Kola Peninsula

Hvilke konsekvenser har 70 dr med sovjetiske reformer hatt for de russiske samenes etnopolitiske organisering etter 1989? F0rste del av denne artikkelen tar for seg utviklingen av de russiske samenes etnopolitiske organisasjoner og lederskap pa 1990-tallet. I andre del belyses sammenhengen mellom dennepostsovjetiske utviklingen og politikken i sovjettiden.

The Sámi are an indigenous Northern European people whose homeland, Sápmi, extends across the territories of four states: Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. For the Sámi of the Nordic countries, a long period of cultural repression gave way to a renaissance of sorts during the last half of the twentieth century. During the last decades of the century, their indigenous rights were recognized, they experienced a cultural and linguistic revival, and popularly elected Sámi parliaments were established in each of the three Nordic states. In contrast, the Soviet Sámi had little opportunity to develop independent ethno-political organizations and were largely isolated from their ethnic kin across the Norwegian border. The Soviet–Norwegian frontier was one of only two short stretches where the USSR and NATO shared a direct land border (the other being between Turkey and the USSR), and it remained tightly sealed until 1989. After the Soviet Union collapsed, its borders opened. In the decades that followed, the Russian Sámi attempted a linguistic revival; they began mending the Cold War scars across Sápmi and established their own independent ethno-political organizations. This period saw numerous struggles over the right to define the interests of the Russian Sámi and represent them, laying the foundations for current Russian Sámi politics. This book tells the story of what happened once the Soviet borders opened up. In this volume, we follow the development of an ethno-political movement on the periphery of the Russian Federation: the tensions that arise when a small people attempts to organize itself, reconstitute its culture and identity and reach out across the old Iron Curtain to ethnic kin in the West. As this border has been one of the most important dividing lines in modern history, the tale of the Sámi people and their efforts to mend their divisions is a case study of not only an indigenous movement, but indeed a microcosm of Russian–Western relations, replete with idealism, opportunism, misunderstandings, cultural exchange and intended and unintended consequences.

The basis for discussions of the pioneer human settlement of northernmost Fennoscandia has always been twofold: The timing and directions of human settlement on the one hand and the controlling factors inherent in the deglaciation of the Fennoscandian ice-sheet on the other. Whereas the last decade in particular has seen many contributions in the form of new data and analyses advancing our understanding of the process of pioneer human settlement, there has been a limited discussion of literature concerning the shifting nature of the deglaciated landscapes emerging as the Fennoscandian ice-
sheet withdrew. This paper attempts to address this question by focusing on recent excavations and re-analyses of archaeological data from Eastern Finnmark, while keeping a broader primarily northern Fennoscandian focus with regards to recent developments concerning deglaciation, climate, flora and fauna. Recent literature has suggested a rapid settlement along the western coast of Norway into Finnmark. While this is fairly well documented, it is suggested that this was one
of two, possibly contemporaneous routes – the other being of eastern origin, likely originating in Northwestern Russia. The exact timing and nature of pioneer eastern journeys into Finnmark – including the possibility of local developments in Finnmark sparked by climate change – is only starting to emerge.

The Kola Peninsula and Russian Lapland (Murmansk Oblast, northwest Arctic Russia) represents a major sector of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) where empirical geomorphological, sedimentological, and chronological data are lacking and thus, where the pattern, style, and timing of glaciation is not well established. In this study, we present a critical review of published empirical data and interpretations of Late Weichselian (c. 40e10 ka) glaciation for the region. The review includes, for the first time, information published in Russian-language journal articles (n ¼ 37), and is accompanied by a new Geographic Information System (GIS) numerical age database (spanning 472.3e6.2 ka) that collates known published numerical dates associated with the advance and retreat of the FIS in the study area. Our review suggests that an ice mass existed over the Kola Peninsula and Russian Lapland during the Early-Middle Weichselian (c. 115e40 ka), and likely retreated during the Ålesund interstadial (c. 38e34 ka). During the Late Weichselian, it is likely that the FIS advanced eastwards across Russian Lapland and the Kola Peninsula, establishing the White Sea Ice Stream before the local-Last Glacial Maximum (c. 19 e15 ka). Through an evaluation of the existing Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (c. 20e10 ka) glaciation models for the region, we propose that the Kola Peninsula and Russian Lapland was deglaciated by the FIS, rather than the Ponoy Ice Cap or the Kara Sea Ice Sheet. In collating, discussing, and critically evaluating empirical data and interpretations, this paper provides a valuable resource to inform FIS dynamics at both a regional-and ice sheet-scale, and offers a framework through which numerical ice sheet models can be constrained. Precise FIS dynamics on the Kola Peninsula and Russian Lapland, including the position of the Younger Dryas ice marginal zone, remain unclear due to low-resolution geomorphological data. In concluding, we recommend that further work is needed in the form of a revised glacial reconstruction using high-resolution, peninsula-wide geomorphological data.

