Industrial Safety

A flame and gas identifications framework (FGS) is a hazard relief measure which screens and empowers consistent discovery of lethal or combustible gas discharge and alarms plant work force for starting control activity. Fire and gas detection system only minimizes the risk of fires explosions and toxic releases by warning systems but cannot eliminate their occurrence. Relying on traditional heuristic approaches may not be enough for developing fire and gas detection systems for meeting enhanced safety standards. A three-dimensional analysis of process plant is needed for improved gas detector placement and performance. This paper demonstrates on criteria for selection of detectors and various environmental factors that affect the placement of detectors. This paper examines various design aspects of fire and gas detection and emphasizes on inconsistencies that exist in conventional detector layouts. Further more, it presented the industrially applicable methodology for design of FGS...

Seats are one of the most important components of vehicles and they are the place where professional driver spend most of their time. For example, according to Occupational Outlook Handbook by United State Department of Labor, the truck drivers frequently work 50 or more hours a week. The truck drivers sit while
they are driving their 50 hours per week. Assuming four weeks vacation and one more for holidays, which is about 2350 hours driving time per year. Automotive seats, which are in contact with vehicle occupants, play an important role in improving the comfort and work environment of a driver and passengers. The  improvement of automotive seating systems, particularly for the driver, has been the subject of intense interest for many years
since a driver feels more fatigue than passengers. The paper describes a large variety of studies and up-to-date techniques developed for vehicle seats used by different type of transportation system such as cars, trucks, tractors, trains and aircrafts. The objective of this paper is to review the state of the art of vehicle seat design.

As standards of living generally improve across the globe, there is a corresponding change in people’s perception and acceptance of risk. The impact of natural hazards is an emerging threat to industrial facilities, pipelines, offshore platforms and other infrastructure that handles, stores or transports hazardous substances. When accidentally released, hazardous substances can lead to fires, explosions, and toxic or radioactive releases. These so-called Natech accidents are a recurring but often overlooked feature of many natural disasters and have often had significant human, environmental and economic impacts. Industries and authorities must be able to learn from incidents and capture the lessons that are needed to safely conduct business and produce goods for the whole of society.

Among natural events, storms can seriously affect the integrity of an industrial installation and lead to accident scenarios such as fires, explosions and the dispersion of chemicals in the environment. In addition, scientists expect an overall worsening of extreme weather events in this century due to climate change, which will further increase the threat to industrial facilities.

This report analyses past technological accidents with hazardous materials releases and damage to industrial facilities caused by the impact of storms. It discusses the vulnerability of industrial sites including that of the main equipment types present at the facility and analyses how they are damaged.

The first part of the report describes the storm hazard. It discusses storm types and their occurrence, as well as the main effects that cause damage to human settlements and the environment. The report lists strong winds, heavy precipitation, lightning and storm surge as the main effects responsible for damage to industrial installations.

In the second part of the report, we perform an analysis of past storm-triggered Natech events. Using different sources of public information on technological incidents, this study:

1. Analyses incident statistics;

2. Reviews a number of “landmark” accidents;

3. Discusses the lessons learned.

From the analysis of past events, the report concludes that Natech events caused by storms are frequent and that their relative occurrence is increasing compared to the overall occurrence of technological incidents from other causes in the analysed databases. The largest losses were generally triggered by heavy rain and flooding, while the most frequent trigger was lightning. The study also highlighted the role of a loss of power supply in triggering an accident or hampering the mitigation of its consequences.

The study presents lessons learned from the forensic analysis of past events and puts forward recommendations for future risk reduction for all storm effects. The most important lesson is that storm predictions based on past events are not sufficient to be well prepared for future events, in particular in the face of climate change.

Natural hazards, such as floods, landslides, or earthquakes, can trigger accidents in oil and gas pipeline transport or distribution systems which can cause damage or failure of system components and the subsequent release of toxic or flammable substances. This type of accident, in which a natural event affects a hazardous infrastructure, is also called natech accident. These accidents can have potentially major impacts on the population, the environment, and industry due to significant direct and indirect costs associated with an accident.

