Journalistic Work

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan journalismin tutkimuksen ja journalistisen työn kehittämisen menetelmiä sekä niiden tuloksia ja ongelmia ja esitellään toiminnan teoriaan perustuvaa kehitysvuoropuhelua toimitustyön ja mediayrityksen kehittämisessä "Paikallislehdessä". Kehitysvuoropuhelumenetelmässä osallistujat arvioivat omaa työtään, työtapojaan, toimintamahdollisuuksiaan sekä niiden muuttamisen mahdollisuuksia. Osallistujat pyrkivät kehittämistehtävien avulla ylittämään nykyisten työtapojen ja työnjaon ongelmia ja löytämään yhteisiä kehittämisen kohteita.

Developmental dialogue method was used to research and develop work and co-operation in a local Finnish newspaper

El siguiente trabajo final de grado propone analizar la cobertura que realizaron Página 12 y La Nación del caso Belén en sus portales web. En 2014, Belén –nombre falso que protege la verdadera identidad de la joven- fue acusada de abortar (práctica actualmente ilegal) luego de llegar a un hospital público en San Miguel de Tucumán con dolores abdominales y sangrado. En esa institución encontraron un feto que le fue adjudicado y el cuerpo médico la denunció ante la justicia. Estuvo privada de su libertad sin una condena firme hasta 2016, cuando fue condenada por homicidio agravado. Tras meses de presión por parte de organizaciones sociales y políticas, Belén fue liberada ese mismo año y absuelta finalmente el año siguiente.
Con este caso como disparador, la tesina busca responder al interrogante sobre las posturas de dichos diarios respecto del aborto, en base al trabajo periodístico que hicieron sobre el mismo durante 2016 y hasta marzo de 2017. La investigación es abordada a partir de las herramientas teóricas que brindan la teoría framing, el análisis crítico del discurso y la teoría feminista. Así, se indagará en la cobertura realizada en su versión digital para identificar una postura, y reconocer si la misma es positiva o negativa respecto al aborto. Se buscará corroborar la hipótesis que sostiene que Página 12 tiene una línea editorial a favor de dicha práctica y La Nación, una en contra.

Antonio López Hidalgo publica una nueva edición de El titular, obra que estudia el uso de los titulares en cada uno de los géneros periodísticos contemporáneos y su adaptación a la prensa, televisión, radio y cibermedios. En este tratado también se exponen las diferentes tipologías de titulares; los problemas que condicionan su uso; los elementos que lo integran y la función que cumple cada uno de ellos. El trabajo brinda a periodistas y estudiantes una herramienta útil que resuelve con eficacia los problemas que presenta el viejo oficio de titular textos periodísticos.

O artigo analisa o uso das fontes de informação em dois sistemas de mídia diferentes: Brasil e Estados Unidos. A partir dos dados da análise de conteúdo realizada pelo projeto internacional Journalistic role performance around the globe (JRP), descreve-se as categorias e tipos de fontes mais presentes na cobertura jornalística destes dois países. Entre os principais resultados, verifica-se a predominância das fontes do campo político e do campo econômico nos itens noticiosos dos jornais brasileiros e estadunidenses. Observa-se, também, uma maior valorização da menção das fontes e do equilibro informativo no jornalismo praticado nos Estados Unidos.

As news organizations continue to explore the opportunities and challenges presented by engagement with audiences across digital and social media platforms in the creation and sharing of news and in the development of news-oriented products, they also offer up uniquely personal investment pathways and emotional ties for their audiences. This commentary considers conceptualizations of emotion and individual agency in engagement with journalists, news organizations, and the process of newsmaking. We suggest that exploring more forms of engagement and accepting them as part of the news process can encourage the sharing of emotion and the development of positive emotional connections to journalists and news content and products. This is important to consider as audiences move from influencing the profession of journalism to becoming one of its indispensable creators.

Historically, journalism as a profession emerged alongside the notion of objectivity. However, in the past decades, objectivity has been dismissed not only as an unattainable standard but also as an undesirable norm. Yet an analysis of the criticisms reveals that most scholars actually fail to define journalistic objectivity. This article tries to remedy this flaw and to suggest that journalistic objectivity is an evolving notion which can no longer be considered a synonym for neutrality or detachment. Objectivity is a standard that promotes truth, defined as a ‘correspondence, grounded in correctness, between thought and reality’ (Heidegger, 1943:1). Unlike alternative standards which are centered on personal moral values, objectivity conceives of journalism as a performance, with this term referring to three interrelated dimensions: the essential notion of practice, the existence of concrete and universal criteria of evaluation, and the openness to criticisms.

