Labor Demand

District of Bangkalan is a gateway that has been connected Madura island with Surabaya City, the capital city of East Java Province, through Suramadu bridge. This study investigates the pattern of labor demand in Bangkalan. The pattern of labor demand is very important to be known, especially by Department of Social, Manpower and Transmigration, the authorized which provide guidance and address the labor problems.The data was collected by surveys and interviews conducted toward the owner of the company (employer) in five sub districts, namely sub district of Bangkalan, sub district of Socah, sub district of Kamal, sub district of Labang and sub district of Burneh. The purpose of this research is to know the pattern of labor demand in Bangkalan so that Department of Social, Manpower and Transmigration can use to develop a precise planning strategies. Based on the survey , in 2016 there were expectations of businesses to change the workers composition who currently dominated by workers with elementary and secondary education levels. Likewise, in 2017 and 2018 will be still dominated by the high school education level of workers , followed by undergraduate level. Recommendations from this study is more attention and follow-up of the Department of Social, Manpower and Transmigration will be needed to open more Labor Training Center (BLK) in some locations, such as BLK at the sub district to train the workforce skills at the level of high school education. As well as carrying out the Job Fair which facilitates undergraduate labor to get a job. PENDAHULUAN Pembangunan ekonomi dengan berbagai definisi yang menyertainya dilakukan dengan keinginan untuk mewujudkan tujuan untuk kesejahteraan rakyat, antara lain untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup, kecerdasan, yang semakin adil dan merata serta meletakkan landasan yang kuat untuk pembangunan berikutnya, serta pencapaian tingkat distribusi pendapatan yang ideal, peningkatan upah minimum yang benar-benar mencukupi kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan lain sebagainya. Namun ternyata pembangunan belum mampu memberikan hasil seperti yang diharapkan, salah satunya bisa dilihat dari belum tersedianya lapangan kerja yang memadai bagi angkatan kerja, baik ditinjau dari segi jumlah lapangan pekerjaan, pendapatan tenaga kerja maupun kesesuaian pekerjaan terhadap keahlian dan tingkat pendidikan. Padahal pada sisi lainnya ternyata tenaga kerja memiliki peranan penting dalam proses produksi dan pembangunan. Dengan asumsi kapital dan sumber daya alam tersedia memadai, serta aplikasi dari teknologi yang memadai maka tingkat GNP yang dapat dicapai oleh suatu wilayah tergantung kepada jumlah tenaga kerja yang tersedia(Perkins et al. 2012). Secara sederhana jumlah tenaga kerja yang tersedia dimaksudkan

Much has been written about insect damage to standing crops, but an area that has received little attention within agricultural development, conservation, and primatological literature is that of primates and the potential damage they can cause to farmers' fields. This is likely to become an increasingly important issue for people interested in primates, as conservation projects adopt a more integrated

There is growing evidence of the increasing role of nonfarm activities in the rural livelihoods. However, empirical evidence on the factors that influence smallholder farmers to diversify into nonfarm activities is still scanty. The study analyses the factors that influence household labour allocation decisions and demand for hired farm labour. It was carried out in central, Masaka and southwest regions of the country, which have divergent production constraints and opportunities. The study shows that household members respond positively to increases in shadow wages and negatively to increases in shadow incomes, which implies that they respond to economic incentives. Increase in wage rates negatively affects use of hired labour. Household size has no effect on the use of hired labour, implying that economic rationing of hiring labour has more to do with the market wage than family size and composition. Education and road access have a positive effect on time allocated to off-farm ac...

