Harvest

Recent observations suggest fishing pressure is driving the evolution of smaller female maturation size in some fish stocks. We construct a general size-based theoretical framework to derive the rate and ultimate destination of this evolution based on life-history, community ecology and evolutionary theory. For Baltic cod (Gadus morhua), we find a maximum evolutionary rate of approximately −36 g/generation (−0.072 Haldanes) and optimum maturation size <250 g (mean≈50 g). Whilst this is consistent with many previous observations, it is substantially less than observed in rapidly declining cod stocks, suggesting additional evolutionary processes may affect them. Analysis of management remedies finds only an effective ban on fishing will halt the evolution. Unable to maximise fitness, the fish will remain under evolutionary stress for the foreseeable future.

The “Pharmaceutical Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs) for the 21st Century—A Risk Based Approach” initiative announced by the FDA in August 2002 to improve and modernize pharmaceutical manufacturing facilitated adoption of process analytical technology (PAT) by the pharmaceutical industry. The potential for improved operational control and compliance resulting from continuous real-time quality assurance was highlighted as a likely benefit that would result from PAT implementation. A considerable amount of work has been done on this topic by academic and industrial contributors in the last decade. In this paper, we will start with a brief overview of evolution of PAT concepts and a review of their application in the wider pharmaceutical industry. The rest of the paper focuses on PAT applications for biotech processes with emphasis on developments in the last five years. It is our observation that while significant advances have been accomplished with regard to our ability to analyze/monitor key process and quality attributes in the biotech industry, much more needs to be done with regard to utilizing the collected data for subsequent control of the process, to achieve optimum yield and product quality. The latter is necessary to achieve the benefits that will result from PAT implementation. Figure Ease of PAT implementation for some of the commonly used unit operations in biotech processes

The reed beds are widely considered in Europe as ecologically and economically beneficial areas. In The Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (D.D.B.R.), reed is by far the dominant species and reed marshes cover more than 220,000 ha (Hanganu et al 2002). Presently, certain areas of reed beds are selected for burning or harvesting during the winter by private companies. Other surfaces are harvested in green, mown by the inhabitants as cattle food. Comparing the present period with the harvest campaigns from the ‘60 until the ‘80, we can say that the actual pressure on reed’s biodiversity is reduced. All above aspects of management practices and their influence on reed beds succession and conservation of biodiversity are discussed. Beside the current reed type description and comparison with biometrical data from Chifu et al (1993), we present their distribution, in relation with type of substrate and hydrology, by reed complexes.

Бібліографічний опис: Конопка, В. (2019). Хліборобська тема у різдвяно-стрітенському періоді народного календаря українців (на матеріалах Південно-Західного історико-етнографічного регіону). Народознавчі зошити, 2, 303-318.

Хліборобська тема є однією з основних у народному календарі українців. Тому з’ясування головних мотивів окремих календарних періодів є на сьогодні доволі актуальним. У запропонованій розвідці автор ставить перед собою мету проаналізувати окремі ритуали чи їх елементи, які спрямовані на забезпечення врожаю злакових культур у різдвяно-стрітенському періоді. Об’єктом дослідження є календарна обрядовість, як складова народної культури українців, а предметом–хліборобські мотиви у системі календарних звичаїв та обрядів, зокрема їх предметна, акціональна та вербальна форми. Методологічну основу праці становлять принципи об’єктивності та історизму. Для дослідження хліборобських мотивів використана методологія В. Проппа та етнолінгвістичної школи М. Толстого. Для формування джерельної бази проведено кущові та маршрутні етнографічні експедиції, під час яких здійснено фіксацію матеріалів за допомогою усного опитування респондентів згідно з попередньо підготовленим запитальником. Хліборобська тема у різдвяно-стрітенському періоді недостатньо висвітлена у спеціальних наукових дослідженнях. Цей аспект висвітлений авторами доволі побіжно, без належного аналізу, тому основою роботи є польові матеріали автора.
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The agricultural theme is one of the main issues in the folkcalendar of Ukrainians. Therefore, the clarification of the main motifs of individual calendar periods is very relevant today. The goal of author is to analyze separate rituals or their elements, which are aimed at ensuring the harvest of cereals in the Christmas-Candlemas period. The object of research is the calendar ritual, as a component of the folk culture of Ukrainians. The subject is the agricultural motifs in the system of calendar customs and rituals, in particular their substantive, focal and verbal forms. The methodological basis of work is in the principles of objectivity and historicism. The methodology of V. Propp and the ethnolinguistic school of M. Tolstoi were used to study the agricultural motifs. To form a source base, bush and route ethnographic expeditions were conducted, during which the material was recorded with the help of an oral interview of respondents according to a pre-prepared questionnaire. The agricultural theme in the Christmas-Candlemas period is not sufficiently highlighted in special scientific research. This aspect is covered by the authors rather superficially, without proper analysis; therefore the author’s field materials are the basis of the work.