A recent analysis on past accidents in pipeline networks in Europe and the USA highlighted the importance of natural hazards as accident causal factors both in oil and gas pipeline systems. This analysis also flagged associated safety and supply-security concerns. Prevention and preparedness are therefore key to preventing casualties, pollution, supply-chain effects, and economic losses due to damage, business interruption and clean-up costs.

The present study extended the risk assessment capability of the JRC's RAPID-N framework for rapid natech risk assessment and mapping by integrating a new functionality for assessing the risks of earthquake impacts on oil transport pipelines. With this, the JRC provides a tool to industry and authorities that contributes towards the identification of natech risk hotspots and pipeline system weaknesses with respect to external accident triggers, and it allows an estimation of the potential consequences of such impacts.

This report briefly recapitulates the main results of the pipeline natech accident analysis, introduces the main features of RAPID-N, discusses the methodologies selected for assessing the risk of damage and failure in oil transport pipelines due to earthquake impact, and then describes the modifications made to RAPID-N to implement these methodologies. As a final step, the implementation of this new assessment feature is demonstrated through a case study application with RAPID-N.

Industrial corporations around the world can be found who are proud of their safety records, safety achievements, and published their results on the Internet. Here are 34 companies who we found in 2015 searches that had important safety achievements plus we have added their own key comments by presidents, CEO's, and directors of Safety. At the end we have list their achievements in consecutive hours, consecutive days and/or consecutive months/years without a lost time injury for a  major work unit or division or the organization as a whole.

Natural-hazard triggered technological accidents (natechs) at industrial facilities have been recognized as an emerging risk. Adequate preparedness, proper emergency planning, and effective response are crucial for the prevention of natechs and mitigation of the consequences. Under the conditions of a natural disaster, the limited resources, the possible unavailability of mitigation measures, and the lack of adequate communication complicate the management of natechs. The analysis of past natechs is crucial for learning lessons and for preventing or preparing for future natechs. The 17 August 1999, Kocaeli earthquake, which was a devastating disaster hitting one of the most industrialized regions of Turkey, offers opportunities in this respect. Among many natechs that occurred due to the earthquake, the massive fire at the TUPRAS Izmit refinery and the acrylonitrile spill at the AKSA acrylic fiber production plant were especially important and highlight problems in the consideration of natechs in emergency planning, response to industrial emergencies during natural hazards, and information to the public during and following the incidents. The analysis of these events shows that even the largest and seemingly well-prepared facilities can be vulnerable to natechs if risks are not considered adequately.

Natural hazards, such as earthquakes, floods, storms, extreme temperatures, etc. can trigger fires, explosions and toxic or radioactive releases at hazardous installations and other infrastructures that process, store or transport dangerous substances. These technological secondary effects of natural hazard impacts are also called "Natech" accidents (from "natural hazard-triggered technological accident"). Natech accidents are frequent in the wake of natural disasters, and they have repeatedly had significant and long-term social, environmental and economic impacts (e.g. Krausmann and Cruz, 2013; Girgin, 2011; Krausmann, Cruz and Affeltranger, 2011; Godoy, 2007). It should be noted that Natech accidents can be triggered by any kind of natural hazard; a major natural hazard, like a strong earthquake or a hurricane, is not necessarily required to cause a Natech event. Recent studies highlighted that the specific aspects of Natech risk are unfortunately often overlooked in chemical accident prevention programmes and disaster risk reduction frameworks, causing Natech accidents to recur (Krausmann and Baranzini, 2012). This is compounded by the predicted increase of Natech risk as a result of worldwide industrialisation, climate change, population growth and community encroachment on natural hazard zones. This outlook has triggered initiatives that aim to close gaps in Natech risk reduction. For instance, the OECD Working Group on Chemical Accidents has recently produced a Natech Addendum to the OECD Guiding Principles on Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response (OECD, 2015). This chapter will introduce the problem of Natech risks with a focus on emergency planning and response. It will present major lessons learnt that were obtained from an in-depth analysis of Natech accidents in the European Commission's eNatech accident database (http://enatech.jrc.ec.europa.eu) and make recommendations on how to close remaining gaps. A comprehensive treatment of Natech risks and how to manage them is available in Krausmann, Cruz and Salzano (2017).