Reforms have strongly affected agricultural employment in transition countries but in remarkably different ways. We present a theoretical model and an empirical analysis to explain differences in labor adjustment during transition. We show that the differences are due to a combination of variations in initial conditions and differences in reform policies and effects. The removal of price distortions and subsidies caused wage and price adjustments during transition and a reduction in labor demand in agriculture. Surplus labor outflow from agriculture was further stimulated by the privatization of the farm assets as they improve incentives and remove constraints for optimal factor allocation and structural adjustment. The shift to individual farms, which was especially strong in labor-intensive production systems with low labor productivity in agriculture, has reduced the outflow of labor from agriculture by improving farm governance and labor efficiency, although this effect was mitigated by losses in scale economies due to disruptions and market imperfections in transition. In general, labor outflow was considerably lower on individual farms than on corporate farms, due to a combination of factors related to human capital, access to finance, and physical capital. In the last section of the article we present a general framework for understanding labor adjustments in transition countries. Specifically, we show that there are several patterns of labor transition. In one pattern, followed by, e.g., the Czech Republic and Hungary, there is initially a strong survival of the restructured large-scale corporate farms that have laid off many workers. In the second phase of transition, gradually the importance of individual farms increases. In other countries, such as Romania, the opposite has happened. In these countries there is an immediate strong shift to individual farms, while labor use increases on average in agriculture. After this initial phase, the shift to individual farms continues, albeit more slowly, and labor use in agriculture starts to decline. Finally, our analysis shows that in countries such as Russia and Ukraine much of the surplus labor is still employed by little-reformed former collective and state farms. Major adjustments await more progress in agricultural and general reforms.

We use two rounds of surveys, taken in 2000 and 2008 in the Zhili Township children's garment cluster in Zhejiang Province, to examine in depth the evolution of this industrial cluster. Firm size has grown on average in terms of output and employment, and increasing divergence in firm sizes has been associated with a significant rise in specialization and outsourcing among firms in the cluster. Although the investment amount needed to start a business has more than tripled, this amount remains low enough that formal bank loans remain an insignificant source of finance. Because of low entry barriers, the number of firms in the cluster has risen, driving down profits and bidding up wages, particularly since the year 2000. Facing severe competition, more firms have begun to upgrade their product quality. By the year 2007, nearly half of the sampled firms had established registered trademarks and nearly 20 percent had become International Office of Standardization (ISO) certified.

Prior to the Asian economic crisis in 1997, Singapore's official projected medium-term GDP growth target was set at 7% per annum. Since then, the targeted growth rate has been reduced to 5%. This paper examines the implications of the 5% growth target on the labor requirements of the Singapore economy. It is shown that the projected resident labor force will not be able to keep pace with the increased labor demand and the share of foreigners in the labor force will increase significantly even under the most favorable scenario. Some implications of the increased dependence on foreign labor in Singapore are discussed. With permanent immigration fixed at the current level, various policy options and their effects on the demand for foreign labor are considered. These include improving labor productivity, raising the total fertility rate, increasing labor force participation of older workers and lowering the targeted rate of economic growth.

There are concerns that trade reform and globalization will increase the uncertainty that the average worker, especially the relatively unskilled worker, faces. The increased competitiveness of product markets and greater access to foreign inputs, the argument goes, will lead to more elastic demand for workers. This may have adverse consequences for both labor market volatility and wage dispersion. The authors

... Vernon Henderson, Tom Holmes, Neelam Jain, Ron Jones, Yoshitsugu Kanemoto, Soks Kim, Marvin Kraus, Paul Krugman, Tatsuaki Kuroda, Michel Le Breton, Charlie Leven, Michael Manove, Aki Matsui, Hajime Miyazaki, Tomoya Mori, Hervé Moulin, Tom Nechyba, Jim Peck ...

The survey aims to review the empirical literature about the impacts of trade liberalization on the labor markets of developed and developing countries, with a special emphasis on the Brazilian case. A general result is the change in the structure of the labor demand in favor of skilled workers. It is also observed that in developing countries trade liberalization leads to different effects on the labor market mainly due to the fact that the trade liberalization was not the sole change faced by this economies. Thus, a test on the complementarity between the theory of trade, theory of technological diffusion and foreign direct investment is suggested in order to explain the changes in the Brazilian labor market.