Fish are at the top of aquatic food webs impacting on other biota. Removal of fish by fishing, or stocking the lake with desired fish species has the potential to modify fish populations (their size/age structure, abundance and biomass) and various other ecosystem components and thus affect water quality. Analysis of long-term data on the catches of commercially important fish species, stocking of fingerlings, lake water levels, and littoral modifications, allowed revealing the key factors affecting the fish populations, fishing pressure, and mass of landed fish. Long-term decreases in water level negatively affected reproduction and survival of natural/stocked fingerlings of some cyprinids (Mirogrex terraesanctae, Hypophthalamichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio) and cichlids (Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis aureus). In contrast, rapid rises in water level vastly enlarged the areas of inundated terrestrial vegetation and stony/rocky littoral and thus positively affected the reproduction and survival of these fish and their landing after a temporal lag. Fishing pressure on reproductively active large cichlids was enhanced at low water levels due to exposing these fish at spawning time (spring and summer) to fishermen. Such overfishing resulted in lowering the number of reproductively capable cichlids below a certain critical level, leading to a decrease in the reproductive capacity of the population and the collapse of its standing stock (i.e. “recruitment overfishing”). The endemic bleak, Mirogrex terraesanctae is the dominant pelagic zooplanktivore of Lake Kinneret. Large water level fluctuations impacted its reproduction and determined the abundance of this ecologically important species. Bio-manipulation, by mean of subsidized harvesting, implemented to suppress its abundance in critical years, was highly controversial, and was stopped in 2006. Of the stocked grey mullets, Mugil cephalus had lower natural mortality rate, higher growth rate, reached larger sizes, and thus had a higher market value than Liza ramada. Still, fingerlings of the second species were more readily available, such that L. ramada was stocked in larger numbers and was more abundant in the commercial catch. We argue that fish stock management in Lake Kinneret should focus on the restoration of native fish populations and their sustainable fishery.
See also chapter: "Fish Biology and Ecology"

Abstract  The characteristics and contribution of a developing recreational fishery to the local, regional and national economy of Angola were evaluated in 2006. Annual angling effort was 13 435 h, while the estimated total catch of the three target species [leerfish, Lichia amia (L.), west coast dusky kob, Argyrosomus coronus (Griffiths & Heemstra) and shad, Pomatomus saltatrix (L.)], was 5913 fish with a mass of 27 975 kg. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) for all teleost species combined was 0.44 fish per angler h−1 and 2.08 kg per angler h−1. Total harvest of the three species was 576 fish with a total mass of 2221.6 kg. The total contribution of this recreational fishery (mostly anglers from South Africa) to the local economy was US$ 1007 per harvested fish and US$ 243 per harvested kg. This equated to a contribution to the local, regional and national economies of US$ 151 685, US$ 44 767 and US$ 344 364 respectively. Although the regional contribution was less than half of the national contribution, it was regionally significant when the low population density and the general absence of other formal sector employment opportunities are considered. As a result of the largely undisturbed nature of the southern Angolan coastline, the catch, effort and CPUE information was considered suitable as a baseline for a cost-effective method of future fisheries monitoring in the region.

