Lamiaceae

The aim of our research work was to quantify total flavonoid contents in the leaves of 13 plant species family Asteraceae, 8 representatives of family Lamiaceae and 9 plant species belonging to family Rosaceae, using the multiplex fluorimetric sensor. Fluorescence was measured using optical fluorescence apparatus Multiplex(R) 3 (Force-A, France) for non-destructive flavonoids estimation. The content of total flavonoids was estimated by FLAV index (expressed in relative units), that is deduced from flavonoids UV absorbing properties. Among observed plant species, the highest amount of total flavonoids has been found in leaves of Helianthus multiflorus (1.65 RU) and Echinops ritro (1.27 RU), Rudbeckia fulgida (1.13 RU) belonging to the family Asteraceae. Lowest flavonoid content has been observed in the leaves of marigold (Calendula officinalis) (0.14 RU) also belonging to family Asteraceae. The highest content of flavonoids among experimental plants of family Rosaceae has been estima...

The two studied Calamintha species showed different polyphenolic content and sterol composition. Calamintha grandiflora possessed twice the polyphenolic content of Calamintha nepeta subsp. glandulosa, while the latter contained a higher number of sterols. Among them, stigmast-5-en-3β-ol was found to be the major constituent. The methanolic extract of C. grandiflora was more potent than the C. nepeta subsp. glandulosa methanolic extract in a DPPH assay, while the activity of the C. grandiflora EtOAc fraction was weaker than its C. nepeta subsp. glandulosa counterpart. Fractions of C. nepeta subsp. glandulosa showed higher activity using a β-carotene bleaching test. The petrol ether fraction of C. grandiflora showed significant inhibition of NO production.

Aphis  gossypii  Glover  is  highly  polyphagous  and  is  now  considered  to  consist  of  distinct
phenotypes  and  genotypes,  both  holocyclic  and  anholocyclic,  that  vary  with  respect  to  their
ability to reproduce and food preferences on different host plants. The diversity of its host range
in India includes plants belonging to 569 species under 103 plant families. Plants belonging to
following  families  are  highly  infested: Asteraceae,  Cucurbitaceae,  Fabaceae,  Lamiaceae,
Malvaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae and Solanaceae. There are 11 plant families where more
than 10 species of plants were infested with A. gossypii in India upto 2013, viz. Asteraceae (77
plant species), Lamiaceae  (45 plant species), Fabaceae (35 plant species), Solanaceae (29
plant species), Malvaceae (25 plant species), Cucurbitaceae  (24 plant species), Rosaceae (22
plant species), Polygonaceae (16 plant species), Rubiaceae (14 plant species), Apocynaceae
(12 plant species) and Acanthaceae (11 plant species).

Urolithiasis is a common worldwide problem with high recurrence. This review covers forty four (44) families starting from alphabet A to L and includes Bignoniaceae (05) Juglandaceae (01) plant used globally in different countries. The plants of three families Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae are revisited to provide updated information. This review will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery.

The purpose of this study was to investigate EEG changes in subjects directly after inhalation of essential oils, and subsequently, to observe any effect on subjective evaluations. EEG and sensory evaluation were assessed in 13 healthy female subjects in four odor conditions. Four odor conditions (including lavender, chamomile, sandalwood and eugenol) were applied respectively for each subject in the experiment. The results were as follows. 1) Four basic factors were extracted from 22 adjective pairs by factor analysis of the sensory evaluation. The first factor was "comfortable feeling", the second "cheerful feeling", the third "natural feeling" and the fourth "feminine feeling". In the score of the first factor (comfortable feeling), the odors in order of high contribution are lavender, eugenol, chamomile and sandalwood. 2) Alpha 1 (8-10 Hz) of EEG at parietal and posterior temporal regions significantly decreased soon after the onset of inh...

