Granulation

Creation of new composite granular fertilizers with layered structure, which are formed due to the layered mechanism of granulation in the granulator of the fluidized bed is an urgent task. The process of forming these granules is achieved due to the layered granulation mechanism, the basis of which is the formation of a layer of solids on the surface of the granules by mass crystallization. In the production of granular fertilizers based on ammonium sulfate with the addition of organic and inorganic impurities an important place is occupied by the processes of evaporation and mass crystallization, which determine the morphological properties of the obtained granular material. During the experimental study of the evaporation process, it was found that the process consists of three main evaporation periods: the heating period from the initial temperature to equilibrium, the period of equilibrium evaporation and the decreasing drying rate period with crust formation, during which a so...

The effect of dry granulation (roller compaction and slugging) on compactibility and tablet capping tendency in a formulation with macrolide antibiotic and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was investigated. Direct tableting of this formulation revealed a pronounced capping tendency. Both dry granulated systems exhibit better compactibility and significant reductions in capping tendency compared to direct tableting. The capping tendency was also reduced through the use of precompression during direct tableting. The main volume reduction mechanism for macrolide antibiotic is fragmentation; this was confirmed by Heckel analysis, the lubricant sensitivity test, and SEM images. The yield pressure (Py) of the direct tableting system is lower than the Py of dry granulated systems, which indicates the lower plasticity of dry granulated systems. These findings do not explain the lower capping tendency of dry granulated systems compared to direct tableting. The main differentiating bonding mechanism is attributed to long distance intermolecular bonds due to the intense amorphization of macrolide antibiotic that occurs during dry granulation. Amorphization leads to a significant increase in surface free energy and consequently stronger long distance bonding between particles, which can withstand elastic relaxation and therefore reduce the capping problem. Solid bridges probably do not make a notable contribution to the mechanical strength of tablets, due to the brittle nature of the particles and the complex molecular structure of macrolide antibiotic.

Tea plant (Camellia  sinensis  L.)  had been  known  to  contains epigallocathecin gallate (EGCG) that can be used to maintain the healthy. In this research, the green tea was  tried to be formulated in effervescent dosage form, with  the  focus  on  the  effect  among  fumaric  acid,  sodium  bicarbonate,  and  the interaction  between  fumaric  acid  and  sodium  bicarbonate  on  the  green  tea extract  effervescent granule’s  physical properties, that made by dry granulation method.  Physical  properties  of  effervescent  granule  that  been  study  were moisture  content,  flow  rate,  disintegration  time,  and  pH  of  the  solution.  The result showed that sodium bicarbonate was dominant in determining pH, granule flow  rate  and  moisture  content  of  granule,  whereas  fumaric  acid  dominant  in disintegration time of effervescent granule. Key words: green tea, fumaric acid, effervescent granule, dry granulation

This study was performed to elucidate the influences of process and formulation design on the granulation process using power consumption and tensile strength measurements. In order to record and analyze the power consumption profile "in process" a computer program was developed to be used for optimal end-point control in reproducible granule production. The program analyzes and calculates a characteristical point, the turning point of the S-shaped ascent of the profile. The tensile strength expresses the cohesiveness between the powder particles, which is dependent on saturation and capillary pressure. In order to investigate the influence of the amount of liquid present in the granular material on tensile strength a device was developed. The maxima of tensile strength occurred at 90% saturation, whereas the maxima of power consumption were determined at 100% saturation. The measured tensile strength sigma (N/m(2)) equals to the volume specific cohesion (J/m(3)). The pres...

Introduction and hypothesis This study describes the incidence, risk factors, and treatments of graft erosion, wound granulation, and dyspareunia as adverse events following vaginal repair of pelvic organ prolapse with non-absorbable synthetic and biologic graft materials. ...

Aclear protection of the gastrointestinal tract and an evident anti-inflammatory effect were shown for a novel stomach pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (ip/ig) in comparison with several reference standards in various ulcer models along with a protection of endothelium and ...

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of high voltage stimulation (HVS) on the process of healing of crural ulceration. Three comparative groups of patients, A, B and C, were drawn at random from patients with venous crural ulceration. Thirty-three patients in group A were subjected to treatment with HVS. In the course of treatment, doubled-peak monophasic impulses of a total duration of 0.1 ms and frequency of 100 Hz were applied. The voltage was 100 V. Group B, made up of 32 patients treated with topically applied medicine, and group C, made up of 14 patients treated with Unna's boot were used as control. In all patients in all groups (A, B and C) a significant reduction in wound size in relation to baseline was found. The rate of wound area change was highest in group A. The rate of pus cleansing was significantly highest in group A. The degree of granulation after 2 weeks was significantly greater in group A than in the other groups (P<0.003). High voltage stimulation was an efficient method of enhancement of the healing of crural ulceration.