The fifth edition of the United Nations Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) is being issued four years after the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (Sendai Framework).

This edition of GAR is the first punctuation mark in the implementation of the Sendai Framework. It offers an update on progress made in implementing the outcome, goal, targets and priorities of the Sendai Framework and disaster-related Sustainable Development Goals. It provides an analysis of how risk science is changing, presents areas for additional endeavour, and explores aspects of understanding and managing systemic risk. It presents innovative research and practice for pursuing risk-informed sustainable development, and provides an introduction to the wider scope and nature of hazards and related risks to be considered.

Chapter 3 of the report on "risk" investigates how we currently monitor and model a range of hazards, including tsunamis, landslides, floods and fires. Other hazards are less familiar as they were not part of the Hyogo Framework for Action. However, they are part of the Sendai Framework and include: biological, nuclear/radiological, chemical/industrial, NATECH (natural hazards triggering technological disasters) and environmental hazards. Chapter 3 looks at our understanding of how these hazards interact with exposure and vulnerability.

Chapter 3.1.9 on "Natech" describes Natech events which are a recurring but often overlooked fature in many disaster situations. Besides providing examples of important Natech accidents that occurred in the past, the characteristics of Natech risk are discussed. Information on Natech risk drivers and instruments for effective Natech risk management are explained, together with how progress in Natech risk reduction can be measured.

Bu çalışmada, endüstriyel kazalar ile ilgili bilgiler içeren uluslararası veri tabanlarında Türkiye'de meydana gelmiş endüstriyel kazalara ait bilgilerin hangi kapsamda yer aldığı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, yaygın olarak kullanılan ve birçok çalışmada temel kaynak olarak başvurulan CRED Acil Durumlar Veri Tabanı (EM-DAT) ve UNEP APELL Teknolojik Afetler Listesi ile Avrupa Birliği'nin Büyük Kaza Raporlama Sistemi (MARS) incelenmiştir. MARS veri tabanında Türkiye'de meydana gelmiş herhangi bir kazanın yer almadığı görülmüş, EM-DAT ve APELL veri tabanlarında ise oldukça kısıtlı sayıda kazaya ait bilgiye rastlanmıştır. Bu kazaların önemli bir bölümünün ise endüstriyel kaza tanımına uymadığı belirlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla incelenen uluslararası teknolojik kaza veri tabanları Türkiye'de meydana gelmiş endüstriyel kazaları kendi kriterleri dahilinde bile tam olarak yansıtmamaktadır. Bu veri tabanlarındaki eksiklik ve hatalar, kaynak olarak kullanıldıkları çalışmaları da negatif yönde etkilemektedir. Karşılaşılan bu problemlerin envanter çalışması sırasındaki olası hatalar kadar literatürde Türkiye'deki endüstriyel kazalar ile ilgili bilgi boşluğundan da kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, ülkemizde meydana gelmiş endüstriyel kazaların nedeni, oluşumu ve sonuçları ile ilgili düzenli ve ulaşılabilir bir bilgi kaynağının veya envanterin bulunmuyor oluşu önemli bir eksiklik olarak göze çarpmaktadır.

There is a Malay proverb says, "A small fire became friends, when the fire grows it will become our enemies" or in equivalent English proverb, "A small leak will sink a great ship.

"Malay proverbs are a word that is consistent with the use of fire in daily life. While fire is a necessity in daily life, it can be dangerous if not properly controlled. Fires are a chemical reaction in which heat and light are generated, which in turn produces smoke.

There is a saying that "Prevent Is Better Than Treating". The question now is "How do you prevent a fire, if you don't know the cause". Therefore, it is necessary to understand how a fire can occur.

Fire will only happen if there are three elements that combine to help fuel the flame, such as wood, paper and oil, air to supply oxygen and temperature or heat to generate heat or flames. The picture shows a triangle of fire where all three elements combine to produce a fire.