Definicja zawodu dziennikarza pozostaje niedookreślona. Dziennikarzem nazywane są często osoby, które pracują w mediach, choć nie zawsze wykonują zadania przypisane do tego zawodu. Z drugiej strony coraz częściej pracę typową dziennikarską wykonują osoby nie będące dziennikarzem i publikujące np. w internecie. Artykuł jest próbą scharakteryzowania obu wskazanych grup. Na podstawie badań pilotażowych autorka próbuje scharakteryzować współczesny obraz zawodu dziennikarza z perspektywy odbiorców. Jednocześnie stara się wskazać na motywy kierujące młodymi osobami wybierającymi ten zawód.

Sinemada belirli mesleklere dair tekrarlanan arketipler ve stereotipler, toplumun bu profesyonelliklere bakışına ve bu mesleklerin imajlarına etki etmektedir. Gazeteciler ve basın da bundan bağımsız değildir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, sinemada son dönemde inşa edilen gazeteci imajını belirleyebilmek açısından 2010‟dan sonra gösterime giren Spotlight, Truth ve Nightcrawler filmleri incelendi. Bu noktada Spotlight ideal kahraman, Truth eksik kahraman, Nightcrawler ise kötü adam (anti kahraman) örneklemi olarak ele alınarak Campbell ve Vogler bağlamında yolculukları ve Greimas bağlamında özne konumlandırılmaları incelendi. Arketipler açısından alandaki Ray, Saltzman, Ehrlich, Good gibi yazarların gazeteci imajına dair bulguları ile Lule‟nin ortaya koyduğu yedi büyük mit de temel alındı. Bunun yanında filmlerde gazeteci kategorileri olarak Demokrasinin Savunucu ve Front Page şeklinde iki yeni kategorileştirme oluşturuldu ve örneklem filmlerin bu kategorilerle uygunluğu incelendi. Ayrıca, filmlerde tekrar eden veya kırılan stereotiplere bakıldı. Sinemanın yalnızca karakter imajını etkilemekle kalmayıp sektörel ve toplumsal/siyasal söylemler de içerdiği dikkate alınarak, filmlerde bu söylemlerin nasıl inşa edildiğine bakıldı. Tüm bunların sonucunda, son dönem filmlerde gazetecilere yönelik özellikle kahraman, anti kahraman, sahtekar ve günah keçisi arketiplerinin kurulduğu, bu gazetecilerin yeni oluşturduğumuz iki kategorinin özelliklerini taşıdığı, ayrıca filmlerde gazetecilere yönelik bazı stereotipler devam ederken bazılarının kırıldığı ortaya çıktı. Filmlerde gazeteci karakterlerinin genel anlamda kahraman yolculuğu aşamalarına uyarken, bunları yer yer kırdığı da ortaya kondu. Bunun yanında filmlerde sektöre ve topluma, karakterler ve konular üzerinden özgür basın miti ve bunun önemi bağlamında mesajlar verildiği görüldü. Ayrıca, filmlerin dönemlerinin istek, özlem, kriz ve kuşkularını yansıttığı, hatta toplumsal ve siyasal gelişmelere dair öngörülerde bulunabildiği ortaya çıktı.

ABSTRTACT
Cinema helps shaping the image of journalists in the popular culture with recurring archetypes, stereotypes and stock characters in the movies. In this study, we aimed to look at the images of journalists in Hollywood movies which were screened after 2010, and in all these movies we analyzed, the journalists and the issues of the press were at the center of story. In this perspective, we have chosen Spotlight as an example of “ideal” journalist, Truth as an “imperfect” and Nightcrawler as a “villain” journalist. In the study, the protagonists were analyzed according to the stages of “heroes` journey” based on Campbell and Vogler‟s books, and also to the narrative scheme of Greimas. And in addition to that, to identify and designate which archetypes these protagonists represent, we drew upon the work of other scholars who have studied the image of journalists in the popular culture. On the other hand, we created two new characterization categories to depict journalists in the movies as “Protector of Democracy” and “Front Page” journalists. Besides that, we tried to find out whether these movies impose the recurring stereotypes, stock characters. Cinema not only shapes the image of journalists but also reinforces some myths pertaining to the sector and the society as a whole. With this perspective, we searched which myths/discourses were established and implied in these movies. In the end, we reach a conclusion that the Hollywood uses especially heroes, scoundrels, scapegoats and trickster archetypes to depict journalists. Moreover, while protagonists in Spotlight and Truth represent the “Protector of Democracy”, the main characters in Nightcrawler exemplify the “Front Page” journalists. We found that although some stereotypes on journalists persist in these movies, some others are about to dissipate. Furthermore, we see that through both heroes and scoundrels these movies imply and emphasize the importance of a free and independent press in the USA. We also notice that these movies reflect desire, fear, and expectations of their era, and foresee the future developments in the American society, as Ryan and Kellner indicated. We come up with a conclusion that while Hollywood movies reinforce and strengthen the free press myth, they also still contribute the unfavorable images of journalists with recurring archetypes and stereotypes on journalists and the press.