The current study evaluated the effect of rotifers on the stability of aerobic granules. Two sequence batch reactors (SBRs) with airflow rates of 4 (R1) and 6 (R2) 1 min(-1), respectively, were used to develop aerobic granules. Granules were well developed with excellent settleability in terms of SVI30 (sludge volume index,) of about 50 ml g(-1) in both reactors at the beginning. With the outgrowth of rotifers, granules completely disintegrated in R1 around cycle 500 (a cycle was 3 hours). However, after the rotifers disappeared, i.e. cycle 550, granules re-appeared with a slow settling rate in R1 (SVI30: 200-300 ml g(-1)). The rotifers mechanically damaged the structure of granules, resulting in disintegration. However, granules developed under high shear force seem to have strong resistance to rotifers. During re-granulation, a long time lag between the improvements of morphology and settleability suggested that re-granulation resulted from entanglement more than bio-attachment or bio-growth. Additionally, it was confirmed that the ratio of carbohydrate to protein extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) could well indicate the strength of granules. Protein EPS well correlated with the difference between SVI5 and SVI30 in R1, therefore, decreasing protein EPS would increase the compactness of granules.

A pilot-scale sequential batch reactor (SBR) biogranular system for the treatment of actual textile wastewater was developed in this study. The reactor had a working volume of 70 L and was operated according to SBR’s sequence for 24-hr cycle, which includes sequential anaerobic and aerobic reaction phases. Wastewater from two textile mills were used as feed, while sewage and pineapple wastewater were used as co-substrate. After operating the system for 60 d, 30% of the sludge had transformed into biogranules and had increased to 67% at the end of the study. The biogranules developed in the reactor have sizes ranging from 0.2 mm to 9.5 mm with a mean settling velocity of 28 ± 7 m/hr and sludge volume index of 73.9 mL/g. At the end of the study, the system yields 92% removal of COD, but the color removal oscillated throughout the development period in the range of 50 to 70%. Although the biogranules development is much faster in lab-scale reactor under controlled environment, the find...

In this paper the 7 year experience of the Oriental Breweries, located in Kumi, Korea utilizing a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for the anaerobic pretreatment of brewery wastewater is presented. The anaerobic pretreatment system selected has successfully achieved the desired treatment efficiency for the brewery wastewater during that period and it has also continued operation even with low wastewater concentrations (average CODcr 1,400 mg l-1) and lower flow rates than specified by the design parameters. The CODcr removal of the UASB reactor averaged over 80% throughout the entire period, incurring normal running expenses of only $0.20-0.31 m-3 of treated water. In addition a further economical feature of the process was the utilization of the gas digester production as the municipal gas source, reducing total operating expenses around 30 to 45% and costing the plant only $0.1 m-3. Maintenance of good granule production, which is always a key issue in operating UASB systems, was not possible by this installation, however, so frequent expensive reseeding of the reactor was often necessary due to biomass washout. The full scale and lab scale research revealed that underloading can be as detrimental as overloading, due to excessively long retention time in the UASB system for the overall operating period and to excessive pre-acidification and/or incorrect reactor configuration of the completely mixed type. To enhance the sludge granulation, therefore, the installation of a pre-acidification reactor in the UASB system treating easily biodegradable substrates such as brewery wastewater is not necessary because adequate pre-acidification can occur in the equalization tank.

Granola is a baked aggregated food product which serves as a breakfast cereal or snack consisting of oats, cereals, nuts and honey. Particle breakage of aggregated granola can occur during conveying as product is transferred as part of the production process on its way to packaging. Such breakage occurs as a result of particle–particle and particle–wall collisions with the conveying equipment. In this work, a population balance model is developed to describe the breakage of granola as it is conveyed through a pneumatic conveying pipeline rig. The model incorporates the influence of conveying pressure, exposure time and pipeline geometry, and is also related to parameters associated with aggregate formation such as granulator mixing speed and time. The aggregates were formed in a high shear granulator subject to impeller agitation of 300 rpm for 9 min and were then propelled through a pipeline with a 90° bend at a number of different flow rates. Trials were carried out by applying compressed air at pressures of 200 kPa, 300 kPa and 400 kPa while the aggregates were subjected to a number of recycles through the rig. Modelling of this breakage process was achieved by constructing the population balance equations (PBEs) in the form of a mass balance on the granola aggregates. The solutions to the PBEs were obtained by means of discretization through the application of the Markov chain method. When the size range of the system was divided into an appropriate number of states, the Markov chain method for the population balances exhibited a reasonable approximation for predicting the particle size distribution (PSD) over time particularly during the initial rig cycles.