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The study examined the relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive and historical research design; secondary data for twenty-two years (1994 -2015) were collected from various issues of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and annual reports. Tax revenue as an independent variable was measured with Value Added Tax (VAT); Petroleum Profit Tax (PPT); Company Income Tax (CIT) and Custom and Excise Duties (CED) while the dependent variable was Economic Growth (EG) proxied by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Analysis was performed on data collected using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Regression and other post estimations (Jarque-Bera test; Breusch-Godfrey LM and Ramsey Reset Test) to determine the existence of relationship between the variables.  The results of the study showed that VAT and CED had a significant relationships with economic growth (p<0.05), while CIT has negative significant relationship with economic growth (P<0.05). However, PPT had no significant relationship with economic growth.  The study concluded that the role of taxation in nation’s building is irreplaceable. Taxation remains a strong socio political and economic tool for economic prosperity. It is therefore recommended that government should engage in a complete re-organization of tax administrative machinery to reduce incidence of tax evasion and avoidance to the barest minimum in order to improve tax revenue and bring more people and establishments into the tax net. Also, tax revenue should be judiciously utilized to provide enabling environment for business survival and economic growth in Nigeria.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the decision making process on foreign direct investment (FDI) as well as the location strategies used as the main objective which is the achievement of greater profits via cost reduction. Part of the assumption that the Special Economic Zones (ZEE) recently decreed (2016) offer tax incentives that allow them to reduce costs to foreign companies, encouraging them to establish them in these areas. A comparative analysis of the EEZs with the state of Jalisco as a reference, since this is characterized as an industrialized and attractive state for the arrival of FDI. The method used was a comparative analysis of the descriptive scope of variables such as population by age group, level of education and the Global Indicator of Economic Activity (IGAE), as well as the IED. Finally, the main conclusion is that the strength of these states under the EEZ regime is the Economically Active Population (EAP). However, the decree that establishes these special zones in Mexico must be accompanied by policies that strengthen the educational and social and security conditions in these States.

This study examines the basic components of Customer Relationship Management and its influence on the growth of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in South-West Nigeria.  The data obtained were analysed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics.  The results of the study show a statistically significant relationship between customer care strategies and customer retention, public image maintenance and customer care (r = 0.430, p < 0.05), (r = -0.438, p < 0.05) respectively. The analysis also revealed a significant relationship between human resource factor and business revenue, product development as well as product market development (r = 0.209, p < 0.05), (r = 0.259, p < 0.05), (r = 0.472, p < 0.05) respectively.  The analysis further showed a statistically significant relationship between analytics and business revenue, product development, and customer retention (r = 0.416, p < 0.05); (r = 0.313, p < 0.05), and (r=0.291) p=0.003) respectively.  It was also found out that there was a statistically significant relationship between business reporting and employee satisfaction, customer retention, product market development and business revenue. There was also a significant relationship between marketing and business revenue (r = 0.214, p< 0.05).  The study concludes that the components of Customer Relationship Management examined as an omnibus concept had influence on the growth of MSMEs in the study area (R square =0.375, Adjusted R square = 0.334, p<0.001).

Financial cycles have become vividly tracked and analyzed by regulatory authorities to avoid the buildup of excessive systemic risks in the financial system that could hamper economic growth. However, fiscal policy usually pays an exclusive attention to business cycles; which might leave fiscal outcomes vulnerable to financial sector dynamics. We investigated financial and business cycles in Saudi Arabia over the period (1970Q1- 2016Q4). The results of the BBQ cycle dating algorithm revealed that the duration of financial upturns (downturns) are longer than that for economic expansions (contractions) in means, also both the amplitude and the slope for upturns (downturns) are higher than those for expansions (contractions) in means. Moreover, financial cycle episodes are more frequent than business cycle episodes. Finally, we found empirical evidence that financial (credit) conditions are crucial for economic stability. Fiscal policy can play an important role in fostering economic growth going forward through the implementation of a countercyclical policy that allows for the accumulation of fiscal buffers and releasing them during periods of an economic slowdown, the setup of early warning systems for business and financial cycles, and the introduction of fiscal rules to limit the scope for a procyclical fiscal stance.

In the present world the bitter fact is that mostly people are living in poverty especially in the developing countries. This paper presents some effective policies and strategies for the rehabilitation of poor inhabitants of developing world. The development and prosperity of developing countries depends on the economic condition of their inhabitants. In developing countries, mostly people are engaged with agricultural sector or with labor sector. Due to their low incomes, per capita of developing countries remain low. But by following some strategies and policies this condition may be changed. Furthermore, export of costly products is also hindrances in the way of achieving progress for developing countries. By solving brain drain, lessening their industrial imports and increasing their exports of industrial goods and increasing literacy rate are some suitable strategies discussed. But despite of all policies and strategies, the infrastructure and increasing literacy among the inhabitants of developing countries and the under developed world are also crucial for improving their per capita income and the standard of living. Without improving the standard of living of the under developed world, crimes, diseases and other wrong deeds cannot be decreased until the problem of hunger and ignorance is not solved.

Innovation in the field of Healthcare will create new landmarks in this field. The Health related information in any country is confidential and is available in large amount. Effective Management of Health Data is important. E-Health exists in various forms. Mostly, the People living in Urban Areas having each sort of facility like Mobile Phone and good Internet Connectivity but then also they do not know about the free services provided by the Hospitals. There is less awareness about E-Health services in India.  In  this  paper  we  had discussed  about  the  E-Health  Initiatives  in  Uttar  Pradesh,  the  E-Health Models, its Architecture and its scope in urban areas of Varanasi, in detail and how it is essential for the atomisation of Health Management System (H.M.S.). There are different forms of E-Health discussed in this paper like Automated Physician Order Entry, E- Prescribing, Decision Support System, M-Health and Health Informatics.

