grew, explaining, at
least, some of the fundamental aspects on their meaning. In the same
Notiziario, with n. 8, an article by Giovanni Mannino was published, in
which hypothesis of dating to prehistoric times are refuted. In this contribution, based on published works and on investigations on the
ground, even through excavations, some important issues concerning the caves are clarified, from the historical ones to the reading of the spatial evolution of hypogeal environments that deserve more attention from archaeologists and interest for a unitary complex of exceptional interest.

In our culture bread is a synonym for food, its shortage for hunger. Hence the great care that the traditional architecture dedicates to the facilities for grain storage. The granaries for wheat and corn are raised above the ground to preserve precious grains from moisture and rodents and to improve their ventilation. It has been their universal characteristic for thousands of years, in the geographical areas as diverse as the Nordic countries, Spain and Portugal, Turkey, China, Japan, Sub-Saharan Africa or Indonesia.

What is specific to the granaries of Serbia, in compact Pannonian villages, however, is a combination of functions. Not only the granaries and bins, wheat and corn, are horizontally connected, but as a rule they are raised above the ground level summer kitchens, and above them the pigeon houses are set. Conserving of food for winter enhances the symbolism of these farmers’ treasuries, which today bear witness to a preindustrial way of life, the human spirit, values ​​and ideas, and are of great importance not only in architectural, but also in anthropological and cultural terms. Sometimes transferable, sometimes utilitarianly reduced, and sometimes with a porch, richly decorated, they express the status of the farmer, but also his aspiration for beauty and respect for nature and bread.

That respect, symbolized by the solar disc, rolls through the iconography of the agrarian culture of Serbia from watermill point to decorations on kneading-troughs (furniture for storing flour and kneading bread) to the form of ritual bread. In the same way, the Pannonian fields, together with their rich fruit, are pouring in the pictures of Božur Ivanović into an explosion of colours and shapes of Banat barns and granaries. They are full to bursting, a cornucopia of life itself; they move and float over the great plain, merge with it and become one under the heaven.

Ivanović’s ink drawings, yet, point out one different meaning of this deconstruction. The village collapses, and he as a diligent chronicler records this decline, highlighting it by mixing of media, paper tearing, shape distortion, bursting. The streets unwind endlessly, the strokes hurry and bend as heads of grain in a storm. In a symbolic meeting of the material and spiritual heritage, the author finds a way to remember its beauty, which calls for the protection, preservation and celebration of traditions, villages, bread, life.

The excitement of discovering monuments slightly or totally not known to archaeological studies has always been a non-secondary aspect of common feel in our discipline. Sensationalist reports are very often proposed by scholars to people, that sometimes constitute a valid contribution to the historical reconstruction of the territory, other times they are interpretations that in the light of a more careful examination, they reveal themselves unsubstantiated or they are lacking of the necessary method of analysis to support a hypothesis. This article shows some "discoveries" of recent years in the province of Palermo which the Soprintendenza, after a careful evaluation of the data, thought to be not convincing, for they don't own any foundation or because there are not enough elements to consider them truthful. The Soprintendenza, however, want to highlight that even in these cases dialogue and confrontation, essential elements for historical research, are always appropriate.

SUMMARY: Lecture-6 provides part-1 of a broad overview of the Early Bronze II-III (EB II-III) in the Levant, including the rise of urban society, settlement patterns across various regions (including the Negev), agriculture (and the rise of horticulture), settlement layouts (e.g., fortifications; socially stratified housing types; palaces; temples; shrines; granaries; public drainage; industrial areas [potter's workshop; olive oil installations]; public reservoirs), and material culture (pottery; metallurgy: copper production & caches). This lecture is designed mainly as an educational resource/aid for college students (i.e., normally posted only on my institution's course website), the public (e.g., people auditing my course), and interested colleagues from other disciplines (to whom I periodically provide copies privately).  I am posting it here, both as a broader access, educational tool, and especially to promote the study of this region and its past societies.  For further knowledge about this region and period, I refer interested parties to the textbooks and other sources from which the initial materials were extracted for this ppt. (see syllabus; e.g., initially Mazar, Archaeology of the Land of the Bible), and/or the bibliographies in these works and my online resource guides (see other files in my academia folders).  Much of this and the other lectures summarize the pertinent materials in the course textbook(s), add in other data, including my own research materials, and furnish numerous images to clarify/illustrate the wealth of information encountered in the textbook(s).  Some generic imagery (usually indicated as such) is posted to aid in transmitting various concepts visually, and/or when a specific image remains not located (temporarily).  I update and revise such lectures each time, with such elective courses normally being taught once every two years.  I try to cover the most current, mainstream views, and usually place summary notes at the end of each lecture (or in separate test study guides).  Over time, each lecture is improved, errors rectified, and additional data placed within the lecture.  These ppt. lectures take many hours to compile, but they have proved useful to many of my more serious students (who have since pursued graduate degrees), and a few colleagues, who, like me, often teach outside our main fields of specialty, and I hope they can be of benefit to others as well.  My apologies for any errors I may have made (over time, as I teach this course every two years, I try to rectify any errors that might slip in inadvertently), and for my liberal usage of educational imagery from professional sources and vetted internet sources.  In the case of my knowledge of ancient Syria-Palestine, fortunately I originally pursued a virtual specialist undergraduate and graduate degrees in this subject (under John S. Holladay), alongside my main focus in Egyptian Archaeology), subsequently examined Egypt's presence and influence in the Levant from 1550-525 BC (for my doctoral dissertation), and have since maintained my interest and research in Egypt's relations with this region (especially during the Old Kingdom [EB Age] and Late Period [Iron Age to Persian period]).  UPDATES: The course is offered every two years within a classroom setting, and is updated variously every two years. REVISED: Sept. 2023 (mostly formatting changes, but including many text edits).

