Historical time

Resumen.
Este trabajo muestra el análisis del tiempo histórico en 1.128 preguntas de 122 exámenes de 1.º y 2.º de Educación Secundaria Obliga-toria. Los debates científicos de la disciplina histórica y de la didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales han incidido en la multiplicidad de dimensiones del tiempo histórico: desde la tradición clásica que dividió el concepto de tiempo en cronos y kairós, hasta las aportaciones de Braudel sobre el tiempo corto, medio y largo. Además de la cronología, linealidad o simultaneidad, en la enseñanza de la historia deben tenerse en cuenta otros importantes elementos como el cambio y la continuidad, las causas y consecuencias. Los resultados de este análisis muestran el dominio de la memorización de conceptos y acontecimientos concretos del pasado y una escasa presencia de las dimensiones temporales. Palabras clave: tiempo histórico, examen, evaluación, pensamiento histórico, enseñanza de la historia.

Abstract. This paper shows the analysis from historical time in 1128 questions of 122 exams of 1st and 2nd year of Secondary Education. Debates on historical disciplines and social sciences education have deepened the many dimensions of historical time: from the classical tradition which divided the concept in chronos and kairos, to the contributions of Braudel on short, medium and long time. Besides chronology, simultaneous and linearity, in the teaching of history other important elements such as change and continuity, causes and consequences is essential. The results of this analysis show the hegemony of memorizing of concepts and specific events of the past and a low presence of the temporal dimensions.

Ninguna de las ciencias sociales ni las humanidades se han resistido al estudio del tiempo. Ello obedece a las profundas transformaciones que han sacudido a las sociedades contemporáneas y que han evidenciado la existencia, no de un sólo tiempo, sino de una pluralidad de expresiones temporales. En este artículo se abordan las nuevas expresiones de tiempo que ha comportado la globalidad histórica contemporánea. Desde esta mirada “en las alturas” se logra percibir de manera más diáfana el actual estado de cosas. El enfoque se organiza a partir de un eje histórico-historiográfico en constante diálogo con otras ciencias sociales, y toma como fundamento la concepción koselleckiana de tiempo. Es decir, su entendimiento como un entrelazamiento constante e históricamente variable de experiencias y expectativas.

None of the social sciences or humanities has resisted the appeal of the study of time. That has been due to the profound changes which have shaken contemporary societies and shown the existence, not of a single time, but a plurality of temporal expressions. This article deals with the new expressions of time which have arisen from our historic contemporary globalism. From that standpoint “from the heights”, one is able to perceive the current state of things in a clearer way. The focus of this article is organized on the basis of a historical-historiographical axis which is in a constant dialogue with other social sciences and employs Reinhard Koselleck’s conception of time, that is, understanding it to be a constant and historically variable interlinking of experiences and expectations.

Логос 32:4 (2021), 219-246. This is the Russian translation of my chapter "The Transformation of Historical Time: Processual and Evental Temporalities," in Marek Tamm and Laurent Olivier (eds.), Rethinking Historical Time: New Approaches to Presentism (London: Bloomsbury, 2019), 71-84, available here: https://www.academia.edu/36646585/The_Transformation_of_Historical_Time_Processual_and_Evental_Temporalities

«Культурный поворот» в социально-гуманитарном знании привел к интенсивному анализу коллективных представлений, в том числе представлений о прошлом. В свою очередь, «мемориальный поворот» актуализировал дискуссии вокруг такой аналитической категории как событие, которая на рубеже ХХ и XXI вв. обрела особый эпистемологический статус. В «мемориальных исследованиях» принципиальной познавательной установкой является учет социально-исторического контекста и его пространственно-временной динамики, вероятностного характера событий и субъективности действующих лиц. В статье обсуждаются проблемы интеграции идей культурного, мемориального, темпорального и пространственного «поворотов» в новой событийной истории. / The “cultural turn” in socio-humanitarian knowledge led to an intensive analysis of collective representations, including ideas about the past, and at the border of the 20th and 21st centuries the “memorial turn” actualized the discussions around such an analytical category as an event, which acquired a special epistemological status. In “memorial studies”, the principal cognitive attitude is to take into account the socio-historical context and its spatio-temporal dynamics, the probabilistic nature of events and the subjectivity of the actors. The article discusses the problems of integrating the ideas of cultural, memorial, temporal and spatial “turns” in the new event history.