The paper investigated the trade-led growth hypothesis or growth-led trade hypothesis in WAMZ countries (Nigeria, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone). Individual country and cross-sectional analysis were done and for the individual country analysis, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR were considered with Granger causality. The estimated results confirmed the import-led growth hypothesis for Nigeria, Guinea, and Liberia, a trade-led growth hypothesis for the Gambia and Sierra Loan and export-led growth was supported for Ghana. For cross country analysis, FMOLS, DOLS and Granger causality tests were used and trade-led growth hypothesis (both export-led and import-led growth) was valid in WAMZ countries but imports were the most significant variable that influences economic growth than exports. The paper recommended that export promotion policy in WAMZ should focus on manufacturing exports and import substitution policy in WAMZ should focus on importing raw-material and technology for more products in order to accelerate economic growth in WAMZ.

The study sought to explore the impact of fleet management on logistics management in the retail sector of Zimbabwe. The study was guided by the objectives that included to determine the impact of fleet management on inventory control, to assess the impact of fleet management on material handling and to ascertain the impact of fleet management on distribution communication. The study adopted pragmatism research philosophy and the correlational research design. The study population comprised 40 participants that were drawn from selected retails in Zimbabwe. A total of 30 questionnaires were successfully returned to yield a 75% overall response rate. Findings deduced from the study proved that a positive correlation existed between fleet management and logistics management. Conclusions and recommendations that for the retail sector of Zimbabwe to succeed requires to have constant change and upgrade on their fleet, master distribution routes and adopt innovation in managing the fleet.

The study focused on an assessment of third-party logistics service providers in the Zimbabwean retail industry. The study was guided by the study objectives that included establishing the need for third-party logistics service providers, to determine the challenges faced by organizations that make use of third party logistics service providers, to ascertain the factors that contribute to improved logistics services. Literature with regards to third-party logistics service providers was established in this study with the aid of empirical evidence. Pragmatism research philosophy and exploratory research design were utilized in this study as it aided on breaking new insights on third-party logistics service providers. The target population focused on 30 freight organizations in Zimbabwe that were sampled by simple random sampling. Census was adopted in the study as the target population was small. Both structured interviews and questionnaires were used in this study in gathering research data. All the 25 questionnaires were administered as well as the 5 interviews were also successfully conducted. Recommendations were made that retail organizations in Zimbabwe have to outsource well-recommended brands to reduce disappointments that can lead to loss of customers from the adoption of party logistics service providers for distribution and warehousing. The next researcher can now look into the influence of humanitarian logistics on economic growth.

The study outlined the relationship between logistics and e-commerce in the retail sector of Zimbabwe. The study was guided by objectives that involved to assess the impact of logistics on tracking support system, to determine the impact of logistics on inventory management systems and to assess the impact of logistics on internet marketing. The e-commerce theories were adopted in this study as well as supporting literature. The study adopted a correlational research design as it helped in deducing the relationship between logistics and e-commerce. A target population of 20 selected retail organizations was adopted as the census was used since the number was small for sampling. Questionnaires were used in gathering data from the participants. The findings proved that a positive correlation existed between logistics and e-commerce. The recommended area of the further researcher was the impact of logistics management on customer retention.

The farming of organic product is a unique practice which balances the environmental sustainability and also controls the detrimental effect both on customer’s safety by creating a positive notion in the minds of the customers. The study is basically related to growing of Organic farm products and its influence towards customer attitude which leads to purchase intention. This Research has considered certain variables such as Health Concern, Perceived Behavioural Control, perception of customers, Subjective Norms and Environmental Concerns as to the antecedents of purchase intention. The objective of the literature review is to assess the sustainability factor of organic farm products both in India and abroad and also to identify the impact on customers buying behaviour along with exploring the demand factor in present and future scenarios and identifying the customer’s attitude and environmental concern. This literature review is developed by using the secondary data collected from exhaustive literature, review of journals and the internet. The purpose of the study is to identify the customer’s environmental concern and commitment towards environment sustainability. In organic farming, there is an advantage of low-cost input prices in production which diverts the attention of customers towards organic farming. The limitation of the study is the people are more motivated by personal factors rather than social or environmental factors. The study is limited to organic farm products and customers' attitude leading to purchase intention.

The probability is high that Artificial Intelligence (AI) will provide the answer to future product and market innovations.  It has the ability to induce a fundamental change in products, markets, models, and paradigms. Manufacturing and a wide spectrum of services are undergoing a near-revolutionary change driven by AI delivered innovations. Computing equipment capable of what one may term partial and quasi-intelligent behavior is the trigger. Ways and means of converting this new phenomenon into the strategic behavior of firms is a murky process today. Yet this process will create new premises for strategic thinking and, in the process, new demands on executive competencies.

In a span of about two decades, India has become the second fastest growing economy in the world after China. India has surpassed other Asian developing countries not only because of increases in inflows of foreign direct investment but also because of its potential to be a significant outward investor, including in the energy sector. With less than one percent of the world’s oil and gas reserves, more than 80% of its oil requirement is imported. Overseas equity oil investment gradually emerged as a policy instrument of augmenting energy security. In the early 2000s, Indian national oil companies (NOCs) were encouraged by the Government to seek sourcing fossil fuels from abroad. While equity ownership ensures long-term supply security, they are complex and bring in strategic and geo-political considerations. Within India, there are demands for stronger diplomatic support. In this paper, the factors governing outward investment for equity oil are analysed in the context of an energy security framework with four vectors of Accessibility, diversity, reliability, and affordability.

The measurement of the financial issues of local public administrations has never been addressed in the scientific literature on Haiti, either from the point of view of accountability or the evaluation of local public actions. However, the provision of local public goods and services depends on the financial situation of these local public administrations. In this paper, the financial measurement model will be based on nine indicators, three for financial sustainability, three for financial flexibility and three for financial vulnerability. The results demonstrated not only the difficulties faced by municipalities in the West Department in financing their supply of local goods and services to taxpayers, but also the profound disparities in the evolution of their financial health over the period 2015–2018.