This paper presents a phylogenetic analysis of Lamiaceae subfam. Lamioideae (including subfamily Pogostemonoideae)
based on sequences of the trnL intron, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer, and rps16 intron of the plastid genome. It is the first
analysis that includes all major lamioid and pogostemonoid genera. Monophyly of Lamioideae s.l. (i.e., including
Pogostemonoideae) is strongly supported, with Cymaria Benth. as its sister group, and Pogostemonoideae, which sometimes
has been recognized as a subfamily, is subsumed in Lamioideae. On the basis of the phylogenetic hypothesis, Lamioideae is
divided into nine tribes. Three new tribes are established: Gomphostemmateae Scheen & Lindqvist, Phlomideae Mathiesen,
and Leucadeae Scheen & Ryding. The other six tribes are: Pogostemoneae Briq., Synandreae Raf., Stachydeae Dumort.,
Leonureae Dumort., Lamieae Coss. & Germ., and Marrubieae Vis. The genus Betonica L. is reestablished. The results also
strongly suggest that the genera Stachys L., Sideritis L., Ballota L., and Leucas R. Br. are polyphyletic or paraphyletic. The
results were used to examine evolution of non-molecular characters.

Three methods widely employed in the evaluation of antioxidant activity, namely 2,2о-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, static headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) and b-carotene bleaching test (BCBT), have been compared with regard to their ...

Las labiadas son una familia de plantas aromáticas, a la que pertenecen la menta, la salvia, el mastranto y casi todas las plantas que consumimos cotidianamente como aromáticas. Es una familia con numerosas especies y, aunque la mayoría crecen en la zona templada, se encuentra también una buena representación en el Neotrópico y en Colombia. Con cerca de 203 especies y subespecies, las labiadas están entre las 30 familias de plantas más diversas en Colombia (Bernal et al. 2006). Son principalmente hierbas o arbustos y aunque hay especies de zonas bajas, la mayoría habitan en la región andina y, muchas de ellas, en los páramos, donde proveen alimento a aves propias de estos ecosistemas. Por sus aceites esenciales, las labiadas tienen gran importancia a nivel mundial, como fuente de medicinas y condimentos. En las últimas décadas se ha incrementado el interés por la prospección de moléculas bioactivas provenientes de las labiadas colombianas, de gran uso y potencial en la industria far¬macéutica y de cosméticos. Además, las labiadas son utilizadas y tie¬nen un gran potencial como plantas ornamentales, de tal forma que muchas de nuestras especies nativas pueden ingresar a este mercado. Para la evaluación de esta familia se contó con la participación directa de José Luis Fernández-Alonso, del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional, estudioso de la familia desde hace casi 20 años y reconocido especialista a nivel internacional. Para el análisis se contó con las numerosas publicaciones de Fernández-Alonso (1990, 1991, 1995a, 1995b, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2006a, entre otras) y con 19 trabajos clásicos como las labiadas del norte de Suramérica y las des¬cripciones originales de muchas especies (Epling 1939, 1944, 1947, 1949, 1951, 1960, entre otros). Además, se contó con la participa¬ción de Orlando Rivera, botánico del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, quien aportó críticamente a la categorización y a la elaboración de las fichas.

Verbascoside has been isolated form L. speciosa after several different chromatographic methods. After its purification, the structure has been unequivocally established using modern spectroscopic techniques. As for the antiviral activity, the maximum non toxic concentration has been established and this concentration has been used in the anti herpes assay, in vitro. Mechanism of action for this molecule regarding the anti-herpes activity has been studied encompassing the following assays: virucidal activity, cellular receptor assay, penetration assay and intracellular assay, in order to understand the activity for this natural product.

This review aims to describe essential oils and their constituent compounds that exhibit bioactivity against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae, the immature stage of the primary vector of dengue. This review is based on original articles obtained by searching on major databases. Our literature review revealed that 361 essential oils from 269 plant species have been tested for their larvicidal activity. More than 60 % of these essential oils were considered active (LC50 < 100 mg/L), and the majority of these active oils were derived from species belonging to Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, and Rutaceae. The most active essential oils exhibited effective concentrations comparable with the dosage recommended for the use of temephos in container breeding. Approximately 27 % of the plants studied for their larvicidal activity against A. aegypti were collected in Brazil. Essential oils rich in phenylpropanoids, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and monoterpene hydrocarbons were found to be the most active. When the isolates were tested, phenylpropanoids and monoterpene hydrocarbons were the most active compound classes. We describe the plant parts used and the major constituents of the essential oils. In addition, we discuss factors affecting the activity (such as plant parts, age of the plant, chemotypes, larval source, and methods used), structure–activity relationships, and mechanisms of action of the essential oils and their compounds. Essential oils have been widely investigated and show high larvicidal activity against A. aegypti. This review reveals that the essential oils are effective alternatives for the production of larvicides, which can be used in vector-borne disease control programmes.