Over the last two decades, Nigeria has been struggling to consolidate its democratic processes to ensure peaceful campaigns and free and fair polls. But electoral processes require the free flow of verified electoral information and citizen’s participation – phenomena that only free media can guarantee. As enshrined in the nation’s constitution, it is expected that freedoms of expression and press will be guaranteed during polls times and always. On the contrary, election times are often dejection time for Nigerian journalists. Hence, concerns are being raised about what factors are responsible for causing threats to journalists during poll times and how the menace can be mitigated. Drawing on the experiences of 12 journalists who were interviewed face-to-face, this chapter found aggressive journalistic practices, overconfidence, and breach of journalistic ethics responsible for threats to journalists’ safety. The chapter concludes that professional incompetence is one of the critical factors exposing Nigerian journalists to threats.

This chapter is the first review of research undertaken since the early 1990s on French journalism. It shows, first, how this space is structured around opposition between a "general-interest" pole and a "specialized" pole. It then compares several specialized sub-fields in terms of a number of variables: position in the journalistic field, varied weight of different media in the production of specialized news, degrees and forms of competition and collaboration, and so on. Finally, the author compares the different specialized sub-fields of journalism and the corresponding social spheres by studying the degree of interrelatedness between their respective economies, the degree of political control of activities, the degree to which the different actors impose their problematiques and principles of hierarchy, and the social characteristics of journalists and their interlocutors.

The article challenges the widespread notion that, in the age of global and instantaneous communication, foreign correspondence is becoming “redundant.” Based on a range of in-depth interviews with foreign correspondents in London, it examines the identity, newsgathering routines, and outputs of journalists working for a range of foreign media organizations. The study suggests that foreign correspondence is indeed evolving, but the changes are not necessarily for the worse. In fact, not only foreign journalists are not disappearing, but the heavy use of new communication technologies—rather than leading to superficial and low-quality reporting—can indeed support the pursuit of exclusive news-story angles and a fuller delivery the correspondent’s value.

მოცემული საბაკალავრო ნაშრომის - „ბრიუსელის ტერაქტის გაშუქება ქართულ და უცხოურ მედიაში“ -  მიზანი, სამი ქართული და სამი უცხოური ტელემაუწყებლის ( ტელეკომპანიები: „საზოგადოებრივი მაუწყებელი“, „იმედი“ , „რუსთავი2“, BBC, CNN და Deutsche Welle) მიერ ბრიუსელის ტერაქტის გაშუქების კვლევაა.
ტერორიზმის პრობლემა საერთაშორისო უსაფრთხოებისათვის ერთ-ერთ მთავარ გამოწვევას წარმოადგენს. დღესდღეობით, აღნიშნულ პრობლემას უდიდესი ყურადღება ეთმობა, რაც გამოწვეულია გახშირებული ტერორისტული აქტებით. ერთ-ერთი ბოლო და ყველაზე გახმაურებული შემთხვევა ბრიუსელში, 2016 წლის 22 მარტს მოხდა.
რაოდენობრივი კვლევის მეთოდოლოგიით, კონტენტ-ანალიზით დადგინდა ევროპის, ისლამური სამყაროს და ტერორისტული დაჯგუფებების მოხსენიების სიხშირე და გამოიკვეთა მედიის ფრეიმები, ხოლო თვისებრივი მეთოდოლოგიით ( შემთხვევის ანალიზით) გამოიკვეთა გაშუქების თავისუბერებები.
საკვლევ პერიოდად განისაზღვრა ტერაქტის მოწყობის თარიღიდან - 1 კვირის პერიოდი, კერძოდ, 2016 წლის 22 მარტიდან 29 მარტის ჩათვლით. კვლევა ეყრდნობა ფრეიმინგის თეორიას. სულ გაანალიზდა 652 საკვლევი მასალა ( მათ შორის 163 სიუჟეტი,46 ინტერვიუ,179 მულტიმედიური მასალა, 204 ნიუსი და  60 პირდაპირი ჩართვა).