As all human beings are social animals, so this is the duty of every human being to obey their social responsibility. Mahamana Malaviyaji is one of those great personalities who felt his social responsibility very well and established Banaras Hindu University to bring people out from the mode of ignorance. He values our Indian culture and tradition, which is based on Bhagavad Gita and Srimad Bhagavatam. His genuine effort was to build the character of new generations. His effort made such a great Institute which is known as a temple of learning.

In the business competition today, SMEs are required to have a reliable strategy in order to survive. With a good strategy, it is expected that SMEs can boost their performance to gain market share. In order to survive in the fierce competition, SMEs must improve their ability. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of SMEs managers characteristics, HR renewal, marketing strategies, motivation partnership, work orientation, work standardization, and SMEs' business resilience in the competition. The population in this study was the manager or owner of medium-sized enterprises in Jakarta. The data were obtained through questionnaire from 200 owners or managers of SMEs with purposive sampling in Jakarta. The model is developed from relevant literature to produce seven hypotheses which tested with multiple regression analysis of SPSS 16.0. The study resulted that the variables, e.g., manager characteristics, HR renewal, marketing strategies, partnership motivation, job orientation, work standardization, jointly, have positive and significant impact on SME resilience toward business competition. The empirical findings showed that SMEs ability was improved through product excellence and renovation of shop atmosphere in order to create pleasant, clean, and neat arrangement of goods environment.

Being eighth largest state in India (geographically), the involvement of Karnataka for India’s rising success is significant. Diverse agricultural and mineral resources and strong manufacturing capabilities of Karnataka accounts for close to 10 per cent of India’s product exports. The State’s software exports are more than 35 per cent of India’s software exports. Being the world’s fourth largest technology cluster, Bangalore has the perfect ecosystem fostering growth and development of State-of-the-art technology. The State has made notable progress in all sectors inspite of the global slowdown in recent years. This paper is an attempt to analyse the trends in the growth of Net State Domestic Product in Karnataka for the period 1980-2011. It is concerned with the growth of different sectors of the economy, the changes in the shares of sectors to the Net State Domestic Product of Karnataka. The paper categorised a period of 31 years (1980-2011) as the Pre-liberalisation period-1980-1990, two phases of liberalisation:-Period/Phase 1:1990-2000, Period/Phase 2:2000-2011.Methodology follows the semi-log growth model. Karnataka recorded considerable growth rate of domestic product in the I-Phase and II-Phase of liberalisation period and for the entire period. What has been observed is that in the three periods and for the entire period both in terms of rates of growth and share in net state domestic product the tertiary sector has dominated.

An appeal to some version of corporate responsibility has become a strategic issue for business. There are many interpretations of this idea, but it is unlikely that companies can ignore the debate about this issue. Many companies and most global corporations make public claims about their corporate responsibilities in addition to claims about financial outcomes and success. These claims range from informal contributions to public debate, to responses to issues of public concern, to formal reporting on the basis of sets of objectives and targets.

This raises a conceptual question: to what extent, if at all, do claims about corporate responsibility have implications for the idea of the firm. The argument developed in this paper is one attempt to address this conceptual question.

I will start by setting out one version of the idea of the firm and its core or traditional responsibilities, and then work through a series of possible further responsibilities. Each of these further responsibilities will be incorporated into the initial version in order to understand potential implications for the idea of the firm.

The argument in this paper does not assume that this initial version of the idea of the firm is the only possible version, or that the particular dimensions of responsibility described here are the only possible dimensions. However, given this version and these dimensions the paper will consider the kinds of issues that various claims about corporate responsibility would raise for the idea of the firm, and in particular for the boundaries of the firm. The structure of the argument and the specific implications of the responsibilities identified can be assessed separately; the former may continue to be useful even if the latter are disputed or incorrect. In addition, the structure of the argument should make it possible to change the content or the ordering of the specific responsibilities while retaining the overall argument.

This paper does not explicitly distinguish between a series of concepts related to the broad idea of corporate responsibility including corporate social responsibility (CSR), sustainability, and corporate citizenship among others. These concepts may refer to different aspects of a firm’s responsibilities. For example ‘sustainability’ is increasingly central to the public claims made by firms, and in many cases refers to a specific set of primarily environmental responsibilities. The issues raised by these various concepts can be discussed further.

The argument developed does not make claims about whether the implications discussed are desirable, even if the arguments about the implications for the firm are accurate. However, the argument does aim to open up some of the issues that these claims would need to address if any of these implications were considered desirable.

This paper is intended as a contribution to a continuing debate and is not a closed argument. It is intended to promote a discussion of the adequacy, the empirical implications, and the ethical implications of the arguments presented, and to stimulate further critical analysis.

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to investigate earnings management practices related to goodwill accounting, focusing on its first recognition as well as its write-offs, due to the impairment test.

Design/methodology/approach: The study refers to a sample of Italian listed firms and the analysis covers three years, with a total of 591 firm-year observations. The modified Jones’ regression model has been used in estimating discretionary accruals, as a proxy of earnings management practices.

Findings: A positive relationship between discretionary accruals and yearly changes in goodwill has been proved. Findings also show an incidence of leverage and performance.

Research limitations/implications: The study focuses on a single context (Italy) and it is essentially based on financial-economic variables.

Practical implications: Findings of the study could be relevant for standard-setters in future revisions of goodwill accounting.

Social implication: The study could support investors in evaluating the incidence of first recognition as well as goodwill impairment on the quality of earnings.