The results of observations of the variability in sexual structures of several populations of Glechoma. It is established that at the beginning of flowering in a population dominated by pistillate flowers, the end of flowering in a population dominated by bisexual flowers. We present a hypothesis to explain this change. In Russian.

Although tribe Stachydeae (Lamiaceae) is considered monophyletic, relationships within the tribe are still
poorly understood. The complexity of Stachydeae includes paraphyletic genera, considerable morphological
plasticity, a range of ploidy levels, and presumably frequent natural hybridization. We performed
parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of nuclear (ribosomal ITS) and plastid (trnL intron, trnL–
trnF spacer, rps16 intron) DNA sequence data from a taxonomically and geographically broad sampling
of the tribe to identify major evolutionary lineages and to test taxonomic hypotheses within this largest
of all lamioid tribes. We included 143 accessions corresponding to 121 species, representing both Old and
New World species, and all 12 recognized genera of tribe Stachydeae. Both nuclear and plastid data
corroborate monophyly of the tribe, with Melittis as sister to all remaining Stachydeae. For the latter
well-supported clade, we suggest the phylogenetic name Eurystachys. Within Eurystachys, although
monophyly is supported by both nuclear and plastid data for several named and unnamed groups, the
majority of recognized taxa appear to be para- or polyphyletic. The taxon compositions of most subclades
are congruent between the plastid and nuclear tree topologies, whereas their relative phylogenetic
placements are often not. This level of plastid–nuclear incongruence suggests considerable impact of
hybridization in the evolution of Stachydeae.

Comparative evaluations of the total phenolic and total flafonoid contents, rutin, tannins and antioxidant capacity
to various herbal spices from the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae families to which belong: Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel),
Anethum graveolens (Dill), Pimpinella anisum (Anise), Carum carvi (Caraway), Coriandrum sativum (Coriander),
Melissa officialis (Lemon balm), Salvia officialis (Sage) and Mentha piperita (Mint) were carried out. The herb and
seed spices were analyzed for their tannins content by titrimetric method; rutin was determined
spectrophotometrically by using ammonium molybdate; the total phenolic contents were determined by using
Folin-Ciocalteu assay; the total flavonoids were measured spectrophotometrically using the colorimetric reaction
with aluminum (III) chloride. Antioxidant capacity was also analysed spectrophotometrically by a 2,2-Diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect of the herbs and seeds. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents
of the Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) varied between 115.96 mg GAE/100g and 68.10 mg CE/100g. This content for
the Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) is lower (between 17.04 mg GAE/100g and 11.10 mg CE/100g, respectively).
The content of rutin and tannins of the Melissa officialis (Lemon baim) varied between 3.10% and 10.79%. It was
found to be much higher than the rutin content of the Coriandrum sativu (Coriander) (between 0.99% and 0.42%,
respectively). The highest radical scavenging effect was observed in the Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) with IC50 of
113.19 mL/L. In the present study, the seed spices from the Apiacea family and the herb spices from Lamiaceae
family to which belong: Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel), Anethum graveolens (Dill), Pimpinella anisum (Anise), Carum
carvi (Caraway), Coriandrum sativum (Coriander), Melissa officialis (Lemon balm), Salvia officialis (Sage) and
Mentha piperita (Mint) were studied as sources of natural antioxidants. The results from the antioxidant assays
show that all seeds and herbs can act as radical scavengers to a certain extent.