Cet article s’efforce de saisir les logiques journalistiques qui contribuent à légitimer, à codifier et à subvertir les genres rédactionnels. Pour cela, il s’appuie sur l’exemple des « comptes-rendus » des séances du Parlement qui constituaient jusqu’au début des années 1970 l’une des rubriques majeures des pages Politique de la presse quotidienne nationale. Ces comptes-rendus reposaient sur une architecture commune à la plupart des journaux : restituer de façon « brute » et chronologique les prises de parole ; respecter la règle de l’unité de lieu, de temps et d’action ; ne s’autoriser que peu de synthèses, d’interprétations ou de mises en perspective. Un tel répertoire d’écriture se justifiait tout autant par des considérations civiques et politiques que par des considérations commerciales et organisationnelles. Or, à partir du milieu des années 1960, les conditions favorisant l’existence de ces comptes-rendus tendent à s’effacer ou à ne plus constituer des raisons suffisantes pour maintenir cette pratique. Ainsi ce genre journalistique va-t-il progressivement se transformer au point de quasiment disparaître de la surface des journaux.
Pour comprendre une telle évolution, il faut tenir compte des bouleversements institutionnels induits par les règles du jeu de la Ve République. Mais ces transformations dans les comptes-rendus n’ont été effectives que parce que des rédacteurs, et leurs directions, étaient disposés à subvertir une rubrique qu’ils ont progressivement jugé insensée et peu gratifiante. Il convient alors de s’intéresser au renouvellement du personnel journalistique et aux mutations globales qui affectent la presse quotidienne des années 1970 et 1980. Car au-delà même des séances parlementaires, c’est le genre même du « compte-rendu » qui s’est évanoui. Les rédactions ont progressivement considéré comme étant coûteux en terme de crédibilité et illisible pour les lecteurs de relayer telle quelle une parole politique énoncée sur des scènes publiques et institutionnelles. Face au déclin d’une telle logique de publicité, se sont développées de nouvelles conceptions de l’excellence professionnelle, davantage fondées sur la capacité à obtenir des confidences pour décrypter les stratégies de pouvoir et mettre en scène les coulisses de l’affrontement.

RESUMO: O presente trabalho examina transformações contemporâneas no " fazer jornalismo " a partir da crescente incorporação de tecnologias digitais na produção noticiosa e de transformações estruturais no setor de imprensa. Apesar de as autonarrativas historicamente construídas pelos jornalistas valorizarem a figura mítica do " repórter investigativo " à caça do furo de reportagem, a realidade do século XXI vem se traduzindo em um maior encerramento dos profissionais na redação, pressionados pelo aumento do volume de trabalho, pela concentração de diversas funções e pelo incremento no uso das TICs. A partir do conceito de " jornalista sentado " , advindo da corrente francesa da sociologia do jornalismo, o artigo reflete como a crescente sedentarização vem afetando a forma como repórteres e editores ajuízam suas rotinas e a importância social do seu trabalho. ABSTRACT: This paper investigates contemporary transformations in journalism practices from the point of view of the growing incorporation of digital technology in news production and structural changes in the media sector. Although professional autonarratives historically constructed by journalists enhance the mythical figure of the " investigative reporter " hunting the scoop, the twenty-first century's reality is characterized by a greater confinement of the professionals in the newsrooms, pressured by the increase of workload, the concentration of multiple functions and the increased use of ICTs. Based on the concept of "seated journalist", arising from the French chain of journalism sociology, the paper reflects how the growing tendency to sedentarism is affecting the way how reporters and editors understand their routines and the social importance of their work.

O presente ensaio pretende refletir sobre a biografia como gênero jornalístico, a partir da discussão sobre os pontos de intersecção entre o jornalismo, literatura e história manifestos
na construção do texto biográfico. Faz-se pertinente entender a biografia como um objeto fecundo para a observação dos
limites da operação da oficina jornalística em um gênero híbrido, onde os campos da literatura, do jornalismo e da história estão justapostos e podem contribuir para a convergência de um paradigma narrativo singular.
A análise das qualidades narrativas da biografia e o seu processo de produção têm como perspectivas a subjetividade, a interdisciplinaridade e a dialogia que permeiam
o gênero no jornalismo. Desta forma, pretende-se pensar como a biografia pode a vir se constituir como uma textura única de
experiência narrativa na contemporaneidade.

