Harvest

Fish are at the top of aquatic food webs impacting on other biota. Removal of fish by fishing, or stocking the lake with desired fish species has the potential to modify fish populations (their size/age structure, abundance and biomass) and various other ecosystem components and thus affect water quality. Analysis of long-term data on the catches of commercially important fish species, stocking of fingerlings, lake water levels, and littoral modifications, allowed revealing the key factors affecting the fish populations, fishing pressure, and mass of landed fish. Long-term decreases in water level negatively affected reproduction and survival of natural/stocked fingerlings of some cyprinids (Mirogrex terraesanctae, Hypophthalamichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio) and cichlids (Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis aureus). In contrast, rapid rises in water level vastly enlarged the areas of inundated terrestrial vegetation and stony/rocky littoral and thus positively affected the reproduction and survival of these fish and their landing after a temporal lag. Fishing pressure on reproductively active large cichlids was enhanced at low water levels due to exposing these fish at spawning time (spring and summer) to fishermen. Such overfishing resulted in lowering the number of reproductively capable cichlids below a certain critical level, leading to a decrease in the reproductive capacity of the population and the collapse of its standing stock (i.e. “recruitment overfishing”). The endemic bleak, Mirogrex terraesanctae is the dominant pelagic zooplanktivore of Lake Kinneret. Large water level fluctuations impacted its reproduction and determined the abundance of this ecologically important species. Bio-manipulation, by mean of subsidized harvesting, implemented to suppress its abundance in critical years, was highly controversial, and was stopped in 2006. Of the stocked grey mullets, Mugil cephalus had lower natural mortality rate, higher growth rate, reached larger sizes, and thus had a higher market value than Liza ramada. Still, fingerlings of the second species were more readily available, such that L. ramada was stocked in larger numbers and was more abundant in the commercial catch. We argue that fish stock management in Lake Kinneret should focus on the restoration of native fish populations and their sustainable fishery.
See also chapter: "Fish Biology and Ecology"

The “Pharmaceutical Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs) for the 21st Century—A Risk Based Approach” initiative announced by the FDA in August 2002 to improve and modernize pharmaceutical manufacturing facilitated adoption of process analytical technology (PAT) by the pharmaceutical industry. The potential for improved operational control and compliance resulting from continuous real-time quality assurance was highlighted as a likely benefit that would result from PAT implementation. A considerable amount of work has been done on this topic by academic and industrial contributors in the last decade. In this paper, we will start with a brief overview of evolution of PAT concepts and a review of their application in the wider pharmaceutical industry. The rest of the paper focuses on PAT applications for biotech processes with emphasis on developments in the last five years. It is our observation that while significant advances have been accomplished with regard to our ability to analyze/monitor key process and quality attributes in the biotech industry, much more needs to be done with regard to utilizing the collected data for subsequent control of the process, to achieve optimum yield and product quality. The latter is necessary to achieve the benefits that will result from PAT implementation. Figure Ease of PAT implementation for some of the commonly used unit operations in biotech processes

Neste texto que decorre da comunicação por nós apresentada no Encontro Ibérico sobre Mosaicos Romanos, subordinado ao tema «Imagens do Paradeisos nos mosaicos da Hispânia», analisamos os tesselados ibéricos com cenas de vindimas, sublinhamos a sua profunda ligação temática e narrativa com alguns exemplares que contemplam diversas etapas e motivos do ideário vinícola e realçamos o entrosamento do dionisismo com outros cultos da Antiguidade, em especial os venusianos e os eleusinos. Salientamos ainda a conformidade entre a dimensão estética destas cenas, marcadas pelo decorativismo e pelo dinamismo, e a sua dimensão simbólica, que evoca o ideal do tempo cíclico, do regresso à Aurea Ætas, copiosa e alegre, e da comunhão plácida entre o Homem, os deuses e uma Natureza paradisíaca (na sua dupla expressão vegetal e animal) em constante renovação e eterno retorno.

Abstract  The characteristics and contribution of a developing recreational fishery to the local, regional and national economy of Angola were evaluated in 2006. Annual angling effort was 13 435 h, while the estimated total catch of the three target species [leerfish, Lichia amia (L.), west coast dusky kob, Argyrosomus coronus (Griffiths & Heemstra) and shad, Pomatomus saltatrix (L.)], was 5913 fish with a mass of 27 975 kg. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) for all teleost species combined was 0.44 fish per angler h−1 and 2.08 kg per angler h−1. Total harvest of the three species was 576 fish with a total mass of 2221.6 kg. The total contribution of this recreational fishery (mostly anglers from South Africa) to the local economy was US$ 1007 per harvested fish and US$ 243 per harvested kg. This equated to a contribution to the local, regional and national economies of US$ 151 685, US$ 44 767 and US$ 344 364 respectively. Although the regional contribution was less than half of the national contribution, it was regionally significant when the low population density and the general absence of other formal sector employment opportunities are considered. As a result of the largely undisturbed nature of the southern Angolan coastline, the catch, effort and CPUE information was considered suitable as a baseline for a cost-effective method of future fisheries monitoring in the region.

BACKGROUND: Rose hips are used as a food ingredient and in health products. They are rich in various bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and vitamin C, but data on their vitamin E content (tocopherols and tocotrienols) are limited. In this study, four different species ofRosa were analysed for tocopherol and tocotrienol content during ripening in three different years. RESULTS: Only α- and γ-tocopherol were found in the fleshy parts of the rose hips, and the tocopherol content and vitamin E activity varied depending on date of harvesting, species and year. The amount of vitamin E activity differed between species of Rosa and years, whereas the changes during ripening were relatively small. CONCLUSION: The choice of species must be considered if tocopherol content is to be optimised when rose hips are used as a food ingredient. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry.