The current hustle & bustle scenario in product promotion every product promoter and manufacturer are forced to promote themselves in a colossus way to attract the target audience. Though advertisements have been an imperative medium of promoting using of opulent stars in ads will fetch them the extra mileage which they anticipate. To prove this there has been a revolution of celebrity endorsements which happens in wide spectrum of products promotion. By travelling on this ideology this study aims to consider the roles of individual perception on celebrity endoser & attitude towards celebrity and also its relationship with corporate credibility and product attractivenss which yields in Purchase Intention. The study has been conducted among diverse people living in Chennai city via structured questionnaire framed with the sample of 500 and the discriptive study suggests that Purchase Intentions is influenced by celebrity endoser and attractiveness of the celebrity.

Jealousy, the shadow of love and green eyed-monster that on the one hand has ruined marital homeostasis of millions of couples by creating fraction amongst the families and on the other also seems equally beneficial for promoting their La Dolce Vita philosophy of happiness across the world. It seems that foremost source of this covetous issue might be the insecurity and fear of being abandoned by one of the cherished partner due to extra marital relationship. The reason behind such apprehension might be the excessive flow of money, poverty that push away the people to leave sedentary mode of life and to adopt nomadic way, mismatch of thoughts, emotions and behavior, values of life, over involvement, much or less care, violation of customary practices, eating and sleeping habits, pro-social attitude, less mindfulness and more money mindedness; selfishness, performing job and business outside the native place. Such issues may results jealous by hampering their marital relationship in general and personal development in particular. Once a time when there use to be a faith and sacred relationship in marriage in India, that in contemporary Kaliyug scenario has diluted and faded away by converting into suspiciousness and jealousy. The level of jealous may differ among the working and non-working people in general and the rural and urban men and women in both developed and developing countries in particular as well as in hilly areas like Himachal Pradesh where the people are very honest now has followed the path of astuteness that in turn has disturbed their marital homeostasis. In the present study a pioneer attempt has been made to explore the relationship between jealousy and marital adjustment among 200 Working and Non-Working Couples of Rural and Urban areas of Himachal Pradesh. Based on locality and gender, 8 groups namely Urban Working Men, Urban Non-Working Men; Urban Working Women; Urban Non-Working Women; Rural Working Men, Rural Non-Working Men; Rural Working Women; and Rural Non-Working Women with n = 25 subjects in each have been formed. These subjects were assessed with the help of Multidimensional Jealousy Scale as developed by Susan M. Peiffer and Paul T.P. Wong in 1989’s with seven point scale where the score ranged from minimum of 8 to maximum of 56 with the reliability of r = .83 to r =.92 respectively. The marital adjustment was measured with the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale as developed by Busby, Christensen, and Larson in 1995 that has 14 items with five and six point scale with a minimum score of 0 and maximum of 69 and reliability of r = 0.90 respectively. The result revealed that Men reported well adjusted marital life but were more in Jealousy as compared to their Women counterparts. The Non-Working Men enjoyed satisfied life thereof were well adjusted despite being reporting more Jealous as compared to Non-working Women counterpart. In the same tune, the Urban people reported better adjusted marital life but more jealousy than to the people of Rural area. For promoting better marital life there is need to reduce jealousy, promoting faith, self-esteem, mindfulness, self-esteem, confidence and vision by following honesty and yogic way of life amongst the men who seems to suffer from aforesaid issues.

The World Bank reacted quickly to the food price crisis that began in 2008 through the Global Food Crisis Response Program (GFRP), which blends quick track financing from International Development Association (IDA) and IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) with trust asset grants to address the prompt food emergency, while urging agrarian frameworks to fabricate flexibility for what's to come. GFRP assets have as of now financed operations adding up to US$1.5 billion coming to about 40 million affected individuals in 44 nations. This paper reviews the achievement of the intended objectives which were underlining for conceptualizing the idea.

The yield of the crop is dependent of the type of the soil and proper cultivation. Hence it is necessary to study some parameters of the soil. So in the present study is undertaken to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of some samples of soil from some farms of nearby villages of Digras region, Dist. Yavatmal.The soil characterization was carried out with respect to particle size distribution, bulk density,maximum water holding capacity, available water capacity, hydraulic conductivity, soil pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, free calcium carbonate and organic carbon. The important observation during the study is that the parameters were fluctuating for farm to farm of nearby villages.

The planning is an integral part of the managers’ task for the modern strategic business culture. The corporate strategies are formulated by the top level managers while the operational level managers are expected to follow those policy statements for their instructed implementation. But this is not the real and practical job of the operational level managers. Instead, they are the key role players in the effective development of the production and operations of the commercial entity. This paper reads the impact role of the operational managers on the corporate level policies. The paper establishes the fact that it the operational level managers who bring and affect the change by effectively implementing the top level plans and goals of the corporate level managers.

The business community like other communities also depends on the general state of affairs of any state. The state is governed by the administration of political bodies. Thus, political environment directly affects the business policies and the execution thereof as far as the scalability and development of the business set up is concerned. Political environment like other segments of the business environment has its own considerations for the business leaders and planners. What would be the acceptability level of the intended products and services, this all depends on the general interference of the political inputs for the business community. Through this paper, it has been intended to put light on the political interferences in the business planning process across political structures and regimes. How a political set is critical for the performance or scope of the business process in a given geography. The geo-coverage of the paper should be taken as general as no specific reference is made to any political structure of any particular state.

The paper aims to investigate instability of an economy on the threshold of a financial crisis. We will try to peek on the main variables that seem to "warn" the outbreak of a financial crisis. In fact, the bubble distorts the values of the GDP, which therefore rise. In contrast, the trend in nominal prices remains neutral, because only sensitive to the real economy. This dissonance between the values of growth and inflation can be a useful clue to decipher the formation of a bubble. Therefore, we consider comparing the performance of both GDP and inflation in the years preceding the crisis. After will attempt to determine whether these features are sufficient, at least in part, to provide meaningful messages in a state of emergency being prepared.
In the final part of the essay, we try to apply the search procedure to today's China, which has accumulated profound abnormalities in twenty years of growth boiling. In the experience more or less recent, the formation of a massive speculative bubble is constantly accompanied by a remarkable tendency to deflation of the price system. China is perhaps repeating the experience of Japan and travels to a financial crisis of unexpected violence? We suppose that the shocks of the global economy are transferred to the Chinese giant, which reacts with a slowdown in its endless growth.

