Labor Demand

District of Bangkalan is a gateway that has been connected Madura island with Surabaya City, the capital city of East Java Province, through Suramadu bridge. This study investigates the pattern of labor demand in Bangkalan. The pattern of labor demand is very important to be known, especially by Department of Social, Manpower and Transmigration, the authorized which provide guidance and address the labor problems.The data was collected by surveys and interviews conducted toward the owner of the company (employer) in five sub districts, namely sub district of Bangkalan, sub district of Socah, sub district of Kamal, sub district of Labang and sub district of Burneh. The purpose of this research is to know the pattern of labor demand in Bangkalan so that Department of Social, Manpower and Transmigration can use to develop a precise planning strategies. Based on the survey , in 2016 there were expectations of businesses to change the workers composition who currently dominated by workers with elementary and secondary education levels. Likewise, in 2017 and 2018 will be still dominated by the high school education level of workers , followed by undergraduate level. Recommendations from this study is more attention and follow-up of the Department of Social, Manpower and Transmigration will be needed to open more Labor Training Center (BLK) in some locations, such as BLK at the sub district to train the workforce skills at the level of high school education. As well as carrying out the Job Fair which facilitates undergraduate labor to get a job. PENDAHULUAN Pembangunan ekonomi dengan berbagai definisi yang menyertainya dilakukan dengan keinginan untuk mewujudkan tujuan untuk kesejahteraan rakyat, antara lain untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup, kecerdasan, yang semakin adil dan merata serta meletakkan landasan yang kuat untuk pembangunan berikutnya, serta pencapaian tingkat distribusi pendapatan yang ideal, peningkatan upah minimum yang benar-benar mencukupi kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan lain sebagainya. Namun ternyata pembangunan belum mampu memberikan hasil seperti yang diharapkan, salah satunya bisa dilihat dari belum tersedianya lapangan kerja yang memadai bagi angkatan kerja, baik ditinjau dari segi jumlah lapangan pekerjaan, pendapatan tenaga kerja maupun kesesuaian pekerjaan terhadap keahlian dan tingkat pendidikan. Padahal pada sisi lainnya ternyata tenaga kerja memiliki peranan penting dalam proses produksi dan pembangunan. Dengan asumsi kapital dan sumber daya alam tersedia memadai, serta aplikasi dari teknologi yang memadai maka tingkat GNP yang dapat dicapai oleh suatu wilayah tergantung kepada jumlah tenaga kerja yang tersedia(Perkins et al. 2012). Secara sederhana jumlah tenaga kerja yang tersedia dimaksudkan

There are few concentrated studies on wage inequality (dispersion) across local labor markets at the city or metropolitan level. This paper studies the changes in wage inequality among 170 metropolitan areas by using microlevel data from the U.S. Census and American Community Survey from 1980 to 2019. We propose that shifts in the relative demand for "college-educated" or "college equivalent" workers have been persistent in both temporal and spatial dimensions; and that this persistence has contributed to the increase in wage inequality along with the rise in managerial employment. Using fixedeffects models, we find that on average, changes in managerial intensity between 1980 and 2019 accounts for 6.9 percent of the change in wage inequality across U.S. labor markets.

We investigate the interplay between firms' R&D decisions and labor market competition, and how this influences equilibrium location choices and welfare. Firms engage in risky R&D activities and thus create stochastic product and implied labor demand. Spatial agglomeration is more likely in situations where the innovation step is large and the probability for a firm to be the only innovator

Analyzes the supply and demand of labor during this period of consolidation and growth in the Bolivian tin mining industry. It demonstrates how tin mining competed for labor with railway construction and agriculture; how the mechanization of mining decreased demand; and ultimately how rapid growth in mining outstripped labor supply. The paper concludes with an analysis of working conditions in the major tin mines.

This study is an attempt to investigate trade–labor market linkages in Pakistan. Our main hypothesis that trade liberalization leads to an increase in labor-demand elasticity is empirically verified using a panel data approach for the period 1970/71–2000/01 for 22 selected manufacturing industries in Pakistan. We use ordinary least squares to estimate models in levels and first-differences, in addition to a fixed effects model. Overall, our findings suggest weak evidence of increased labor-demand elasticity as a result of trade liberalization in Pakistan’s manufacturing sector. Nor does the study find support for a positive labor market and trade linkage from an employment point of view—as otherwise suggested by standard trade theory. This may be due to increased capital intensity in the manufacturing sector by time, and the infusion of new technology. It could also be attributed to labor market imperfections preventing trade liberalization from favorably influencing employment cond...

Abstract: - High rate of unemployment is one of the most important economical problems causing various considerable social problems. In order to decrease the unemployment rate, economists should possess mathematical models of both parts of labor market, labor supply and ...