Este texto se centra en el declive de las concepciones tradicionales de la unidad de la historia que, en diferentes formas, animó las filosofías de la historia, así como las ideologías que ello generó, en el período moderno. Causado por la comprensión de los límites de la comprensión histórica que ha surgido en un clima de rápido cambio, de dislocación y de discontinuidad propio del siglo XX, el declive de las concepciones tradicionales de unidad histórica a lo largo del tiempo ha puesto de relieve una nueva visión sobre la finitud temporal humana. Según la idea presentada aquí, el interés generalizado por la memoria colectiva que ha surgido en las últimas décadas está estrechamente vinculado con esta nueva perspectiva temporal. En un contexto actual en el que la mutación y la discontinuidad han socavado la visión a largo plazo de la filosofía de la historia y de las ideologías previas, el concepto de memoria colectiva se ha convertido en el prisma esencial a través del cual se refr...

In this article I address the political use of discourses, symbols and logics of time in historiography and anthropology. For a major part of the article, I focus on the anthropologist Johannes Fabian whose writings offer a strong criticism of the politics of time and also have great relevance for historians and philosophers of history. Fabian criticizes anthropology for treating the Other as if living in another time, and he proposes to counter these ‘politics of time’ by stressing the contemporaneity of humanity and the coevalness of anthropologists and their research objects. I follow Fabian’s analysis of the political (ab)use of spatiotemporal ‘distancing’ but argue that this (ab)use cannot successfully be addressed by stressing the notions of coevalness and contemporaneity. Rather, I radically embrace the idea of non-coevalness and non-contemporaneity. I argue that allochronism results not necessarily from a ‘denial of coevalness’ but, rather, from a specific notion of historical contemporaneity. Drawing on arguments by Jacques Derrida I claim that parts of Fabian’s thinking are dependent on a problematic ‘metaphysics of presence.’ Drawing on the work of Louis Althusser and Peter Osborne I argue for a more emancipatory analysis of the politics of time.

Met welke middelen werden in de negentiende eeuw nieuwe tijdervaringen tot uitdrukking gebracht en wat betekenden deze uitdrukkingsvormen voor de omgang met het verleden? Dit is de centrale vraag van deze oratie. Eerst wordt ingegaan op de versnelling van de moderne geschiedenis, de achtergronden en effecten. Daarna komen het dubbele karakter van de tijd en enkele toepassingen daarvan in de geschiedbeoefening aan bod. Ook de begrippen 'historische tijd' en historisch besef passeren de revue. Tenslotte worden enkele  concrete tijdensceneringen op de negentiende-eeuwse wereldtentoonstellingen als voorbeeld van gearticuleerde tijdservaringen toegelicht.

In this text I raise the question of how can we discuss from the History's Perspective, those what is part of the "no-Time" or "Other-Time", and another particular forms of time that are operate with their own temporalities, distants from the eurocentrics standars that drew the Historical Time in a linear and evolution terms. From this point of view, I review some Historical Time proposals binded to the historical discipline formation, and by sciences in general sense, through the epistemological and methodological challenges depicted by the constitutive dimension of the human experience. This issue is posed from the manners that historians usually has explained the Time in two sense, like concept and experience. In one hand, by building the Historical Time in opposed to Natural Time, that status entail render a concept and try to define their own implications. In a second place, I suggest setting some possibilities of dealing with differents temporalities, situated in the tension between history and memory, which may will find an agree in the Present History Field, where this relation have a chance to overcome the theoretical and methodological disagrees between both them.

En este trabajo intento abordar la importancia que posee el análisis del presente para una teoría del tiempo histórico. A tal fin, abordo la noción de “políticas del tiempo” como actos que realizamos en el presente y que determinan quiénes lo habitan. En primer lugar, intento mostrar cómo en el siglo XIX y, en Occidente, el presente comenzó a ser experimentado como “contemporáneo”. En segundo lugar, discuto los presupuestos que subyacen a esta experiencia de lo contemporáneo y de qué forma produce una discriminación sincrónica (los “primitivos” o “salvajes” de la antropología) y diacrónica (los “muertos” del pasado histórico).

