History of Marxism

In 1980, three Republican women prisoners held in Armagh prison in Northern Ireland joined the hunger strike being conducted by male Republican prisoners in Maze Prison. Overshadowed by the fatal 1981 strike, the 1980 strike involved these women in Armagh, who challenged the traditional nationalist notion of the strong male warrior, while generating sympathy and solidarity across the globe, including with the far left and the women’s liberation movement in Britain. This article will look at how the left and the women’s liberation movement in both Britain and Ireland looked to portray these women within their competing narratives.

Tekst ten został opublikowany jako posłowie do pierwszego polskiego wydania rękopisów Karola Marksa stanowiących szkic niedokończonego tzw. "szóstego rozdziału" I tomu "Kapitału", znanego także jako "Rezultaty bezpośredniego procesu produkcji". Posłowie omawia 1. historię wydań dzieł zebranych Marksa i Engelsa i miejsce "Rezultatów" w tej historii; 2. znaczenie "Rezultatów" dla interpretacji "Kapitału" oraz 3. znaczenie "Rezultatów" dla powojennej intepretacji Marksa rozwiniętej przez włoski marksizm autonomistyczny. Posłowie zawiera także liczne komentarze do decyzji, które tłumacz podjął w procesie przekładu.

Fragmenty polskiego przekładu "Rezultatów bezpośredniego procesu produkcji", nieopublikowanego projektu rozdziału I tomu "Kapitału" poświęcone m.in. kwestiom formalnej i realnej subsumcji pracy pod kapitał, pracy produkcyjnej i nieprodukcyjnej oraz mistyfikacji kapitału.

The objective of the following observations is to offer a rough overview of central ways of reading Marx’s theory. These are to be presented – by means of a few selected topics – as Marxisms that can be relatively clearly delimited from one another, and the history of their reception and influence will be evaluated with regard to the common-sense understanding of “Marxist theory.”

Thése soutenue le 7 décembre

Lucien Goldmann, 1913-1970, was an important figure in the debate on the relation between Marxism et Humanism, from the 1950's until the day of his death.
The purpose of this work is to show, first of all, his philosophical foundations of his Marxist humanism, that is simultaneously a critic of Sartre and an irreducible enemy of Althusser and all the structuralist school. The heart of his thought is a paradoxical anthropology inspired by Pascal and his conception of wager, but also by Goethe's Faust and the idea of the necessity of a «passage through evil» or an ethical/political compromise. Dialectic and pascalian wager compose in Goldmann's view one philosophical unity, which this work has tried to describe its most important moments.
In the second part, we tried to describe the Goldmann's sociological work of historical reconstruction of most important form of (sometimes political, sometimes only cultural) humanist resistance: from novel to worker’s self-government, passing by the history of socialist movement.
Finally, this work is also to highlight Goldmann's thought, that of a new socialism based on the concept of worker automation and characterized by the non-abolition of the free market, and it's confrontation with other authors, like Bloch, Balibar, Fromm, Althussser and Mallet. The objective is to show how some statements of the author can be useful to today debate.

Die sozialistische Arbeiterbewegung stand am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts vor der Frage, welche Haltung zum Staat einzunehmen sei, mit dem man sich in der Tagespolitik auseinanderzusetzen hatte und von dem man, sollte eine ‚revolutionäre’ Ausrichtung beibehalten werden, einen Begriff haben musste, um gesellschaftliche Alternativen überhaupt denken zu können. Die Texte des Namensgebers der einflussreichen ‚Marxschen Schule’ enthielten keine ausgearbeitete Staatstheorie, auch wenn eine solche in den Aufbauplänen zu Marx’ Kritik der politischen Ökonomie noch vorgesehen war.  Die staatstheoretischen Überlegungen von Friedrich Engels haben diese Lücke gefüllt und die Staatsauffassungen der sozialistischen Theoretiker des 20. Jahrhunderts entscheidend geprägt.

This paper considers the importance of examples from India in the text of Marx’s Capital. In tracking Marx’s preoccupations, it is possible to show the relevance, especially for today, of his critique in a global frame, as political economy pivots and returns to its sources. Along the way, countering misreading and mistranslation, it becomes possible to see why studies of the agrarian, trading route and subaltern histories of capital in relation to the subcontinent, as well as of market spaces and early commercial exchange in Asia, are crucial for rethinking Marxist approaches to urbanism today. Targeting the archetypal corporate entity of his time, and its ideological supporters, the themes of tribute, exoticism, animals and the slave trade restore a reading practice that owes as much to Marx’s biography as to any one Marxist mode of analysis. The idea of a postcolonial, vegetarian or saffron Marx is not on the cards—since Asia is not simply a place to which Marx goes—but a more careful and at
the same time experimental reading can perhaps restore enthusiasm for the critique of political economy and provide ways of teaching old texts that remain relevant, and by remaining relevant, indicate what is to be done.