The article suggests the priority ways of improving the Occupational Safety and Health Management System
(OSH MS) in the industrial complex of Ukraine based on the analysis of it’s functioning for the last five years. Analysis
was carried out by examining the dynamics of changes in main indicators that characterize effectiveness of OSH MS,
that are industrial injuries, occupational diseases, condition of production equipment, buildings and structures, as well
payments on pecuniary damage in consequence of occupational accidents. It is found that the dynamics of changes in the
number of occupational diseases, physical deterioration of production equipment, and material payments on pecuniary
damage to victims has negative character, and reduction in the number of industrial injuries is leveled by their
classification as not permissible and with high value of severity coefficient. The role of "human factor" was defined as
main cause of risks (mistakes) production in modern labor protection management system of Ukraine. There was shown
a schematic model of occurring of hazards on stages of functioning of OSH management system at the manufacture. A
visual scheme of the automated operational control over working conditions and management of sanitary parameters of
the production environment (ASCC) was developed and submitted to reduce influence of "human factor" as well as to
improve working conditions. To improve efficiency of OSH management system, ways of reforming of existing labor
protection services of manufactures were suggested.
In workplaces with high degree of professional risk, it is proposed to introduce system of operational video
monitoring and responding to erroneous actions (violations of requirements regulations on labor protection) of employee,
as an integral part of ASCC system, as well as of OSH management system at manufacture.

All helmets attempt to protect the user's head by absorbing mechanical energy and protecting against penetration. Their structure and protective capacity are altered in high-energy impacts. Beside their energy-absorption capability, their volume and weight are also important issues, since higher volume and weight increase the injury risk for the user's head and neck. Every year many workers are killed or seriously injured in the construction industry as a result of head injuries. Wearing an appropriate safety helmet significantly reduces the risk of injury or even death. Protective headwear could save your life. At present strength of the helmet using industry is less due to improper filling of material, uneven pressure distribution and blow holes. The aim of the project is to increase the strength of industrial helmet by making the modify material in existing one. In order to achieve the objective of the project, the work is carried out in three stages. In the first stage a parametric model is designed by using 3D modeling module in Pro-Engineer software. After designing the helmet, Force analysis is done on industrial helmet by using ANSYS software for the two different type materials which are Carbon Fiber & ABS Material from single weights with equal forces.

The different technical and official standards ranging from CE, EN, ANSI, OSHA, CSA, etc. they indicate the need to anchor a fall arrest system to a safe point, as indeed the logic itself suggests. However, what seems extremely basic, in addition to becoming complicated in certain circumstances or situations, very often also turns out to be not so clear.
For this reason, many of the previous standards make special efforts either to divide the different types of anchorage into families as well as to describe and simplify with examples that always refer to structures from those typical of constructions (steel and concrete), the elements existing in nature (rock formations and trees) to the accessories that manufacturers market specifically to be used as anchoring systems (engineering).

This paper introduces a participative approach to the investigation and promotion of health and safety in industry. The proposed methodology promotes the active participation of the workers in the analysis of consequences and causes of unsafe behaviours that may result in work-related musculoskeletal disorders, accidents, injuries or near-misses. The developed participative technique is the Focus Group with Workers, based on the Fault Tree Analysis method (FGW-FTA). Focus groups are conventionally used by social and behavioural researchers to understand opinions, motivations, attitudes, and mental processes that underlie people behaviours. The innovative procedure in this paper addresses researchers and safety professionals during the focus groups with the workers for the identification of critical risk factors in the workplace. The result is a structured analysis, operated by and with the workers, for the identification of consequences and causes of unsafe behaviours. Finally, the ...

Hazard analysis is a crucial task in plant design. It is expensive in terms of money and time, and involves many specialists in different disciplines who are required to analyse aspects dispersed throughout the plant documentation. Product Lifecycle Management systems allow all the project data to be handled in a complete, integrated and consistent manner; they permit tools to be

Korneyev, A.V. Intelligent energy systems: problems of development and security. / Presented at the Strategic session "Prospects of development of smart grid technologies for energy industries" of the Moscow International Energy Forum "Russian Fuel and Energy Complex in the XXI Century", Moscow, April 19, 2016. / (Research presentation, in Russian).