Financing decisions have direct impact on financial structure and financial performance of firms. The aim of this study is to examine the specificity of capital structure of SMEs and that internal financial resources of Cameroonian SMEs. A binary discrete choice regression; the probit model is used to estimate the probability of the use of internal resource as principal financing source, World Bank 2009 enterprise survey was used in this study. Descriptive statistics was also used to verify the fact that the financial structure of SMEs differ from that of large firms. The principal results of this research shows that SMEs use more of internal sources of finance while large firms use more of external financing. We also noticed that when SMEs are family owned, sole proprietors have a higher probability of using internal source of financing as the principal source of financing, we also noticed that informal enterprises use more of non-bank external financing.

Adam Smith was the first academic in history to make an explicit, detailed Uncertainty –Risk distinction and apply it clearly in a number of worked out examples and applications consistently in his analysis of decision making in the Wealth of Nations on occupational choice, businesses such as mining and fishing ,taxation, and foreign trade.
Other possible claimants will be covered briefly. Only an author’s published works will be considered in making an evaluation.
G. Boole, with his indeterminate (uncertainty) –determinate (risk-calculatable probabilities) approach of his 1854 The Laws of Thought, will be ranked second. Joseph Schumpeter, with his 1911 Theory of Economic Development contribution, is ranked third, while Keynes with his 1921 A Treatise on Probability, will be ranked fourth on tie breaks over Knight, with his 1921 Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit ,given that Keynes’s unpublished Fellowship dissertations of 1907 and 1908 are substantially earlier than Knight’s unpublished doctoral dissertation of 1916.G L S Shackle ‘s approach is a non probabilistic approach which ignored the much earlier work of Smith, Boole,and Keynes.

Market economy of enhancing business laws in contracting, bonding, insuring, legal corporate structures1, e.g. will marginalize the economic agents and tools that make market competition unfair, empower small and medium businesses and investors, and boost business activities, fiscal strength, employment, and capital transmission. Keynesian capital infusion will extend its market effect in such higher security marketplace.

This work covers such a topical problem as the study of income and wealth inequality. It introduces the notion of “graduation”, i.e. rate of wage rate scale customary at time wage system. Graduation means introduction of the index m as a degree of the polynomial based on which the wage rate scale is distributed. In other words, using m allows to graduate Gini mean difference (0<G<1) by assigning integral number or fraction m, 0<m<∞ to every value of Gini index. Similarly, for each m we can calculate and estimate corresponding normalized Gini mean difference (the analog of Gini index used for simplicity of calculations).
Note that in this case we are not talking about distribution in real society, but in the simplest model of this society – a metaphoric community with only one person at each income level. This way we get the most distinct impression of the mechanism of income distribution that gives us the chance to assess scale of inequality. To some extent it clarifies the wide-spread Gini coefficient and “the nature of populations’ wealth”.

The flagship campaign led by NDA government at the union level has brought many changed perceptions and made the industry and investors across world to consider investing in India. The red carpet for the industry has helped bringing investments into the Indian industrial activities. This work focuses on the campaign as to its relevance and favor to the investors who invested/ want to invest into Indian business sector. This paper tries to evaluate the campaign in the general terms.

The board leaderships play very crucial role when it comes to plan for the corporate goals and term objectives. The managing stakeholders have all the say in affecting the structure of board of any corporate body. The generational change is also inevitable and it has to effect at some time or the other. The present paper evaluates the nexus between the succession planning and its key impacts over the corporate effectiveness. The scope of this study does not limit the paper to any geographical boundary. The general succession planning has been studies and evaluated as to its probable and key impacts over the profitability of an organization.

Spirituality and religion have been seen as beneficial, harmful, and irrelevant to health. An effort was made to examine the recent research on this topic. The focus was on: defining spirituality and religion both conceptually and operationally. The rapidly accumulating evidence on spirituality further confirmed that personal spirituality has important influences on healthcare outcomes however it is difficult to integrate into daily medical practice. However medical spirituality was studied as a distinct interdisciplinary with its own well-developed body of clinical evidence, clinical skill and with well-defined clinical boundaries. An effort was made to integrate the new knowledge, and help anticipate developing "turf issues."

South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has been seen as a regional group for the economic and social growth in the South Asia since its formation by South Asian founding nations. There have been various conceptualized goals and objectives for the SAARC. Some of these performed to the satisfaction of group nations whereas there are those one also which could not be achieved despite common understanding and implementation. This paper evaluates the performance of the regional group as to its justification for the social & economics growth driver in the South Asia region.

The social justice is conditional on the provision of basic necessities of like at the bottom level of the social pyramid. The paper evaluates the verification and linkages between the economic strength and the social justice. The evidences have been created and validated that suggested that there are linkages and direct symmetries between the economic strength and the social justice.

The plight in India is such that fewer than five percent of disabled children have access to education. One out of every nine children is suffering from learning as well as sight, speech, hearing, locomotive, and mental disabilities. But the numbers of „special education‟ teachers are achingly few. When a disabled child has a right to education like other children, it is the duty of the system not only to educate them but also educate them under the same roof as the other children so that there is no marginalization. This paper focuses on the effectiveness of the researcher made activity based program in enhancing fine motor skills of children with dyspraxia. An experimental study was conducted with a sample of 30 children from the “Association of mentally challenged boys”. They were administered the activity based program which would enhance their fine motor skills. The fine motor skills assessed in the program were Ocular Motor control, Hand-eye coordination, Manual dexterity and Sterognosis. It was found that there is a significant difference between Pre-Test and Post-Test scores of children with Dyspraxia with respect to the four components of fine motor skills. The study suggests that activity based modules could be designed by special educators to be used in the class room as the research empirically proves that activity based module had a positive effect in enhancing the Fine Motor Skills of Children with Dyspraxia.

