Language and the Internet

Tanulmányomban azt fogom vizsgálni, hogy egy kiválasztott szöveg (amely a maga módján több szövegből tevődik össze), hogyan kombinálja az írott és beszélt nyelv sajátosságait, illetve arra is kitérek, hogy mennyire befolyásolja az internet mint közeg, amelyben létrejön a szöveg, annak (nyelvi, grafológiai, tartalmi) természetét.

All the expressions, jargon and new words you need to talk about the internet in Arabic
What’s the Arabic for 'homepage'? How do you say 'podcast'? Can you recognise the phrase 'add this site to your favourites'? Or 'printer-friendly version'? This vocabulary gives you ready-made lists of key terms for translating both from and into Arabic, grouped together in the way you'll use them.
Key Features
Learn the language the way you'll use it: terms grouped in thematic sections
Check your pronunciation with the included audio CD
Test your vocab with web-based flashcards
Includes an index so you can easily find exactly what you're looking for
Divided into 11 key areas
General Terminology • Web Browsing • Written Online Communication: emails, online forms, blogging and collaborative writing • Audio-Visual Online Communication • Searching for Information on the Web • e-Learning • Online Social Networking • Netiquette • Online Security • Internet Services • My Digital Identity

W przedstawianym tomie opublikowano 27 artykułów ujętych
w ramach 5 rozdziałów, omawiających zagadnienia pragmatyki językowej, translatoryki, terminoogii, inżynierii języka, kulturologii a także glottodydaktyki. W poszczególnych artykułach ujęte zostały szczegółowe problemy współczesnego
językoznawstwa stosowanego, w tym analiza dyskursu poszczególnych technolektów, deskrypcja konkretnych języków specjalistycznych przez pryzmat wybranych gatunków tekstów specjalistycznych, analiza terminologiczna zawartości leksykonów specjalistycznych, opis strategii
i problemów tłumaczeniowych, charakterystyka mechanizmów rządzących procesem glottodydaktycznym i in.
I  PRAGMATYKA JĘZYKOWA

Analiza porównawcza struktury dokumentów i języka prawniczego na przykładzie Specyfikacji istotnych warunków zamówienia i Request for proposal
(EMILIA BOLESZCZUK, PAWEŁ SZCZEPAŃSKI, UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI) 13

Nagłówek w sieci – językowa analiza tworzenia nagłówków na przykładzie anglojęzycznych portali informatycznych
(KLAUDIA DRZEWIECKA, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 24

Między ogłoszeniem a reklamą – język perswazji w internetowych ogłoszeniach rekrutacyjnych
(JOLANTA ŁĄCKA-BADURA, UNIWERSYTET EKONOMICZNY W KATOWICACH, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 36

Komunikat prasowy jako narzędzie kształtowania wizerunku firmy w sytuacji kryzysowej. Studium przypadku koncernu BP w trakcie działań związanych z katastrofą w Zatoce Meksykańskiej
(MAGDALENA ŁĘSKA, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 48

Analiza językowa nazw produktów. Wykorzystanie językoznawstwa w procesie tworzenia globalnych nazw marek
(IZABELA LIZOŃCZYK, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 61

Pragmatyczne aspekty tekstów specjalistycznych w biznesie (na materiale wybranych polskich i brytyjskich raportów spółek giełdowych)
(JAN ŁOMPIEŚ, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 74

To co nas otacza, czyli kilka słów o języku reklamy
(EWA ŚWIĄTEK, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 89



List do akcjonariuszy – rzetelny komunikat o kondycji przedsiębiorstwa czy jedno z narzędzi promocji firmy?
(PAWEŁ ZAKRAJEWSKI, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 101

II  TRANSLATORYKA

Ponglish a tłumaczenia przeznaczone dla Polaków mieszkających w Wielkiej Brytanii
(MARIA BOGALECKA, UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI) 118

Problem tłumaczenia z języków blisko spokrewnionych: wybrane zagadnienia leksykalne na przykładzie języków białoruskiego i polskiego
(ALENA DUBININA, KATOLICKI UNIWERSYTET LUBELSKI JANA PAWŁA II) 130

Typologia najczęściej napotykanych problemów terminologicznych w tłumaczeniach medycznych
(MAŁGORZATA KASPROWICZ, UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI) 152

Polskie, angielskie i włoskie czasowniki ruchu w przekładzie
(LUCYNA MARCOL, JOANNA JASIŃSKA, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 162

I piękny, i wierny. O przekładzie feministycznym
(LILIANA RELIGA, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 172

Rola strategii w kompetencji tłumacza
(MARCIN RYBICKI, UNIWERSYTET IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA) 185

Tekst w układzie translatorycznym. Projekt typologii metafrastycznej
(WERONIKA SZEMIŃSKA, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 197

III    TERMINOLOGIA I INŻYNIERIA JĘZYKA

Co żuraw i kozioł robią na budowie? – O neosemantyzmach w polskiej i bułgarskiej terminologii budowlanej
(YORDANKA ILIEVA-CYGAN, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 206