В 12 Арктических реках, расположенных в различных районах Кольского полуострова и
прилегающих арктических территорий из 53 образцов перифитона, собранных в период 2007-2010 гг.,
было выявлено 149 видов и разновидностей водорослей и цианобактерий из 7 таксономических отделов.
Показатели среды также приводятся.

The Kola Science Centre is one of Russia’s key scientific institutions for Arctic research and is located in Murmanskaya Oblast’ on the Kola Peninsula in the far northwestern comer of the country. The center consists of ten institutes and supported divisions.

From the treaties the city state Novgorod concluded in the 14th century with its Scandinavian neighbours, Sweden in 1323 and Norway in 1326, together with a Norwegian border delimiting note (before 1330), we know that north of the respective sedentary populations the northern part of Fennoscandia constituted a vast shared territory - a Common (Alminding/Erämaa), where agents of these populations had overlapping and mutually accepted interests in exploiting the riches of the territory, including taxation of and trade with the local Saami populations. Thus the Novgorodian taxational rights extended to Tromsø on the Atlantic coast, the Norwegian rights to the southern White Sea coast of the Kola Peninsula. From other sources we know that the Swedes and their agents among the Finns taxed the Saami in the interior of Northern Fennoscandia. This situation did not change during the next two centuries although the border of sedentary populations in the south gradually but slowly moved northwards and eastwards.
By the mid-16th century, at a time when war in the Baltic region obstructed Russia's trade with the West through the Baltic Sea and the Danish Sound, the Arctic Coast suddenly became a political hot spot. English and Dutch merchant sailors had just re-discovered the route north of Norway and the Kola Peninsula to the Russian market. The affected governments now considered trade along the Arctic route taxable, as it had been at the Sound, and the amount of tax to be levied depended on the length of the coastline the ships had to pass. Consequently it became of paramount importance to lay claim to as much of the coastline as possible and to exclude competitors.
However since the treaties of the 14th century Norway had more or less become a vassal state of Denmark and Novgorod had been conquered outright by the Muscovite state. Therefore decision making concerning the new situation at the Artic Coast had moved from local authorities in Norway and Novgorod to Copenhagen and Moscow. Here officials were unfamiliar with the concept of shared sovereignty as well as overlapping taxational borders.
The paper focuses on the schizophrenia that arose when officials in the Muscovite Chancery of Foreign Affairs (posol’skii prikaz) tried to square the information they received from their collector of the Lapp-tax and their firm belief that borders in the region had to a fixed line. This led them 1) to duplicate the Norwegian town/fortress Vardø 2)that an otherwise unknown Polna River in the vicinity of Varanger Fjord constituted the fixed border between Muscovy and Norway.
With regard to 1) see,
https://www.academia.edu/8974739/The_Tsars_Patrimony_And_the_Duplication_of_Vardø_Vargav_Borders_at_the_Arctic_Ocean_and_Levels_of_Information_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages_and_Early_Modern_Times
2)
https://www.academia.edu/37052483/Lind_Polna_Rivers_and_Russias_Medieval_Borders_with_the_Scandinavian_West.pdf

В 48 Арктических озерах, расположенных в различных районах Кольского полуострова из 166 образцов фитопланктона и 82 образцов перифитона, собранных в период 2007-2010 гг., было выявлено 348 видов и разновидностей водорослей и цианобактерий из 7 таксономических отделов. Показатели среды также приводятся.