In the recent world of globalization, media is considered an important sector for any country. This article is describes about the printed media of Pakistan regarding Terrorism. In the present era, media is used as a weapon to deceive others. But in Pakistan, this sector is used by others against Pakistan. In this article, history of terrorism is highlighted. And role of authorities is explained after the Terrorism incidents. In this article, the reasons behind the increasing of terrorism are also explained briefly by discussing the non cooperative behavior of provinces with Central Govt.

The present study was to explore the hindrances in the use of information communication technologies in public and private sectors universities in Islamabad. Problem designed to explore the hindrances in the usage of ICT, it future aim to investigate the role of management in popularising ICT among private and public sector universities. Objectives of the study included to identify the hindrances in the use of ICT in private and public sectors universities, to find out the reason in the deficiency of ICT facilities available in private and public sectors universities, to find out the factors which are hindering teacher and learner in use of ICT. The sample technique used in this study was stratified sampling. The population of this study was private and public universities in Islamabad whereas sample was considered as 40 teachers and 60 students from 2 public and 2 private universities in Islamabad. The study found out that there are significant hindrances in the use of information and communication technology (ICT) among teachers & students of public and private universities in teaching and learning process. Study reveals the age differences in prospective of teachers & student perception that the level of hindrances is higher among middle age teachers as compared to young and old age. Study reveals gender differences in prospective of teachers and student perceptions that male university teachers & male university students are more facing hindrances in the use of ICT in teaching leaning process as compared to female university teachers & students. Study found out that the hindrances in the use of ICT is higher among MPHIL teachers and students as compared to MASTERS & PHD programme of teachers & BS and MASTERS programme of students. Study elaborates that level of hindrances in the use of ICT is more in private sectors universities teachers & students as compared to public sectors universities teachers & students. The mean score of the teachers whose income is 30,000-50,000 facing more hindrances in the use of ICT as compared to teachers whose income is 10,000,30000 & <50,000. Study shows that Permanent teachers of private and public sectors universities are facing more hindrances as compared to contract teachers of private & public sectors universities. The study was useful to comprehend the hindrance to the use of ICT in teaching and learning environment. It was also helpful because it provide guidance for the way to increase the use of technology integration. It was also helpful to investigate the basic obstacles, may give guidance to educator and teachers to overcome on those hindrances and become successful adopters of technology. It also provided recommendation on improving ICT in universities.

“Zero defect” – one of the basic demands of the current generation. Everybody wants a defect free and reliable product. On the other hand this is a big challenge for the manufacturers to fulfill the demand of the customers. But to survive in this competitive globalization era an industry has to be excellent in all the aspects to make a qualitative product with a cost effective manner. To maintain high Reliability and least failures of equipments is a good example of Global Manufacturing Practice. Equally it is the biggest challenge for the engineers/managers to maintain a culture of “zero defect” and 100% reliability of the equipments in any Industry. The first step to achieve the target is to understand the basic concept of reliability, then to analyze and find a way. The reliability engineers are working day and night to improve the way forward. This study is a small step towards a big mission of “Zero Defect” the way the world is moving on. In this thesis a set of industrial fans used in a particular cement plant has been considered for the reliability study. As we know industrial process fans used in different industries like cement plants, steel plants, sponge iron plants, refractory plants etc are considered as important equipments. Any failure or down time associated with the process fans leads to the plant stoppage and production loss. In addition to this the maintenance cost also increases. So it is important to analyze the situation and actions should be taken to prevent the unwanted failures of the equipments in turn improve the reliability. In the first phase of the study, the Validity of Bath Tub Curve has been checked by the help of failure data analysis. In the second phase of the study, the concept of Hat curve of Reliability has been established by the help of MINITAB software, using the equipment failure data and reliability analysis. This would be known as Madhab’s Hat Curve of Reliability. In the third phase of the study various methods of reliability improvement has been discussed briefly.

A need for efficient mentoring plan for personal Effectiveness at colleges and universities is well acknowledged in the literature. Unfortunately, many mentoring programs are often quite unproductive, thus leading to a high rate of program dropouts. One of the key reasons why some programs fail is that student often lack the understanding of what the mentoring process actually entails in terms of focus. Prerequisite for personal effectiveness include self-awareness, openness which has two aspects-self-disclosure and use of feedback. In addition, perceptiveness or sensitivity to others feelings is also important. A holistic awareness and integration of Self-disclosure, openness to feedback and Perceptiveness can lead to more fruitful mentoring program for college students. The current paper studies possible scope of Johari Window framework based cognitive behavior approach in mentoring college students. The rationale of this study is to facilitate integration of mentoring program based on framework of cognitive psychological approach for self awareness among college students for enhanced personal effectiveness. A sample of 100 Undergraduates students ranging from 18 to 21 years was taken. Personal Effectiveness Scale for student was administered to measure Self-disclosure, Openness to feedback and perceptiveness. Frequency of effectiveness types (Effective, Insensitive, Egocentric, Dogmatic, Secretive, Task-Obsessed, Lonely Empathetic, and Ineffective) was obtained on the basis of the three factors. Personal Effectiveness scores of individual subject were analyzed. Across the three factors the findings clearly reflect higher frequency of openness to feedback compare to Self-disclosure and Perceptiveness. Key findings indicate Cognitive Behaviour framework can structure mentoring more scientific and professional for personal effectiveness of college students.

“The country needs a large number of centers of higher learning which are world class,” said Arun Jaitley, the Indian Union Minister of Finance of the Bhartiya Janata Party led government, in his maiden budget presentation for 2014, where he committed increased funds for higher education. This view conflicts with the 12th Five-Year Plan -- proposed by the earlier government -- that had advocated a halt to government-funded higher education. The new government proposed to add to the existing elite institutions of management and technology, medical colleges, new Humanities centers as well as programs for training teachers. Despite this increased outlay and commitment to the cause of education, K.R. Sekar, who oversees the education practice at Deloitte Haskins & Sells Llp, a consulting company, was concerned about the lack of clarity on the question of private investment in education or an outline of a path of education reforms.The paper also projects that such digital re-imagining can only come for a healthy and cooperative partnership between the private and the public structure, where the private structure can bring in the technology and the state of the art instructional design and the public structure can help foster the mindset for such a transformative venture.