Abstract: Trophic cascades triggered by fishing have profound implications for marine ecosystems and the socioeconomic systems that depend on them. With the number of reported cases quickly growing, key features and commonalities have emerged. Fishery-induced trophic cascades often display differential response times and nonlinear trajectories among trophic levels and can be accompanied by shifts in alternative states. Furthermore, their magnitude appears to be context dependent, varying as a function of species diversity, regional oceanography, local physical disturbance, habitat complexity, and the nature of the fishery itself. To conserve and manage exploited marine ecosystems, there is a pressing need for an improved understanding of the conditions that promote or inhibit the cascading consequences of fishing. Future research should investigate how the trophic effects of fishing interact with other human disturbances, identify strongly interacting species and ecosystem features that confer resilience to exploitation, determine ranges of predator depletion that elicit trophic cascades, pinpoint antecedents that signal ecosystem state shifts, and quantify variation in trophic rates across oceanographic conditions. This information will advance predictive models designed to forecast the trophic effects of fishing and will allow managers to better anticipate and avoid fishery-induced trophic cascades.Resumen: Las cascadas tróficas disparadas por la pesca tienen implicaciones profundas para los ecosistemas marinos y los sistemas socioeconómicos que dependen de ellos. Con el número de casos reportados incrementando rápidamente, han emergido atributos clave y similitudes. Las cascadas tróficas inducidas por pesquerías a menudo presentan tiempos de respuesta diferenciales y trayectorias no lineales entre los niveles tróficos y pueden ser acompañados por cambios en el estado de los ecosistemas. Más aun, su magnitud parece ser dependiente del contexto, variando como una función de la diversidad de especies, la oceanografía regional, la perturbación física local, la complejidad del hábitat y la naturaleza de la pesquería misma. Para conservar y manejar ecosistemas marinos explotados, existe una necesidad imperiosa por mejorar el entendimiento de las condiciones que promueven o inhiben las consecuencias en cascada de la pesca. Más aun, la investigación futura debe examinar la interacción de los efectos tróficos de la pesca con otras perturbaciones humanas, identificar especies estrechamente interactuantes y los atributos del ecosistema que confieren resiliencia a la explotación, determinar los rangos de disminución de depredadores que provoca las cascadas tróficas, identificar antecedentes que indiquen cambios de estado de los ecosistemas y cuantificar la variación en las tasas tróficas en condiciones oceanográficas diferentes. Esta información mejorará los modelos predictivos diseñados para estimar los efectos tróficos de la pesca y permitirá que los manejadores anticipen y eviten las cascadas tróficas inducidas por pesquerías.Resumen: Las cascadas tróficas disparadas por la pesca tienen implicaciones profundas para los ecosistemas marinos y los sistemas socioeconómicos que dependen de ellos. Con el número de casos reportados incrementando rápidamente, han emergido atributos clave y similitudes. Las cascadas tróficas inducidas por pesquerías a menudo presentan tiempos de respuesta diferenciales y trayectorias no lineales entre los niveles tróficos y pueden ser acompañados por cambios en el estado de los ecosistemas. Más aun, su magnitud parece ser dependiente del contexto, variando como una función de la diversidad de especies, la oceanografía regional, la perturbación física local, la complejidad del hábitat y la naturaleza de la pesquería misma. Para conservar y manejar ecosistemas marinos explotados, existe una necesidad imperiosa por mejorar el entendimiento de las condiciones que promueven o inhiben las consecuencias en cascada de la pesca. Más aun, la investigación futura debe examinar la interacción de los efectos tróficos de la pesca con otras perturbaciones humanas, identificar especies estrechamente interactuantes y los atributos del ecosistema que confieren resiliencia a la explotación, determinar los rangos de disminución de depredadores que provoca las cascadas tróficas, identificar antecedentes que indiquen cambios de estado de los ecosistemas y cuantificar la variación en las tasas tróficas en condiciones oceanográficas diferentes. Esta información mejorará los modelos predictivos diseñados para estimar los efectos tróficos de la pesca y permitirá que los manejadores anticipen y eviten las cascadas tróficas inducidas por pesquerías.