Lecture at the Centre for the Study of Historical Consciousness. Vancouver, May 23, 2002.
Scholars who have dealt explicitly with the relationship between time and history have approached the subject from rather different angles. On the one hand there are historians, particularly Reinhart Koselleck, who have explored how historical actors themselves have perceived time and the past. On the other hand there are philosophers, particularly Paul Ricoeur, who analyse narratives that articulate the experience of time. A combination of these approaches can clarify the relationship between time and history. Maria Grever has used this theoretical framework to study the expressions of new time experiences in the 19th century and how these expressions affected people’s relationship to the past. In this lecture she first deals with the process of acceleration in history. Then she will discuss the ambiguous nature of time – objective time and subjective time - and some applications in historiography, such as historical time. Finally, she will analyse how some choreographies of time at 19th century world exhibitions functioned as specific articulated experiences of time.

En este trabajo se exploran los recuerdos del porvenir y el porvenir de los recuerdos. Esto es, las diversas formas en las que el mañana podría ser recordado, así como las maneras en las que el pasado que es traído al presente por la memoria pueden servir para la construcción de futuros. La reflexión es ilustrada con algunos ejemplos sobre mecanismos y dispositivos que hacen posibles ambos tipos de articulaciones temporales.

This article examines memories of the future and the future of memories. This is done by examining the various ways in which the future may be remembered as well as the ways in which the past, brought to the present by memory, may serve to build different futures. These reflections are illustrated with some examples of how both types of temporal linkages are made possible.

Ninguna de las ciencias sociales ni las humanidades se han resistido al estudio del tiempo. Ello obedece a las profundas transformaciones que han sacudido a las sociedades contemporáneas y que han evidenciado la existencia, no de un sólo tiempo, sino de una pluralidad de expresiones temporales. En este artículo se abordan las nuevas expresiones de tiempo que ha comportado la globalidad histórica contemporánea. Desde esta mirada “en las alturas” se logra percibir de manera más diáfana el actual estado de cosas. El enfoque se organiza a partir de un eje histórico-historiográfico en constante diálogo con otras ciencias sociales, y toma como fundamento la concepción koselleckiana de tiempo. Es decir, su entendimiento como un entrelazamiento constante e históricamente variable de experiencias y expectativas. None of the social sciences or humanities has resisted the appeal of the study of time. That has been due to the profound changes which have shaken contemporary societies and shown t...

Three recently published books, by Stavros Tombazos, Jonathan Martineau, and Harry Harootunian, join a now established body of literature that highlights the temporal aspects of Marx’s work. Their differences notwithstanding, these books are united by the conviction that, at its core, capitalism is an immense and complex organisation of time, and thus that the importance of Marx’s work is realised by its singular contribution to our understanding of this. Each book is centrally concerned with the historically specific character of capital’s temporal order, such that each presents a new reading of the relationship between capitalism and historical time.

This study is an action research based both on quantitative and qualitative research techniques
carried out with a group of fifth grade students in K˝r˛ehir during the 2003-2004
education year. In the study, the main purpose was to improve historical time concept and
chronology perceptions among fifth grade students. Students’ interests, reactions to educational
methods and materials (e.g., time tables, photographs, old household tools, collections,
and so on) were used. In addition, the contributions of educational methods and
materials on children’s academic achievement levels related to the subject were studied.
A success test were used in a pre-and-post-test design. The class times were recorded by
a tape recorder and the learning products gained during the class were collected. Data
evaluation included statistical analyses such as charting the pre-test and post-test scores
on the attitude and achievement scales and the analyses of class process from voicerecorded
data. In addition, student evaluation forms related to lectures and learning products
and lesson evaluation compositions were analyzed. In interpreting the quantitative
data, t-tests, ANOVA, percentage distributions and correlations were computed by SPSS.
On the other hand, qualitative data were analyzed separately by evaluating voice record
analysis and content analysis. According to the findings, preparing historical timelines by
the help of individual timelines, old photographs, and examining old household tools not
only attracted the interest of children towards history but also provided positive contribution
in academic aspect on their historical time and chronology perceptions. At the end of
this research, it is observed that historical time concept can be taught to children from the
very early ages with suitable methods and approaches by using historical time tools.

In his work as an historian Reinhart Koselleck continually rejected the concept of collective memory.  Memory, as he often stated, belongs to individuals and not to collectivities.  This study, while recognizing the originary status of personal memory and the fact that groups as such do not remember, no more than they have an autonomous, substantial existence, attempts to interpret the nebulous concept of collective memory that Koselleck so firmly criticized.  Through close examination of the grounds of Koselleck's critique of this concept, and of the theory of historical time he elaborated, I aim to delineate, through interpretation of the symbol and of the public scope of symbolic interaction, the specific domain in which collective memory comes to expression.