Корнеев, А.В. Интеллектуальные энергетические системы: проблемы развития и безопасности. / Представлен на Стратегической сессии «Перспективы развития интеллектуальных технологий для энергетики» Московского Международного энергетического Форума «ТЭК России в XXI веке», г. Москва, 19 апреля 2016 г. / (Научный доклад на русск. языке, объем 0,3 а.л.).

Новые опасные условия, тренды и факторы. Для сложных интегрированных энергосистем, включающих традиционные ТЭС, ГЭС, АЭС и системы на возобновляемых энергетических источниках, характерны различные типы и рабочие режимы генерирующих объектов. Сложные проблемы сетевой безопасности, совместимости и синхронизации параллельных энергетических и контролирующих информационных потоков. Эти тенденции ставят на повестку дня проблемы устойчивости режимов управля-емого функционирования региональных систем энергоснабжения в условиях качетвенного перехода от операторского управления на принципиально новый уровень автоматизированного диспетчерского контроля, производственного обучения и технологической культуры. Человек постепенно выводится из контуров оперативного управления.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a young country that has great ambitious development plans for the future. One of those recent plans was to join the international commercial nuclear club. In addition to the nuclear industry, the development of the existing petroleum and aviation industries in the UAE create many challenges that need to be safely managed. The main advantage of joining the nuclear industry now is the ability to benefit from the international experience in this regard. There are many international organisations with advanced safety management systems that can help the UAE’s safety critical organisations to run their businesses in a safe manner. However, those experiences must be used properly. Not everything that worked perfectly in a specific country can have the exact outcome in the UAE.  Elements such as culture, organisational structures, and communication differ from one country to the next. Each country develops its management system according to its requirements and needs. In order to fully benefit from international experiences, the UAE needs to study the effect of those elements. Then instead of constructing new management systems to help operate safety critical industries, the Emirati organisations can use best practice methods already available after customising them accordingly. This dissertation is a first step toward achieving this goal by studying the impact of culture, organisational structures, and communication on safety critical organisations in the UAE.

Industrial safety is vital for tasks and safety of personnel. In this investigation the minor accidents which happened in certified steel plants was evaluated. Three input parameters such as Department, operator and machine maintenance were selected as parameters. Three departments such as casting, fettling and material handling were considered. Three types of employees such as skilled, semi skilled, untrained were considered. There are three types of maintenance such as periodic, improper and breakdown maintenance was considered. Taguchi and ANOVA methods were employed to analyze the minor accidents occurred in certified steel industries.

Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, and landslides, can impact industrial installations that process or store hazardous materials, potentially causing major accidents with fires, explosions or toxic releases. Accidents of this type are commonly referred to as Natech accidents. Numerous Natech accidents in the wake of past natural events are testimony to the possibly major disaster potential of this type of accidents. A recent study on the status of Natech risk management in the EU and the OECD found an increase in Natech risk awareness but it also highlighted significant gaps in the development of methodologies for analysing and mapping Natech risk. However, for decisions relating to the siting of new or the retrofitting needs of existing hazardous installations, and for emergency planning, Natech-prone areas need to be identified and the associated risk adequately assessed. In order to fill this gap, a web-based rapid Natech risk assessment and mapping framework called RAPID-N was developed. It is available at http://rapidn.jrc.ec.europa.eu. While the framework is in principle applicable to any kind of natural disaster, it has currently been implemented for earthquake impact on industrial facilities.

Export oriented readymade garment (RMG) industry of Bangladesh has flourished at a rapid pace utilising elastic supply of cheap female labour. Despite its grand success and world recognition, this industry encounters criticism for not maintaining minimum safety standard within factories. Industrial hazards are frequent in this sector, often ending the lives of workers and making the survivors and dependent family members vulnerable. Taking Rana Plaza disaster as a case study, this article illustrates how the RMG workers are compensated for the loss of their lives and livelihoods and how much progress has been made until April 2016 to ensure workplace safety in the RMG sector.