Urolithiasis is a common problem afflicted for many centuries with high recurrence. This review covers the forty nine (49) antiurolithiatic plants of family Lamiaceae used in 11 different countries. Hopefully, this review will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery.

Description of five new sections (sect. Umbraria, sect. Stellatocapillus, sect. Chortoranus, sect. Thymidulum, sect. Ellementha), five subsections (subsect. Chinomelissa, subsect. Nepetoides, subsect. Baetica, subsect. Ascendentia, subsect. Menthofoliastrum), and three new species of the genus Clinopodium L. (C. krupkinae, C. gilanicum, C. syriacum) is provided in the article. The new combinations Clinopodium × alboviride, C. bulgaricum, C. largiflorum, C. nepetoides, C. spruneri, C. thessalum, and a replacement name C. jordanii are validated. Calamintha ascendens Jord., Calamintha chinensis Benth., Calamintha thessala Hausskn., Hedeoma micrantha Regel, Melissa candidissima Munby, Melissa umbrosa M. Bieb., Micromeria capitellata Benth., Satureja × alboviridis Faure et Maire are lectotypified.

Lamioideae comprise the second-largest subfamily in Lamiaceae. Although considerable progress has recently been
made in Lamioideae phylogenetics, the subfamily remains one of the most poorly investigated subfamilies in Lamiaceae. Here
we present a taxonomic update of the subfamily based on earlier published data as well as 71 new DNA extracts from relevant
in- and outgroup taxa, and DNA sequence data from four chloroplast regions (matK, rps16, trnL intron and trnL-F spacer).
The phylogenetic positions of 10 out of 13 previously unplaced small or monotypic Asian lamioid genera and 37 additional
lamioid species have been identified, a nd t he classification is updated accordingly. Results f rom parsimony a nd Bayesian
phylogenetic methods corroborate earlier results, but phylogenetic resolution as well as overall branch support are improved.
All newly added genera are assigned to earlier established tribes or the new tribe Paraphlomideae Bendiksby, which includes
Ajugoides, Matsumurella and Paraphlomis. Acanthoprasium is resurrected as a genus. Transfer of species is proposed to accommodate
the monophyly of two genera (Lamium, Otostegia), whereas ten genera remain non-monophyletic (Ballota s.str.,
Lagopsis, Leonotis, Leonurus, Leucas, Microtoena, Phlomoides, Sideritis, Stachys, Thuspeinanta). Eriophyton and Stachyopsis
have been included in Lamieae, Hypogomphia in Stachydeae, and Loxocalyx in Leonureae. Betonica, Colquhounia, Galeopsis,
and Roylea remain unclassified at the tribal level. Lamium chinense and three East Asian Galeobdolon species are transferred
to Matsumurella. Sulaimania and four Otostegia species are transferred to Moluccella. Alajja and three Lamium species are
transferred to Eriophyton. In total, 14 new combinations are made, one at the rank of subgenus and 13 at the rank of species.

The widespread presence of incomplete dichogamy (i.e., partial separation in time between male and female phases) in flowering plants is a long-standing question in floral evolution. In this study, we proposed four scenarios in which depending on the particular combination of pollen limitation and inbreeding depression, the presence of complete dichogamy, incomplete dichogamy, or adichogamy may be favored. Moreover, we evaluated the role of pollen limitation and inbreeding depression in a natural population of Salvia elegans to test the validity of our predicted scenarios. Our results indicate that S. elegans is partially protandrous as pollen viability and stigma receptivity overlap in the last days of life of the flower. Furthermore, through pollination treatments, we found no evidence of pollen limitation or inbreeding depression in any of the evaluated fitness components. As expected by one of the proposed scenarios , incomplete dichogamy seems to be favored in plants with absence of inbreeding depression and pollen limitation as a way to diminish interference between male and female functions.

The current lectotype of Lycopus europaeus, Herb. Linnaeus No. 36.1 (LINN), consists of two plant fragments, which represent different species: L. europaeus (as currently applied) and L. exaltatus. The plant on the left, which represents L. europaeus, is designated as a new lectotype because it is the element that is in agreement with the validating diagnosis and the current usage of the name.