Статья представляет первые результаты полевого исследования, проведенного в Ловозерском районе Мурманской области в рамках проекта «Мобильность в Арктике: этнические традиции и технологические инновации» (РНФ, 2014-2017). Комбинация этнографических и географических методов позволила определить ключевые события и пространственные стратегии, формирующие индивидуальные и коллективные паттерны мобильности изучаемого сообщества — работников оленеводческого цеха СХПК «Тундра». Одно из таких событий — сбор стада после летнего вольного выпаса — было подробно изучено во время пребывания на базе «Полмос» в период с 25 ноября по 2 декабря 2014 г. Проведена подробная документация действий мобильного отряда, собирающего разрозненные фрагменты стада, двигаясь на снегоходах от побережья Баренцева моря к просчетному коралю (база «Полмос»). Рассматриваются локальные проявления/последствия феномена снегоходной революции: изменение инфраструктуры хозяйства, режима работы оленеводов и практик выпаса. Помимо этнографической значимости проводимого исследования, раскрывается практическая ценность используемых методов, позволивших визуализировать повседневные рабочие практики, механизмы которых обычно остаются невидимыми для стороннего наблюдателя.

Population genetic studies often overlook the evidence for variability and change in past material culture. Here, the authors use a Mesolithic example to demonstrate the importance of integrating archaeological evidence into the interpretation of the Scandinavian hunter-gatherer genetic group. Genetic studies conclude that this group resulted from two singleevent dispersals into Scandinavia before 7500 BC. Archaeological evidence, however, shows at least six immigration events pre-dating the earliest DNA, and that the first incoming groups arrived in Scandinavia before 9000 BC. The findings underline the importance of conducting careful archaeological analysis of prehistoric human dispersal in tandem with the study of ancient population genomics.

Høsten 1944 startet gjennomføringsfasen i Sovjetunionens plan for Karelenfrontens og Nordflåtens offensiv. Den 29. oktober rapporterte Karelenfronten til Moskva om at det ikke lenger var noen fiende foran Den røde armeen. Sovjetunionen hadde faktisk frigjort Øst-Finnmark.

The Tajno massif is an alkaline-carbonatite body intruding the Proterozoic crystalline basement of NE Poland that belongs to the East European Craton. It is a plutonic-volcanic complex composed of the three classical lithological members found in the Kola province: ultramafic cumulates (mainly clinopyroxenites), alkaline silicate rocks (syenites) and several generations of carbonatite occurring as thin (

About 500 photos from 30 Murmansk region photographers. Photos from hard-to-access places on the shores of White and Barents sea, along the Ponoy River, on the Rybachy Peninsula etc. Photos of unique natural phenomena (aurora borealis and others), rare plants and animals, mineralogical monuments, culturalnd historic sites (labyrinths, Saami seids, stone carvings of Kanozero and paintings of the Rybachy Peninsula), and also photos of the Kola Peninsula from space.
The text was written by the members of the Kola Biodiversity Conservation Center. Well-known scientists and regional history experts acted as consultants in the course of developing the text.
Extensive illustrated material does not simply describe natural objects but helps in understanding northern ecosystems. The book shows just how succeptible to human influence northern nature is, calling to reader’s attention to the significance of many phenomena often left unnoticed.
A separate chapter is dedicated to traditional nature usage that has historically formed on the Kola Peninsula.
It will not be an exaggeration to say that, as of the moment, this is the fullest of available photo albums representing the diversity of our region.

The Tajno massif is an alkaline-carbonatite body intruding the Proterozoic crystalline basement of NE Poland that belongs to the East European Craton. It is a plutonic-volcanic complex composed of the three classical lithological members found in the Kola province: ultramafic cumulates (mainly clinopyroxenites), alkaline silicate rocks (syenites) and several generations of carbonatite occurring as thin (<1m) veins that crosscut the

We report airborne differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of aerosol extinction and NO 2 tropospheric profiles performed off the North coast of Norway in April 2008. The DOAS instrument was installed on the Safire ATR-42 aircraft during the ...

Population genetic studies often overlook the evidence for variability and change in past material culture. Here, the authors use a Mesolithic example to demonstrate the importance of integrating archaeological evidence into the interpretation of the Scandinavian hunter-gatherer genetic group. Genetic studies conclude that this group resulted from two singleevent dispersals into Scandinavia before 7500 BC. Archaeological evidence, however, shows at least six immigration events pre-dating the earliest DNA, and that the first incoming groups arrived in Scandinavia before 9000 BC. The findings underline the importance of conducting careful archaeological analysis of prehistoric human dispersal in tandem with the study of ancient population genomics.