The scaffolding execution is a complicated issue because its nature changes very quickly depending upon the locations and nature of the work. To elevate the prospective of scaffolding execution in India, by infusing safety with scaffolding in such a way that it becomes impossible to imagine scaffolding execution work without safety. The Scaffolding management system is backbone for any operation/maintenance and construction work. It is very much essential to execute work but very vulnerable too, since unsafe scaffolding happens to be the biggest contributor of accidents at workplace. For Scaffolding Management System, if you take care of small things, bigger things will take care of themselves. The scaffolding execution related death occurs every year. The statistics indicate that the area of common work pertaining to working on roof (31.0%), working using ladders (23.6 %) or staging a scaffold (14.6 %) are leading contributors of such accidents. The total sum amounts to 69.2%. It's evident that more than 10,000 accidents each year are connected to the fact that 70% of the work force had not received any kind of formal training in scaffold construction. Hence they are shooting in the dark, which results in scaffold with loose planks or without guardrails which eventually contributes to 9% of fatalities in construction industries. The fall from heights is a "demon" that every Industry wants to contain, because it has a higher ratio of claiming lives. The statistics reflects that majority of workers are at a risk of losing their lives while dismantling scaffolds. It is known that scaffolding execution work is a serious business but with a killing potential which is the main causes that claims these precious lives. Lack of formal training is key element but it's not the only one. If we review the statistics and understand 26% of the time, the contributing factor is lack of competent authority to supervise and inspect a scaffold. During it is being erected or prior to use, which then might lead to lack of basic safe guards like faulty designs and ignorance to safety measures like toe boards or guardrails etc. This golden rule should be followed "Build a scaffold when it's needed" but the reality is harsher, people tend to use make shift arrangements or unsafe structures, this practice has coherent risks and these risks may further expand by improper scaffolding RISKS WITH IMPROPER SCAFFOLDING OR WITHOUT SCAFFOLDING ■ Collapse of scaffolding structure ■ Fall from Height ■ Fall of materials from height ■ Chances of high rate of accidents/incidents ■ Delay in progress of Project ■ Loss of company reputation ■ Financial losses-High direct & Indirect cost The scaffolding execution work is filled with danger costing lives and money. The problem lies at the basic concept of how scaffolding work is considered in overall planning of project. Rarely scaffolding management system is considered as separate vertical when planning a work. For example, while bid evaluation of painting of building, allocation of cost shall be considered on cost of paint and cost of manpower. Due to the non-allocation of funds separately, the cost of scaffolding execution is infused with cost of work that must be executed using a scaffold. The contractor then saves the scaffolding execution cost by constructing make shift scaffolds, with untested material and untrained execution team. In some cases, personnel without experience are assigned for scaffold execution work. It is a common practice that allocation of scaffolding execution work is given as per cubic meter rates and in turn the work is subcontracted to subcontractor on cubic meter production with the very low rates. It is clear indication that prime approach of company to attain production and this put safety during scaffolding execution work in lower tier.

In the article, the author suggests her own interpretation of the term uncertainty ergatic state system, for use in the field of occupational health and safety. About aspecting two main groups of factors of uncertainty ("human" and external factors) which may affect the results and modes of operation ergatic system. It was found that the greatest impact on the system, and the highest degree of uncertainty is the "human factor." Characterized by reasons stochastic and unstochastic condition ergatics systems. It was determined that the minimization state of vagueness ergatic system is possible only if exceptions (minimization) stochastic and unstochastic factors of nature, which can affect the process of of its functioning in a given mode.
We present ways to minimize the "human" and external factors within the framework of increasing the stability and safety of ergatics systems.

Dangerous situations associated with fire can be created in daily life with serious consequences, this makes imperative that everyone has proficiency handling fire extinguishers. This paper contributes to evaluate the learning process of fire extinguisher training; which is an important analysis for the accurate design of training plans in order to ensure appropriate actions in case of outbreaks of fire. The data were taken by fire simulator training, 32 subjects participated in the experiment for a month. The analysis of the data considers the fitting of the experimental data to the Wright's Learning Curve. The acquisition of handling skill fire extinguishers follows a learning curve model with little error. The subjects' performance in the fire extinguishing training seems improved with experience, making one-time training programs an unwarranted policy. Some future research recommendations are given.