Velhos e novos manifestos
O socialismo na era da globalização
São Paulo: Editora Juarez de Oliveira, 1999, 96 p.; ISBN: 85-7441-022-5

Índice

Prefácio

1. Manifesto do Partido Comunista (atualizado para o século XXI)
  I. Burgueses e proletários (ou Explorados e Não-explorados)
II. Proletários e comunistas (ou trabalhadores assalariados em geral)
III. A Literatura Socialista (ou os mitos da velha e da nova esquerda)
IV. Posição dos novos socialistas em relação aos partidos de oposição

2. O livre comércio e os trabalhadores
  I. A ideologia do livre-comércio
II. A globalização marxista
III. Globalização e regionalização em perspectiva histórica
IV. Do fim da História ao fim da Geografia
V. Os trabalhadores e o purgatório do livre-comércio

3. Elogio da Exploração: um manifesto realista
I. Vinte teses provocadoras sobre o progresso social
II. Convite a um diálogo aberto sobre a exploração

4. A parábola do marxismo no século XX
  I. Ascensão e declínio de uma ideia
II. A “acumulação primitiva” da revolução burguesa
III. O marxismo enquanto “concepção burguesa” da História
IV. Desventuras da dialética na periferia capitalista
V. O marxismo como doutrina da globalização capitalista
VI. A astúcia da razão e as surpresas da História

Apêndice:
Manifesto do Partido Comunista (1848)
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels
  I. Burgueses e proletários
II. Proletários e comunistas
III. Literatura socialista e comunista
1. O socialismo reacionário
a) O socialismo feudal
b) O socialismo pequeno-burguês
c) O socialismo alemão ou o “verdadeiro” socialismo
2. O socialismo conservador ou o socialismo burguês
3. O socialismo e o comunismo crítico-utópicos burguês
IV. Posição dos comunistas em relação aos diversos partidos de oposição

Biobibliografia do Autor 99

Über Jahrzehnte beanspruchten die komplementären Diskurse des östlichen partei-, später staatsoffiziellen Marxismus sowie des westlichen Antikommunismus die nahezu uneingeschränkte Definitionsmacht über das, was gemeinhin als ‚Marxsche Theorie’ oder ‚wissenschaftlicher Sozialismus’ galt. Dagegen machte sich ab Mitte der 1960er Jahre eine neue Lektüre-Bewegung vor allem in der Bundesrepublik daran, die originellen wissenschaftlichen Gehalte des Marxschen Denkens zu entdecken. Der Rezeptionsschutt der vorangegangenen 100 Jahre sollte weggeräumt werden, um für die Rekonstruktion einer kritischen Gesellschaftstheorie mit einem innovativen Methoden- und Gegenstandsverständnis Platz zu schaffen.

Das Buch vergegenwärtigt die Quellen, Geschichte und Resultate dieses neuen Diskussionskontexts. Drei Stränge der Debatte werden näher beleuchtet: Die methodologische und werttheoretische Grundlagenforschung, die Staatsableitung sowie die Untersuchung der revolutionstheoretischen Implikationen der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass in einem noch keineswegs abgeschlossenen Forschungsprozess die Umrisse einer bei Marx angelegten Theorie erkennbar werden, die wichtige Impulse zum Verständnis der modernen Reichtums- und Herrschaftsformen geben kann und in vielem geradezu das Gegenteil von dem zeigt, was man von Marx in marxistischen wie nicht-marxistischen Kreisen zu wissen glaubte.