The first chapter of this dissertation is titled “Size-dependent distortions on direct labor: How the Colombian apprenticeship contract induced labor substitution and outsourcing.” In it I study the effects of substitution between direct and outsourced labor on firms’ total labor demand as a response to a tax on direct labor use which only applies to firms above a given size, a size-dependent distortion. To guide the empirical evaluation of the Colombian apprenticeship contract, I build a model that provides insights about the effects of size-dependent distortions on the increased use of outsourced labor observed in developing countries. Using the model’s predictions, Colombian manufacturing plant-level data and an exogenous change in the apprenticeship contract regulation in 2002 which implicitly taxed direct labor for firms hiring at least 15 workers, I evaluate the effects of this regulation on labor demand. Intent to treat difference-in-difference estimators suggest that firms affected by the change contracted direct and total labor between 12 and 14 log points, compared to firms not subject to the regulation, and increased the ratio of outsourced to direct labor by 6.6 percentage points.

The second chapter is titled “The effects of being subject to the Colombian apprenticeship contract on manufacturing firm performance.” Where I evaluate the intent to treat local average treatment effects of the Colombian apprenticeship contract on manufacturing firm dynamics taking advantage of an exogenous variation generated by the reform it went through in 2002 and the regulation design. This evaluation is appealing because very little is known about the effects of apprenticeship policies on firm dynamics in developing countries. Moreover, this regulation has been in place for more than a decade but has not been evaluated. Results using a regression discontinuity design (RDD) which compares small firms subject to the regulation and those that are not, shows positive effects on output per worker (10 log points) and total factor productivity (20 log points). It also shows a negative effect on the average wage bill of directly hired workers (9 log points). These results suggest that small firms which became subject to the regulation adjusted their labor force more efficiently, thus increasing productivity but did not share these gains with their workers through higher wages.

The final chapter is titled “Restrictions on apprenticeship contracts use.” In this chapter I build a stochastic matching model of the labor market to study the effects of restrictions on the use of apprenticeship contracts in job creation, wages and unemployment. The purpose is to have an analytical framework to assess the costs and benefits of restricting the use of flexible forms of contracting where apprenticeship contracts are one type. I extend Pissarides' (2000) stochastic matching model to give matches not productive enough to sign an open ended contract the option of producing under an apprenticeship contract which lasts for one period and can increase the match's productivity with uncertainty. I then modify this benchmark model to accommodate an alternative policy that allows the use of apprenticeship contracts for any match regardless of their productivity. The policy analysis provides theoretical arguments about the conditions that apprenticeship costs play if governments were to relax the use of apprenticeship contracts to hire more productive workers and giving firms more freedom to use these contracts for new matches.

The aim of the research is to introduce a generational stock-flow model to estimate international migration needs and provide long terms demographic forecasts in which migration is an endogenous variables determined by demographic trends and additional labor demand. At the empirical levels, it provides long term scenarios of net migratory balances and demographic trends for Italy. The main conclusion is that the decrease in fertility experienced by Italy, as by all industrialized countries, will not determine a contraction of population and working age population, as forecasted by all national and international statistical institutions, but will generate unprecedented population increases and international migratory flows

Much has been written about insect damage to standing crops, but an area that has received little attention within agricultural development, conservation, and primatological literature is that of primates and the potential damage they can cause to farmers' fields. This is likely to become an increasingly important issue for people interested in primates, as conservation projects adopt a more integrated

Indagine realizzata in collaborazione con il Centro statistico aziendale di Firenze, nell'ambito dell'osservatorio sulla domanda di lavoro qualificato in Italia, con l'obiettivo di conoscere e valutare alcune dinamiche in atto nel Paese a livello macro economico e di tendenza del mercato del lavoro (anche in riferimento al D.Lgs. 276/03 che attribuisce un ruolo cruciale all'intermediazione tra domanda ed offerta e alla Borsa continua nazionale del lavoro).

Prior to the Asian economic crisis in 1997, Singapore's official projected medium-term GDP growth target was set at 7% per annum. Since then, the targeted growth rate has been reduced to 5%. This paper examines the implications of the 5% growth target on the labor requirements of the Singapore economy. It is shown that the projected resident labor force will not be able to keep pace with the increased labor demand and the share of foreigners in the labor force will increase significantly even under the most favorable scenario. Some implications of the increased dependence on foreign labor in Singapore are discussed. With permanent immigration fixed at the current level, various policy options and their effects on the demand for foreign labor are considered. These include improving labor productivity, raising the total fertility rate, increasing labor force participation of older workers and lowering the targeted rate of economic growth.

The survey aims to review the empirical literature about the impacts of trade liberalization on the labor markets of developed and developing countries, with a special emphasis on the Brazilian case. A general result is the change in the structure of the labor demand in favor of skilled workers. It is also observed that in developing countries trade liberalization leads to different effects on the labor market mainly due to the fact that the trade liberalization was not the sole change faced by this economies. Thus, a test on the complementarity between the theory of trade, theory of technological diffusion and foreign direct investment is suggested in order to explain the changes in the Brazilian labor market.

... Vernon Henderson, Tom Holmes, Neelam Jain, Ron Jones, Yoshitsugu Kanemoto, Soks Kim, Marvin Kraus, Paul Krugman, Tatsuaki Kuroda, Michel Le Breton, Charlie Leven, Michael Manove, Aki Matsui, Hajime Miyazaki, Tomoya Mori, Hervé Moulin, Tom Nechyba, Jim Peck ...