Sociology has an impact of its own on the social characters and practices. This paper underlines the key chemistry of Sociology and Social involvement. The paper establishes a relation between various segments of the social environment and their interaction with the established principles of sociology.

Advancement is a mind boggling idea to characterize. By and large it means moving or graduating to a superior phase of condition. Improvement means change in addition to development. Improvement is a procedure of securing a managed development of a framework's capacity to adapt to new, nonstop change toward the accomplishment of dynamic political, financial and social changes. Nonetheless, however development is a precondition for advancement it is not an equivalent word for improvement and the two ought not be taken to mean the same on the grounds that minor development of economy does not make it a created economy, there will be n number of different issues that are either brought on by the advancement like great destitution or there will be issues that are standalone like absence of education and so forth.

The present study was designed to explore the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among public and private sector universities in teaching and learning process. This study was descriptive in nature, problem explored was to investigate use of ICT in teaching and learning process, it future aimed to investigate the role of faculty members in the effective application of ICT in classroom situation. The objectives of the research included to study the usage of information and communication technology (ICT) among faculty in public and private universities and to measure the awareness of private and public sector faculty about use of ICT in teaching learning process and to explore the role of demographic variation in determining faculty use of ICT in teaching learning process. The population of this study was faculty members of public and private sector universities in Rawalpindi/Islamabad. A stratified random sample comprised of 52 male and 48 female university faculty members were collected from three public and three private universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The research tool ICT questionnaire was used to collect data. ICT questionnaire consists of 30 items which were filled out by public and private universities faculty members. After the data collection, data was analyzed with the help of SPSS 18 by using various statistical techniques like Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation and ANOVA. Research findings reveal that there is significant difference in the awareness of public and private sector faculty about the use of Information and Communication Technology. Results portrays gender differences in prospective faculty perceptions where male university faculty members experience more use of ICT than female university faculty, younger university faculty members were higher user of ICT than older one, Professors use of ICT more frequently than Assistant professors and Lectures, the use of ICT is higher among M Phil qualified university faculty as compared to other qualification levels. Study elaborates that experienced university faculty are higher user of ICT than less experienced university faculty. Study found out that advance computer user among university faculty members experience higher use of ICT than basic and intermediate user. The study was beneficial to comprehend the use of ICT in teaching and learning environment.

The paper observed the several variables which impacts on the female consumer purchase intention on Zalora products in Indonesia. Respondents in this study were women aged 18-30 years who have a Facebook account and like the Facebook fanpage of Zalora Indonesia (https://www.facebook.com/ZaloraIndonesia). This study used analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The data were processed with IBM SPSS AMOS 21.The analysis results in this study showed that pop culture, emotional trust and inconsistent reviews impacted on the female consumer purchase intention on the Zalora products in Indonesia.

The phenomenon of urbanisation, especially suburbanisation, is observed monolithically worldwide, but in a rippling wave like vogue. It trickles down vertically and diffuses out horizontally from the developed to the developing areasand from central to the peripheral regions, respectively. No economically progressing country has ever been able to avert its occurrence, which is inevitable and challenging. The daunting task of intelligently designing and confirming sanity and sustainability for an urban canvas is a multidimensional and multi / cross disciplinary endeavour. This demands retrospective understanding of the place and its people; anticipatory sense to forecast and strategize; and awareness about the practices worldwide and indigenous. Civilizations have always been civilized because of their informed and active citizens, who have come forth to the rescue of theirlands of origin and fellow natives. Representation of this kind can be cited in the Garden City and City Beautiful movements of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, followed by many similar smaller and bigger experiments to the formal school of thought of urbanism, called “New Urbanism”.Many experiments happened under the wide umbrella of New Urbanism and garden city movement across the globe. From Great Britain, to the USA, Abu Dhabi and India, all have witnessed and / or are undergoing the sweeping dynamism in thought and action, for the pursuit of urban revamp and sustainability. This piece of research is an attempt towards compiling and evaluating such utopian models, taking cases from different countries, from different time periods, that have aimed at urban amelioration. The paper considers four cases of Masdar City (Abu Dhabi), Letchworth City (U.K), Disney Celebration Community (U.S.A.) and Magarpatta City (India) to showcase people’s experiments with truth for urban sustainability.

The paper examined the impact of value added tax on revenue generation in India. The Secondary Source of data has been used. Data analysis was performed with the use of stepwise regression analysis. Findings showed that Value Added Tax has statistically significant effect on revenue generation in India. The study recommends that if GST is introduced, the revenue base of the country will definitely increase.

This paper makes an attempt to analyze the correlation aspect linking consumption of wine against understanding wine tourism. Altering habits of Indians in drinking has changed the fortunes of wine industry in India. Both the Indian wine market and indigenous wine industry are witnessing a tremendous growth. Wine tourism is not only about just drinking wines but there are other activities adjured with the same. Favorable and promotional government policies, higher disposable incomes and growth in foreign tourists are some of the reasons for such growth. Tourism is lively with dynamic growth, new activities, new destination, new technology, new markets and rapid changes.