K. Marx’s 200th jubilee coincides with the celebration of the 85 years from the first publication of his “Mathematical Manuscripts” in 1933. Its editor, Sofia Alexandrovna Yanovskaya (1896–1966), was a renowned Soviet mathematician, whose significant studies on the foundations of mathematics and mathematical logic, as well as on the history and philosophy of mathematics are unduly neglected nowadays.Yanovskaya, as a militant Marxist, was actively engaged in the ideological confrontation with idealism and its influence on modern mathematics and their interpretation. Concomitantly, she was one of the pioneers of mathematical logic in the Soviet Union, in an era of fierce disputes on its compatibility with Marxist philosophy. Yanovskaya managed to embrace in an originally Marxist spirit the contemporary level of logico-philosophical research of her time. Due to her highly esteemed status within Soviet academia, she became one of the most significant pillars for the culmination of modern mathematics in the Soviet Union. In this paper, I attempt to trace the influence of the complex socio-cultural context of the first decades ofthe Soviet Union on Yanovskaya’s work. Among the several issues I discuss, her encounter with L. Wittgenstein is striking.

Philipp Lenhard: Capitalismo di stato e Automazione. Considerazioni sulla critica dell'economia politica nell'opera tarda di Herbert Marcuse e Friedrich Pollock. In: Nicola Emery (Hg.): Automazione e Teoria critica. A partire da Friedrich Pollock. Milano, Udine: Mimesis Edizione 2018, pp. 73-102.

The aim of this text is to analyse the origin of Volume I of "Das Kapital". I discuss the subsequent manuscripts of Marx’s project to critically present the social reality of capitalist societies. I’m trying to show, how Marx, while developing his method of a critique of political economy, worked also on the presentation of the effects of this critique, on the clarification of the scope of his research and how he changed the order
of the content of the entire project. Thence the article is not an analysis of the historical aspect of Marx’s work on "Das Kapital", but an attempt to present the main assumptions, goals and ideas of his critique of political economy. Moreover, the text discusses also the effects of the collective work on the new edition of Marx’s and Engel’s collected works
(MEGA2) and the importance of these eff ects for the contemporary studies on Marx’s thought.

Incarcerated people in Washington have published a variety of periodicals, ranging from general prison news to radical newspapers that debated ideologies like communism, anarchism, and Black nationalism. This article examines radical periodicals published in and concerning prisons to better understand struggles over the prisoners’ press in Washington. First, it contextualizes this history with a discussion of militant prisoner support movements in the 1970s. These movements included the Sunfighter, an underground newspaper; and the George Jackson Brigade, a guerrilla group, whose members were involved with both the Sunfighter and subsequent prison newspapers. This article then analyzes the politics, inside-outside relationships, and censorship of two radical prisoner quarterlies: the Marxist-Leninist Red Dragon and the Anarchist Black Dragon. Influenced by their prison environment, these newspapers provided space for networks and writings that sought to address interconnected problems such as mass incarceration, sexual violence, and racism. Ultimately, these newspapers demonstrate how prisoners’ politics are worthy of closer consideration by historians, as their ideas and actions shaped news, public discourse, and movements on both sides of the prison walls.

Nos anos 1960, o marxismo passou por um momento de renovação no Brasil, ao servir de base para um conjunto de teses dedicadas à interpretação da sociedade brasileira, entre as quais, aquelas que se desenvolveram a partir do que ficou conhecido como "Seminário Marx". Um pouco antes, esta tradição também havia passado por uma metamorfose na Europa, processo que resultou na consolidação de uma nova configuração intelectual-posteriormente denominada como Western Marxism-composta por uma geração de teóricos marxistas que se giraram para o trabalho filosófico e perderam o vínculo com a prática política. Este trabalho visa realizar uma breve meditação acerca da relação de parentesco entre essas duas formas de marxismo: a que se desenvolveu em terras paulistanas e aquela gestada no continente europeu. Para tanto, o centro da análise será problematizar a noção de que o marxismo levado à cabo pelos membros do Seminário representaria "o capítulo brasileiro do marxismo ocidental", tal como sugerido por alguns autores. Com isso, espera-se refletir sobre a relação entre marxismo ocidental e o Brasil, e o paradoxo que percorre a história do marxismo brasileiro: o de precisar ser universal e particular ao mesmo tempo, tendo em vista o caráter internacional da tradição marxista, bem como a necessidade de adaptar suas formulações às realidades nacionais concretas.

Im allmählichen Abklingen des öffentlichen Jubiläums-Getöses um Karl Marx sah der habilitierte Literaturwissenschaftler und TUMULT-Autor Till Kinzel erfreulicherweise keinen Hinderungsgrund, der Marx-Rezeption durch die Dichterin und Geschichtspoetin Ricarda Huch, die in ihrer 1930 publizierten Schrift ›Alte und neue Götter‹ einen gründlichen Blick zurück auf das Revolutionsjahr 1848 wirft, seinerseits eine eingehende Betrachtung zu widmen.