O artigo descreve as características do tempo artístico na literatura e seus modelos básicos, enquanto as disposições teóricas são ilustradas por exemplos da literatura russa. A especificidade do tempo artístico é revelada em comparação com o tempo objetivo. Mostra-se que as principais características do tempo objetivo, como a objetividade, a linearidade, a irreversibilidade, a monotonia e a continuidade no tempo artístico, não são mantidas, pois o tempo é sempre subjetivo. Isso é evidente na análise do modelo de tempo histórico, que afirma reproduzir o tempo objetivo. A seguir, consideramos quatro modelos de tempo mais usados  na literatura: o tempo mitológico, que se distingue por seu caráter cíclico; o tempo reversível, que se move do presente para o passado; o modelo de atemporalidade ou tempo parado; e o modelo de tempo integrador, que representa, numa unidade indivisível, o passado, o presente e o futuro existentes.
(continua na p. 1)

Ninguna de las ciencias sociales ni las humanidades se han resistido al estudio del tiempo. Ello obedece a las profundas transformaciones que han sacudido a las sociedades contemporáneas y que han evidenciado la existencia, no de un sólo tiempo, sino de una pluralidad de expresiones temporales. En este artículo se abordan las nuevas expresiones de tiempo que ha comportado la globalidad histórica contemporánea. Desde esta mirada “en las alturas” se logra percibir de manera más diáfana el actual estado de cosas. El enfoque se organiza a partir de un eje histórico-historiográfico en constante diálogo con otras ciencias sociales, y toma como fundamento la concepción koselleckiana de tiempo. Es decir, su entendimiento como un entrelazamiento constante e históricamente variable de experiencias y expectativas. None of the social sciences or humanities has resisted the appeal of the study of time. That has been due to the profound changes which have shaken contemporary societies and shown t...

Deleuze states that Foucault would have created a new relationship between men and
history, a relationship other than that established by the philosophers of history. In order to specify the
steps Foucault took to accomplish this invention, I shall support, according to Deleuze, “Foucault’s
Heraclitism” as the basis for a genuine Foucaultian concept of history. After outlining the risks taken by
Foucault’s concept of history, I observe this concept at work through the three periods that perform his
thought: Archeology, Genealogy and Aesthetics of Existence. The main characters that embody his
concept of history through these periods are: a) the discontinuous profile of history; b) the
denaturalization of would-be unhistorical objects; c) the historical dimension of body; d) the eddies of
subjectivation in history. We shall focus our inspection on the turn made along Foucault’s work when he
takes into a new account the theme of subjectivity, mostly in the last two volumes of the History of
Sexuality. Thus, our attention turns to the subjectivity defined as a process, in order to investigate
individual identity as the result of history

earlier edition:
2nd Interdisciplinary Tourism Research Conference, 24-29 April 2012, Fethiye-Türkiye.)

The Turkish Republic, like most of other destinations in Mediterranean which has a reach to the seaside, is providing astonishing recreational diving opportunities, not only by the pristine dive sites but also under the shed of an old history on human underwater interaction. This interaction is known often refers to an occupation, the diving, and a certain industry for which that occupation is known essential, the sea sponge-gathering. Into the mentioned geography, sea sponge-gathering industry is known provided its own share of the world natural sponge demand for a long time. Undertaken mostly by diving, either by utilising the developed equipments or without, sea sponge gathering as an important initiative to cope with the unfamiliar underwater environment has become a certain source of income for the households of the mentioned shorelines. As being the elderly occupational segment of commercial diving genre, like most of the contemporary off-springs, sponge-gathering diving has also constituted a certain source of knowledge accumulation on the underwater realm. Before reaching to a formalised body of knowledge by contemporary terms, not only the developed, improved recognition of the underwater life but also the imprints of the identified inherent occupational risks and the environmental threats are found indicative in that knowledge accumulation. Same problems are also fairly well known even for the contemporary diving, not only for the professional genre but even while undertaken with recreational purposes. Into this study, historical findings on the environmental impact of that export-oriented industry and the inherent risks of diving occupation will be given for the 19 th century sea sponge-gathering on Ottoman Empire and within its availability, as a certain case which is suggesting similarities between the different regions of the world where the habitants of shorelines having been in a likely relation with seas, oceans and lakes, and representing a long tradition which has been shaped on the course of human-underwater interaction.