Cet article est le premier état d’une recherche monographique sur la chaîne d’information en continu multilingue Euronews visant à comprendre in vivo comment fonctionne ce qu’on appelle un média à vocation européenne. Autrement dit, il s’agit de tenter d’apporter une contribution sociologique aux débats portant sur les questions de “ construction européenne ” à travers l’étude d’une sorte de “ laboratoire ” européen qui rassemble des journalistes de six nationalités différentes. Après avoir dressé un bref historique de la création de la chaîne en la replaçant dans les différents espaces (politique et médiatique) auxquels elle est liée, il s’agit d’abord de montrer quelles sont les contraintes – tant au niveau des sources, de l’organisation de la rédaction, que de la nécessité de plus en plus présente de produire une information attrayante à partir d’un objet a priori peu télégénique - qui pèsent sur ce média à prétention européenne. Tous ces éléments invitent ainsi à s’interroger sur les obstacles à l’édification d’un média transnational. Enfin, cet article analyse la manière dont les journalistes cherchent à construire - à travers leur travail et leur organisation au quotidien - ce “ point de vue européen ” sur l’actualité dite internationale.

The rapid development and penetration of new communication and digital technologies is also affecting the transformations of journalistic procedures and practices within news production and the distribution and gathering of information. Journalistic communication and the protection of journalistic sources as one of the key mechanisms for establishing the news net and network of sources and for performing the function of reporting and fulfilling the role of 'watchdogs' is under threat. Analysis of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with editors of key Slovenian media shows a lack of systematic protection of journalistic communication and a lack of editorial policy regarding communication with journalistic sources. Certain individual considerations and measures are taken, although systematic editorial policy is still missing along with education regarding safe communication.

Le cas du journalisme de sport n'est pas anecdotique dans la mesure où il permet de cerner mieux que d'autres journalismes spécialisés quelques changements majeurs qui ont touché récemment certaines fractions du champ journalistique, notamment celle des médias omnibus nationaux , voire la presse spécialisée dans le cas du quotidien L'Équipe.
Le premier est le poids grandissant, qui est probablement plus visible dans ce secteur, des chaînes de télévision dans la production de l'information, celles-ci venant concurrencer L'Équipe. D'autres transformations tiennent à la structure même de cet espace de production qui se caractérise par une opposition entre un pôle commercial et un pôle intellectuel d'un côté, et un pôle généraliste et un pôle spécialisé de l'autre. On observe à la fois une homogénéisation croissante de l'information sportive dans les médias généralistes mais une différence de plus en plus marquée entre, d'un côté, ces médias omnibus de forte audience, qui ne traitent aujourd'hui que de quelques sports majeurs, et des médias de plus en plus spécialisés en plein développement. Une troisième série de changements sur lesquels on mettra plus particulièrement l'accent est le produit d'un double mouvement qui caractérise l'évolution récente des activités journalistiques : la “ professionnalisation ” et l'importance croissante des contraintes économiques. Ces questions se posent avec davantage d'acuité dans le cas du journalisme sportif au sens où il s'agit de professionnels qui sont peu reconnus par leurs confrères. En effet, ces transformations structurelles ont eu des effets sur la conception même du métier et sur les discours des journalistes sportifs, qui sont à la recherche d'une légitimité interne, souhaitant être considérés comme des “ journalistes comme les autres ”. Ils mettent en exergue beaucoup plus qu'avant des techniques professionnelles, une manière plus “ critique ” de rendre compte de l'actualité sportive et revendiquent une indépendance plus grande à l'égard des pouvoirs économique et sportif. L'analyse des caractéristiques des journalistes sportifs des médias nationaux et de leurs trajectoires professionnelles confirme cette “ professionnalisation ” tout en montrant que la connaissance du ou des sports traité(s) est toujours une des conditions d'entrée importante. Enfin, ce type de journalisme spécialisé est révélateur de la faible autonomie du champ journalistique à l'égard des univers sociaux dont ils parlent. C'est particulièrement saisissant dans le cas du sport spectacle tant l'économie de ces deux espaces sont interdépendantes.

THE CONTINUOUS NEWS ECONOMY On the conditions of production at news channels in general and at Euronews in particular
This article, based on two areas of inquiry, shows how the appearance of national and international continuous news channels has helped to transform the general economy of production and broadcasting of news. After defining the characteristics of the conditions of news production at these channels, the authors show how those conditions have established new models of labour organization, occupations and professional frames of reference: for example, working in conditions of urgency and the development of "seated" and versatile journalism. Finally, they briefly analyse some of the effects of these conditions of production on the processing of information.