The nature of tectonic processes on the early Earth is still controversial. The scarcity of high-pressure metamorphic rocks such as eclogite (the high-pressure equivalent of basalt) in Archean cratons has been used to argue that plate tectonics did not operate until Earth had cooled to a critical point, perhaps around the 2.5 Ga Archean-Proterozoic transition. However, eclogites occur as meter- to kilometer-sized lenses enclosed in Archean gneisses of the Belomorian Province of the Fennoscandian shield. Geochemistry and internal features suggest that the protoliths of the eclogites were interlayered olivine gabbros, troctolites, and Fe-Ti oxide gabbros. Greenschist facies mineral parageneses are enclosed in prograde-zoned eclogite garnets, and peak metamorphic conditions defi ne an apparent thermal gradient (12–15 °C/km), consistent with metamorphism in a warm Archean subduction zone. We show here that these eclogites represent the oldest known high-pressure metamorphic rocks. U-Pb dating and Hf isotope analyses of zircons from the eclogites and a crosscutting felsic vein defi ne a minimum age of 2.87 Ga for the Uzkaya Salma eclogite; a 2.70 Ga age for the Shirokaya Salma eclogite is interpreted as the age of a granulite facies overprint. Thermal overprinting and growth of new zircon also occurred during the Svecofennian (1.9–1.8 Ga) orogeny. These new data imply that plate tectonic processes operated at least locally in late Mesoarchean time. The adakitic nature of the felsic vein suggests that partial melting of hydrated eclogites could produce Archean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite–type magmas.

The 1.15-Ga-old Ilimaussaq intrusive complex in South Greenland shows an extensive fractionation trend from alkaline augite syenite to various varieties of strongly peralkaline, agpaitic nepheline syenites. The peralkaline nepheline-bearing syenites crystallized between ca. 900 and 450 °C at 1 kbar and they are cut by late-magmatic hydrothermal veins with nepheline-absent assemblages of albite + aegirine + analcime ± sodalite ± Na–Be-silicates (tugtupite, chkalovite, sørensenite) ± ussingite (NaAlSi3O8*NaOH). Based on fluid inclusions and phase equilibria, these veins crystallized between 300 and 500 °C at 1 kbar. Textures indicate that the hydrothermal veins at least partly replaced earlier Ilimaussaq rocks. The occurrence of ussingite and tugtupite suggests that the late-magmatic fluids had strongly basic pH values. Speciation calculations show that the pH in fluids of the system Na–Al–Si–O–H–Cl mainly depends on the Na/Cl ratio and, to a lesser degree, on salinity and temperature. If the Na/Cl ratio is greater than 1, pH (at 400 °C and 1 kbar, where neutrality is about at pH 5) lies between 7 and 12. Because Na/Cl tends to decrease in the final stages of magmatism and during crystallization of the vein assemblage, pH of late-magmatic fluids generally should become more acidic, and only two processes can increase Na/Cl and, thus, pH: dissolution of a Cl-poor or Cl-free Na silicate or unmixing of an HCl-enriched vapour phase. Field observations and microtextures suggest that replacement reactions are responsible for the change to basic pH at least in some alteration assemblages. While replacement of 1 mol nepheline by 1 mol analcime would not alter the pH, the volume-conserving reaction $1.85\;{\rm Ne} + 2.3\;{\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O} + 0.19\;{\rm H}_{\rm 4} {\rm SiO}_4 = 1.02\;{\rm Anl} + 0.83\,\;{\rm Na}^ + + 0.83\;{\rm Al(OH)}_4^ - $ can be used to model the replacement process quantitatively, provided it occurred in a more or less closed system. Progress of this reaction leads to successively increasing pH of the fluid during fluid–rock interaction and stabilizes minerals such as ussingite and tugtupite. Transferring the two processes to a larger scale, it is proposed that the extreme 'hyper-agpaitic' assemblages at Ilimaussaq or at the Kola peninsula, which include copious amounts of very basic, water-soluble minerals such as trona, villiaumite or thermonatrite, are formed either in this way by autometasomatic reactions of late-magmatic fluids or melts (or supercritical fluid-melt-mixtures) with earlier crystallized rocks of the same plutonic complex or by large-scale vapour unmixing in the very final stages of magmatism.