Disease in wildlife populations is often controlled through culling. But when healthy individuals are removed and diseased individuals are left in the population, it is anticipated that prevalence of disease increases. Although this scenario is presumably common in exploited populations where infected individuals are less marketable, it is not widely reported in the literature. We describe this scenario in a marine turtle fishery in the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI), where green turtles are harvested for local consumption. During a 2-year period, we recorded the occurrence of fibropapillomatosis (FP) disease in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) captured during in-water surveys and compared it with that of turtles landed in the fishery. 13.4% (n = 32) of turtles captured during in-water surveys showed externally visible signs of FP. FP occurred at specific geographic locations where fishing also occurred. Despite the disease being prevalent in the size classes selected by fishers, FP was not present in any animals landed by the fishery (n = 162). The majority (61%) of fishers interviewed expressed that they had caught turtles with FP. Yet, 82% of those that had caught turtles with the disease chose to return their catch to the sea, thereby selectively harvesting healthy turtles and leaving those with the disease in the population. Our study illustrates that fisher choice may increase the prevalence of FP disease and highlights the importance of this widely neglected driver in the disease dynamics of exploited wildlife populations.

Abstract: Trophic cascades triggered by fishing have profound implications for marine ecosystems and the socioeconomic systems that depend on them. With the number of reported cases quickly growing, key features and commonalities have emerged. Fishery-induced trophic cascades often display differential response times and nonlinear trajectories among trophic levels and can be accompanied by shifts in alternative states. Furthermore, their magnitude appears to be context dependent, varying as a function of species diversity, regional oceanography, local physical disturbance, habitat complexity, and the nature of the fishery itself. To conserve and manage exploited marine ecosystems, there is a pressing need for an improved understanding of the conditions that promote or inhibit the cascading consequences of fishing. Future research should investigate how the trophic effects of fishing interact with other human disturbances, identify strongly interacting species and ecosystem features that confer resilience to exploitation, determine ranges of predator depletion that elicit trophic cascades, pinpoint antecedents that signal ecosystem state shifts, and quantify variation in trophic rates across oceanographic conditions. This information will advance predictive models designed to forecast the trophic effects of fishing and will allow managers to better anticipate and avoid fishery-induced trophic cascades.Resumen: Las cascadas tróficas disparadas por la pesca tienen implicaciones profundas para los ecosistemas marinos y los sistemas socioeconómicos que dependen de ellos. Con el número de casos reportados incrementando rápidamente, han emergido atributos clave y similitudes. Las cascadas tróficas inducidas por pesquerías a menudo presentan tiempos de respuesta diferenciales y trayectorias no lineales entre los niveles tróficos y pueden ser acompañados por cambios en el estado de los ecosistemas. Más aun, su magnitud parece ser dependiente del contexto, variando como una función de la diversidad de especies, la oceanografía regional, la perturbación física local, la complejidad del hábitat y la naturaleza de la pesquería misma. Para conservar y manejar ecosistemas marinos explotados, existe una necesidad imperiosa por mejorar el entendimiento de las condiciones que promueven o inhiben las consecuencias en cascada de la pesca. Más aun, la investigación futura debe examinar la interacción de los efectos tróficos de la pesca con otras perturbaciones humanas, identificar especies estrechamente interactuantes y los atributos del ecosistema que confieren resiliencia a la explotación, determinar los rangos de disminución de depredadores que provoca las cascadas tróficas, identificar antecedentes que indiquen cambios de estado de los ecosistemas y cuantificar la variación en las tasas tróficas en condiciones oceanográficas diferentes. Esta información mejorará los modelos predictivos diseñados para estimar los efectos tróficos de la pesca y permitirá que los manejadores anticipen y eviten las cascadas tróficas inducidas por pesquerías.Resumen: Las cascadas tróficas disparadas por la pesca tienen implicaciones profundas para los ecosistemas marinos y los sistemas socioeconómicos que dependen de ellos. Con el número de casos reportados incrementando rápidamente, han emergido atributos clave y similitudes. Las cascadas tróficas inducidas por pesquerías a menudo presentan tiempos de respuesta diferenciales y trayectorias no lineales entre los niveles tróficos y pueden ser acompañados por cambios en el estado de los ecosistemas. Más aun, su magnitud parece ser dependiente del contexto, variando como una función de la diversidad de especies, la oceanografía regional, la perturbación física local, la complejidad del hábitat y la naturaleza de la pesquería misma. Para conservar y manejar ecosistemas marinos explotados, existe una necesidad imperiosa por mejorar el entendimiento de las condiciones que promueven o inhiben las consecuencias en cascada de la pesca. Más aun, la investigación futura debe examinar la interacción de los efectos tróficos de la pesca con otras perturbaciones humanas, identificar especies estrechamente interactuantes y los atributos del ecosistema que confieren resiliencia a la explotación, determinar los rangos de disminución de depredadores que provoca las cascadas tróficas, identificar antecedentes que indiquen cambios de estado de los ecosistemas y cuantificar la variación en las tasas tróficas en condiciones oceanográficas diferentes. Esta información mejorará los modelos predictivos diseñados para estimar los efectos tróficos de la pesca y permitirá que los manejadores anticipen y eviten las cascadas tróficas inducidas por pesquerías.