This paper attempts interrogating Arabic language as a language, the importance and relevance to the study of Shari’ah generally. It demonstrates that Arabic, is a medium of communication, not a sacred language as some believe. Prophet Muhammad received his message from God in Arabic and with the rise of Islam, Arabic shifted from a little-known tribal language to the lingua franca for the Muslim world and plays great role in international affairs today. The study found that the Eleventh century marked a period of stagnation for Arabic language but its status as the language of Islam was never threatened. Shari’ah’s language remains Arabic in which it was revealed and which the language of the prophet Muhammad is. Thus, the understanding of the rules of law from the Qur’an and the Sunnah can only be derived if stylistic peculiarities of Arabic language, its lexical meanings and structure are understood. All sources of Shari’ah and contributions of jurists to it have been preserved in Arabic. Prayers and pilgrimage were to be observed with Arabic. The paper discovers that, Classical Arabic has a vocabulary in which the meaning of each root-word is so comprehensive that it is difficult to interpret it in a modern analytical language word for word, or by the use of the same word in all places where the original word occurs in the text. Thus, study of Shari’ah without the least knowledge of Arabic may be as futile as dealing with English law without the knowledge of English language.

India is continuously experiencing trade deficit for many decades. It is trying hard to improve its exports. Government of India under the Ministry of Commerce has designed several export promotional measures to give thrust to the export various sectors. Market development assistance (MDA) is one such scheme designed by the government of India to give impetus in developing and promoting exports. This study try to examine how this scheme has helped in reaching the exporters and is it successful in helping them for finding new export markets, buyers, attending more exhibitions, trade fairs, opening new outlets, and increasing variety of products. Also, intend to understand the perception of MDA beneficiaries under handloom and gems & jewellery sectors. Primarily the study is focused on MDA and its impact on gems and jewellery, and handloom exports. The analysis of MDA beneficiaries has shown how both gems and jewellery, and handloom sectors are benefited by availing the MDA scheme. They state that, after availing the MDA, it has helped to improve their performance. They were benefited by attending exhibitions, trade fairs, buyer-seller meet and visiting number of listed countries. This has helped them to increase in sales, up-gradation, finding new markets and improved customer acceptance.

In the present paper the Bi-variate Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasicity (GARCH 1, 1) model are applied to gather the fitted Net –Profit series of Two nationalized banks viz, State Bank of India SBI (being a leader) and ING Vysya bank (not a leader) in the Indian Banking sector. It is evident that OLS is non-parameterized method while QMLE or QML is a parameterized technique of coefficients estimation. The robustness must therefore need to see with respect to the data in consideration. The whole approach is to measure how both the models provide Earning forecasts and to analyze the behavior of regression coefficients. Also, the second objective could be to see how “Leader” bank earnings estimation process differs from the non-leader bank in the Indian banking setup. The results are clearly explaining differences in two banks in terms of their coefficient values, residual state and R-squared values.

Microfinance in India is a rapidly growing industry, focusing however, only on the credit side of finance without an adequate emphasis on Microsavings. There are multi-pronged efforts underway to bring the poor under the ambit of the financial system. Financial literacy efforts are also pursued by NGOs to make the poor understand the importance of savings in their lives. 125 million new bank accounts have been opened as of February 2015 under the new scheme of the government of India, 72% of which show zero balances. Having a savings account is only a first step in the financial inclusion efforts. Getting people to save requires a combination of financial literacy, hand holding and discipline aimed specifically at those who may not save regularly, left to themselves. Towards this end it is important to identify the regular saving potential among the poor. This study has developed a predictive model using decision trees to group the poor into potential regular and non-regular savers. The study was based on survey research administered to 700 respondents in Tamil Nadu, South India. The decision tree is able to predict with 90% accuracy, the regular saving potential among the poor. The paper has strong implications for banks, NGOs and others concerned with microsavings, financial inclusion and financial literacy. Categorizing the poor into potential regular and non-regular savers can enable target group specific efforts which can have symbiotically benefitting outcomes to the poor and the institution.

Inflation is a continual increase in general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. It is caused by many factors, important among them are excess of demand of goods and services over supply, macroeconomic performance, money supply, economic policies implications, environmental factors etc. A number of researchers in the past made attempts to identify determinants of inflation and to investigate the impact of identified variables on inflation in European and also in some Asian economies. But, in context of India, not many studies can be traced in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to shed some light on the impact of selected variables on inflation in India. The paper considers CPI (Consumer Price Index) inflation as dependent variable and a set of independent macroeconomic variables, which includes Gross Domestic Product, Money Supply, Deposit Rate, Prime Lending Rate, Exchange Rate, Trade Volume (Value of Imports and Exports) and Crude Oil Prices. The empirical analysis covers the quarterly data series for ten financial years from 2002Q1 to 2012Q1. The collected data is analyzed using ADF Unit root test, Granger Causality test, and the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique.

Hostility could drive strategic behavior. And corporate finance could provide an arena. Competitors, shareholders, credit raters or even governments could initiate the measure. Except for hostile takeovers, this hostile strategic behavior is seldom addressed within strategy frameworks. And is seldom related to a defensive profile or a repulsive strategic move.
The following article is an attempt at identifying the premises and framework of this hostile strategic behavior within corporate finance. The article gives a definition to corporate finance related strategic hostile behavior, explores the motivations, lists the players, analyses the strategies and explores possible defenses. An integrative conceptual and operational model follows.
The article is based on contemporary work on strategy as well as corporate finance. The conclusion, and the ensuing model, could have a far reaching applied value at both strategy formulation and corporate finance levels.

The government is liable to help every citizen for employability, minimum facilitation of livelihood and almost all countries have shown their concern for. There are several ways of helping the poor and weaker section of society as well as all resident of a community/area or whole population and one of them subsidy. All subsidy schemes have two objectives, to help the common man and to upgrade their economic and living status. These have several success and failure stories and need up-gradation at every actionable day to protect the frauds, minimize the financial burden to government and maximize the impact of schemes. The main objective of the present study is to assess the issues associated with government subsidies and proposing the solution from Big data, most accepted source of information in current information era. The study review the source of information which may be usable for the subsidy mechanism and scaled it through data driven technique which will be more transparent, democratic and recommend the more responsible governance system after assigning the stepwise monitoring and verification from the data.