Zmiany leksykalne w rozwoju terminologii tańca współczesnego
(JULIA MAKOWSKA-SONGIN, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 218

Gromadząc korpus profesjolektalny języka inwestorów
(BEATA MIKOŁAJEWSKA, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 231

Słowa jako materiał konstrukcyjny świata mentalnego. Analiza współczesnej terminologii architektoniczno-budowlanej
(ANNA ŚWIDZIŃSKA, UNIWERSYTET MARII CURIE-SKŁODOWSKIEJ) 241

Nie daj się zabić grzejnikowi, czyli jak zwiększyć czytalność instrukcji obsługi
(MICHAŁ Z. WÓJCIK, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 247

IV  KULTUROLOGIA

„Pseudo-obrońcy krzyża” kontra „PO-lszewiccy zdrajcy”, czyli o bezgranicznej manipulacji i trywializacji polskiego dyskursu publicznego po katastrofie smoleńskiej 10 kwietnia 2010 roku
(ŁUKASZ JAN BEREZOWSKI, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 262

Źródła leksykograficzne jako narzędzie rekonstrukcji językowego obrazu świata (na przykładzie leksemu ‘ziemia’)
(ANNA BRODECKA, UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI) 276

Metafory miłości w języku angielskim i niemieckim z punktu widzenia językoznawstwa kognitywnego
(HANNA JURCZYK, UNIWERSYTETMIKOŁAJA KOPERNIKA W TORUNIU) 288

Aspekty inwokacji religijnej
(ŁUKASZ MATUSZ, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 299

V  GLOTTODYDAKTYKA

Problem interferencji językowej w nauce dwóch języków obcych na przykładzie studentów filologii włoskiej
(MAŁGORZATA KARCZEWSKA, UNIWERSYTET IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA) 309

Wpływ transferu językowego na naukę języków obcych – metoda EuroCom
(OLGA REMBLEWSKA, UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI) 321

Ocenianie zadań i projektów grupowych na lekcjach języka obcego
(SANDRA WAWRZYNIAK, UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI) 331

Nonostante l'interesse sorto negli ultimi anni per i linguaggi di Internet, l’ambito relativo alle ampie e numerose comunità videoludiche online risulta essere poco esplorato dalla linguistica italiana. La lingua in esse impiegata è tuttavia meritevole di una approfondita analisi per varie ragioni, tra cui almeno:
- ampia diffusione: il gioco online coinvolge quasi 11 milioni di italiani, una porzione notevole della popolazione fa quindi uso dei particolari linguaggi che lo caratterizzano;
- notevole originalità: tale lingua non è valutabile secondo i criteri della “tradizionale” comunicazione mediata dal computer per differenze sia superficiali, sia strutturali, derivanti dalle peculiari necessità comunicative e dalla introduzione di diversi ambiti di variabilità.
Il presente contributo, che poggia le sue basi sull’osservazione partecipante e sul coinvolgimento diretto dei parlanti nella riflessione metalinguistica, intende dimostrare l’inequivocabile natura di gergo della lingua in esame: nelle comunità videoludiche le dinamiche di coesione ed esclusione si realizzano infatti attraverso l'impiego di una lingua peculiare, volutamente criptica e di difficile interpretazione per chi la osserva dall'esterno; è attraverso l’adozione di un gergo rigoroso che esse fondano la propria identità e legano le molteplici individualità del gruppo che appaiono prive di tratti uniformi per quanto concerne approccio all’attività ludica e collocazione sociale e geografica.
La piena multimedialità dell’interfaccia di gioco crea un ciberspazio la percezione del quale si vuole qui mostrare nel suo emergere in scelte linguistiche esprimenti telepresenza e coinvolgimento sensoriale; lo stesso aspetto proteiforme del gergo verrà descritto nella sua dipendenza dalla ricchezza di dinamiche e situazioni determinate dagli ambiti in-game, off-game e di socializzazione o miranti a una comunicazione emozionale o emotiva: primariamente definita dalla individualità del parlante, sulla lingua incidono profondamente la fisionomia del gioco e dei personaggi.
Si tenterà inoltre di dimostrare inoltre come la notevole varietà di situazioni comunicative abbia portato allo sviluppo di differenti registri linguistici e di una affinata competenza comunicativa nei parlanti, spingendo così il repertorio lessicale a estendersi oltre il sostrato tipico di Internet attraverso l’introduzione di un corposo lessico specialistico e gergale composto di neologismi, prestiti, tecnicismi ed arcaismi.
Segnaliamo infine che tutte le considerazioni relative al gergo delle comunità videoludiche saranno avanzate tenendo conto della sua non collocabilità sull’asse scritto-parlato: tale premessa sarà dimostrata individuando sia tratti dell’oralità, quali le numerose forme allocutive, la ricchezza della deissi e l’ampio uso di fatismi e segnali discorsivi, sia espedienti radicati nella scrittura e tracce di processi di revisione.