E-waste is commonly termed as electronic waste. These wastes comprise of TVs, MP3 players, DVDs, mobile phones, laptops, etc. Hazardous materials are released due to this which harms the environment and affects human health. Currently, many countries are facing problems due to the generation of e-waste which has drawn attention to minimize it with the help of new methods. Lack of awareness and resources are the main cause behind e-waste management in India. Harmful toxic materials set foot into the waste materials which harms human health as well as environment. At the same time, wastage of material goods takes part when profitable materials are disposed and unhealthier ambience are risen due to natural recycling. With the help of this paper, best current assessment methodologies are discussed for e-waste management considering global and social scenario, recycling and recovering process, environmental and occupational hazards.

The impact of SF6 on the environment caused a concern for its replacement. After being named as the potent greenhouse gases in Kyoto Protocol, the growing concern became more hassle. Over few decades of study on SF6 abatement, developing efficient alternatives has been gaining attention. A study on SF6 has been done during design stage to reduce the emission to zero state, and this was taken care during the manufacturing stage. At the same time, the factor that should be taken care of is the emission after arc quenching and leakage during maintenance. As SF6 has excellent dielectric strength, it also has the adverse environmental impact, namely global warming. This gave rise to global-wide research and development of new substitute that has low impact on environment. Although it was elusive to find an exact replacement of SF6, many alternatives have also been developed with chemical computation such as HFO–1234ze(E) (hydrofluoroolefin), trifluoroiodomethane CF3I (N2/CO2) and perfluo...

Export oriented readymade garment (RMG) industry of Bangladesh has flourished at a rapid pace utilising elastic supply of cheap female labour. Despite its grand success and world recognition, this industry encounters criticism for not maintaining minimum safety standard within factories. Industrial hazards are frequent in this sector, often ending the lives of workers and making the survivors and dependent family members vulnerable. Taking Rana Plaza disaster as a case study, this article illustrates how the RMG workers are compensated for the loss of their lives and livelihoods and how much progress has been made until April 2016 to ensure workplace safety in the RMG sector.

The increase in size, automation and complexity of modern sociotechnical systems changed the dynamics of work environments and calls for new methodologies and metaphors towards safety of complex systems. Chemical, nuclear, and transportation (i.e. road, maritime, and aviation) industries are composed of various nested subsystems where smooth coordination and communication are essential features to achieve continuous and safe operations. Even though such subsystems exist since the industrial revolution, fewer studies have been conducted in these domains: to understand the work as it is done (rather than it is imagined), which is the only way to shed light about the variability in work performance and how these subsystems can combine to generate dangerous and unexpected outcomes. The theoretical framework of Distributed Situation Awareness provides a firm background to investigate the subsystems that constitute the chemical, nuclear, and maritime industries/domains. This paper unfolds...

У статті наведено аналіз динаміки поширення небезпек у контексті еволюційного розвитку
суспільства, роль «людського» фактора у відомих теоретичних дослідженнях щодо визначення ризику та
аспектація сучасних методик оцінювання ризику. Запропонована алгоритмічна схема виникнення ризику на
основних етапах його розвитку та перспективні напрями удосконалення методології кількісної оцінки
ризиків.
The article presents the analysis of the dynamics of spreading risks in the context of the evolutionary
development of society, the role of the "human" factor in the well-known theoretical research and methods to
identify risk and aspectation modern methods of risk assessment. The proposed algorithmic scheme of risk on the
main stages of its development and future directions of improvement of methodology of quantitative risk assessment

The industrial accidents are prevalent in the
Indian industrial scenario. The resultant loss to
the third parties is a much touted topic in the
corridors of the Indian legal community. The
study put light on the relevance of the Doctrine
of Rylands in the Indian perspective.