With the rise of the discourse on dialectical materialism in the late 1920s, ideas related to the Marxist notion of dialectical logic started to circulate in the Chinese intellectual world. Not long after the first public discussions on dialectical materialism started to emerge in the early 1930s, the discussants on both sides started to address the question of the Marxist notion of logic and its relationship with Western formal logic. Consequently, over the 1930s, a series of separate public debates ensued, in which dialectical logic contended against the "conventional" forms of logic, such as traditional Aristotelian and modern formal logic. This paper outlines the major landmarks within the public as well as internal Marxist debates on logic in the 1930s. The discussion starts with a general overview of the intellectual background of the debates, and proceeds by analysing the principal developments in them, starting with Ye Qing's and Zhang Dongsun's polemic about "dynamic logic" from 1933, and concluding with the internal Marxist discussions on the sublation of formal logic in the last years of the decade.

Anton Pannekoek (1873–60) was both an influential Marxist and an innovative astronomer. This paper will analyze the various innovative methods that he developed to represent the visual aspect of the Milky Way and the statistical distribution of stars in the galaxy through a framework of epistemic virtues. Doing so will not only emphasize the unique aspects of his astronomical research, but also reveal its connections to his left radical brand of Marxism. A crucial feature of Pannekoek's astronomical method was the active role ascribed to astronomers. They were expected to use their intuitive ability to organize data according to the appearance of the Milky Way, even as they had to avoid the influence of personal experience and theoretical presuppositions about the shape of the system. With this method, Pannekoek produced results that went against the Kapteyn Universe and instead made him the first astronomer in the Netherlands to find supporting evidence for Harlow Shapley's extended galaxy. After exploring Pannekoek's Marxist philosophy, it is argued that both his astronomical method and his interpretation of historical materialism can be seen as strategies developed to make optical use of his particular conception of the human mind.

Ha igaz, hogy minden könyvnek megvan a maga története, akkor ez a fiókban maradt kézirat-okra még inkább igaz lehet. Az alcímben megnevezett kéziratot nem találtam, levéltárban vagy kézirattárban, hanem maga a szerző, Radnóti Sándor hívta fel rá a figyelmemet, mivel megtudta, hogy érdekel Justus Pál sokrétű munkássága. Az 1970 körül keletkezett kézirat Justus a harmincas évektől írt, 1942-ben befejezett, de csak 1945-ben kiadott, majd az SZDP és az MKP közös szervező bizottságának határozata alapján a forgalomból kivont munkájáról, A szocializmus útja: az osztályháború új feltételei című könyvről szóló alapos bírálat, mely a – Rajk-per VIII. rendű vádlottjaként elítélt szerző – trockista híre miatt (bármit is jelentsen e kifejezés Kádár János Magyarországán) utóbb sem jelenhetett meg. Végül is „logikus”: egy voltaképpen betiltott könyv recenziója nemcsak a műről szól, de arról a korról is, mely indexre tette azt, így a megjelent, de visszavont, valamint a meg sem jelent bírálat története két időmetszetben (1945 és 1970) jellemzi azt a kort, mely külsőleg azonosult ugyan a marxiz-mussal, de kritikai értelemben, komolyan talán sohasem vette.

Largely forgotten nowadays, Antonio Labriola (1843-1904) is the initiator of an original line of Marxist reflection, whose most celebrated figure remains Antonio Gramsci. In the closing years of the nineteenth century, Labriola elaborated, in his three Essays on historical materialism, a heterodox understanding of Marxism, whose essential philosophical structures were to influence not only Gramsci, but also Croce, Gentile, and Georges Sorel.

The lecture examines the genesis of Labriola’s Marxism through the unorthodox lens of intellectual space. In other words, it addresses the question of the extent to which the production and circulation of Labriola’s ideas was shaped by the cultural, linguistic, and political hierarchies which carved up the intellectual field of Western Europe at the time. The picture that emerges is that the originality of Labriola’s work was largely made possible by the peripherality – both real and perceived – of Italy in these spaces. By examining how interactions with France and Germany shaped Labriola’s readings, publication and teaching strategies, an attempt is made to de-provincialize this important thinker and to show that the history of his thought is not just an Italian one, but one that involves a much wider space.

https://pasts.ceu.edu/node/321#sthash.kYcpGol0.dpuf