Storage is crucial to the sequence of food management. It is nonetheless at times difficult to recognize in the archaeological record due to problems of preservation of ancient food remains. Archaeoentomology in this sense can be of great value as it sheds light on past storage techniques. This study presents the findings of the archaeoentomological analyses carried out at the ancient granary of La Fortaleza (Gran Canaria, Spain, ca. 600-1450 AD), a site where the favorable conditions of preservation allow recording the food plants and insect pests associated with storage. Moreover, the recovery of several taxa of primary and secondary pests connected to different stages of store infestation (i.e. Sitophilus granarius (L.), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tenebrioides mauritanicus (L.), Mezium americanum (Laporte de Castelnau), Stegobium paniceum (L.) and Cryptolestes sp.) offers data as to the storage conditions and time intervals of the Prehispanic Canarian indigenous population. ...

Temporal food insecurity in the northern Burkinabé Sudano-Sahelian belt affects many poor, subsistence-based families. Some local and international organisations introduced granary banks and encouraged community-management as a conscious strategy to address this problem of food scarcity. A previous study in the same region has shown that granary banks have a positive impact on the nutritional state of the population. This impact evaluation study examines the additional effects on human capital by looking at the impact on health and schooling among children in the region. Based on a Randomized Control Trial, the study finds a reduction in diarrhea and stomach pain for boys younger than six. Among them, especially children from poorer families and children living in villages that are difficult to access reap these benefits. For school-age children, the granary banks reduce fever, stomach pain and respiratory disease, which is significantly strong for girls, children from richer families, and children in villages that are difficult to access and do not have a local market. Looking at school attendance, the program increases attendance rates for boys only, and especially children from badly accessible villages and villages without a market. Overall, the program brings the main benefits for children in the most vulnerable position based on village-level characteristics. It also smooths naturally existing gender differences in the prevalence of several diseases. The suggested channels are a direct effect through an improved nutritional state, which makes children less susceptible to infectious diseases; an indirect effect of a higher purchasing power due to the reduction in the price of sorgho, and a second indirect effect due to reduced time constraints, which positively affects the parent/child relationship and can have large spill-over effects on health and education in the long run. The impacts found after one year are a good indicator of a much larger impact if granary banks would be implemented over a longer timeframe, especially in regions which are highly food-insecure.

Αποτέλεσμα έρευνας στα βενετικά αρχεία αυτή η μελέτη επιχειρεί να καλύψει ολόκληρο το φάσμα των θεμάτων που αφορούν την εξασφάλιση του βασικού είδους διατροφής: του ψωμιού στο νησί της Κέρκυρας κατά την περίοδο της βενετοκρατίας. Έτσι, αναπτύσσονται θέματα όπως η εξεύρεση σιτηρών σε διάφορες αγορές, γειτονικές ή μη της Κέρκυρας, η προσπάθεια για αγορά σιτηρών καλής ποιότητας και συμφέρουσας τιμής, η μεταφορά τους στο νησί, η αποθήκευση, η διαδικασία άλεσης, η διάθεση και η διανομή σιτηρών και αλεύρων στους αρτοποιούς για παρασκευή ψωμιού και γαλέτας, οι όροι και οι συνθήκες παρασκευής και πώλησης του ψωμιού. Πρόσωπα πολύ διαφορετικής κοινωνικής και οικονομικής προέλευσης συμμετέχουν στην επίτευξη του ανωτέρω στόχου: ο ίδιος ο δόγης και η βενετική Σύγκλητος, με τη λήψη σχετικών αποφάσεων, οι βενετοί, τοπικοί ή μη, αξιωματούχοι, οι ανώτεροι και κατώτεροι υπάλληλοι της Σιταποθήκης, οι μυλωνάδες και οι μεταφορείς των σιτηρών, οι αρτοποιοί, οι μισθωτές του φόρου και οι πωλητές του ψωμιού. Δραστηριοποιήσεις, ενέργειες, πρωτοβουλίες, εγχειρήματα που φανερώνουν ότι "το πιο αποτελεσματικό αντίδοτο στο φόβο της πείνας είναι το όνειρο της αφθονίας".

Si tratta di un quadro di sintesi con presentazione di una tavola inedita che riguarda il dato volumetrico delle fosse rilevate in Sicilia centro-occidentale. Si richiama l'attenzione ad una più coerente interpretazione delle fosse quali magazzini di età tardo-normanna