At the end of the last century the web was conceived of as a
library where information could be posted and retrieved, so that there was a fairly clear distinction between the roles of producers and consumers of information. Since then what is called Web 2.0 has emerged as a highly interactive space where all participants are both producers and consumers. Intensive users of the virtual space find that it has changed the nature of their existence in the ‘non-virtual’ world. In this volume we look at the linguistic and discoursal complexities of interaction in the virtual space in relation to events and discourses outside it.

Oscillazioni di informalità e formalità – scritto, parlato e rete

Proprio per la varietà di generi testuali e ipertestuali possibili, la comunicazione elettronica è un luogo privilegiato per l’osservazione dei diversi usi della lingua, della sua flessibilità  e – last but not least – delle variazioni di registro.
Si distingue tra variazioni intergenere (che si ritrovano confrontando generi lontani tra di loro per scopo della comunicazione, interattanti) e variazioni intragenere. Le oscillazioni tra informalità e formalità intergenere appaiono prevedibili ed inevitabili, date le restrizioni contestuali e la varietà stessa dei testi (dai documenti ufficiali della Comunità Europea al messaggio notturno di saluto tra due amici) e si collegano alla problematica generale del rapporto scritto/parlato.
Le oscillazioni tra informalità e formalità intragenere presentano almeno due motivi di interesse:
1) come spie per le varietà d’uso della lingua, lo stabilirsi di neologismi, l’estensione di lessemi e metafore che in qualche modo ‘attraversano’ i registri: dal formale all’informale e, più spesso, dall’informale al formale;
2) rispetto alla tematica della competenza e della consapevolezza d’uso di registri diversi, adeguati alla situazione comunicativa specifica, in rapporto a scelte individuali, più o meno consapevoli, in contrapposizione ad una progressiva e massiccia tendenza alla omogeneizzazione.

In this paper we examine a key relational practice found in interactions in online discussion boards in Mainland China and Taiwan: 'doing deference'. In drawing attention to a relational practice that has received attention in quite different research traditions, namely, linguistic pragmatics and conversation analysis (CA), we mean to highlight the possible advantages of an approach to analysis that draws from both in analysing relational work in CMC. We claim in the course of our analysis that the participants are orienting not only to relationships but also to identities through these practices. In this way, we suggest that online discussion boards afford both meaningful interaction and relational work. We further claim that this analysis provides support for the theoretical position that while relational practices may intersect with the emergence of identities, they remain distinct analytical concerns.

The use of Romani language in the Internet is reviewed in connection with the question of their identity, based on a review of recent publications, as well as on experience of personal participation in Roma discussion groups on the Internet.

Nowadays people communicate through the internet. Anyone can freely and even anonymously share his opinions in all the forums, chat rooms, etc. The way the language is used in these virtual spaces depends on the users, for whom the content of the message is more important than its form. But what does an opinion in an internet forum look like, and which are its graphic characteristics? The article will provide an answer, which one can get to with some observations and examples from the forum of the Bulgarian mothers on www.bg-mamma.com.

"Comment cette manière de parler, propre aux grandes villes du Cameroun, à la diaspora camerounaise, et à une population essentiellement étudiante ou lettrée, se répand-elle ? Comment passe-t-elle de l’oral à l’écrit si particulier des forums de discussion ? Qu’est-ce qu’il nous dit sur ceux qui l’emploient? Discussion avec Suzie Telep qui vient d’écrire une étude sur ce sujet." (Par Yvan Amar)

This article deals with the basic characteristics of Anglicisms language adaptation in  french Internet - discourse and the features of their use. The Anglicism considered under the level approach to modeling Internet communicative space and classified by thematic groups. The regularity of adaptation Anglicisms are established by their degree of transformation.

The most common relativizer in Croatian is the relative pronoun koji, koja, koje 'who, which', e.g. Zaposlite učitelja kojeg djeca poznaju ‘Hire the teacher that the children know’. In some contexts koji can be replaced with the indeclinable relativizer što, accompanied by a resumptive pronoun, except in the case of subject relative clauses. Što is frequently described in grammars as a characteristic of literary style, and is typically perceived as such by native Croatian speakers as well. However, our analysis of informal language used in spontaneous speech and on internet blogs and forums shows that što and its substandard variants šta, kaj and ča are actually very common in spoken language as a substitute for the default relativizer koji. Moreover, we noticed a tendency to omit the resumptive pronoun in relative clauses introduced by što/šta/kaj/ča, especially if it functions as the direct object, but also when it is part of an adverbial prepositional phrase. The structure of the relative clause is thus simplified, resulting in a higher resemblance to other subordinate clauses in Croatian.

"In 1987, six teenage girls from Poland, myself included, met in an Italian refugee camp after their parents made the decision to leave their then Communist homeland. They attended school together in Rome, and after a year began to depart, one by one, for their final destinations: the United States, Canada, and Australia. In 2008, now with families and careers, they reconnect on Facebook and establish renewed friendship.

This paper explores these women’s language of belonging and difference (Meinhof and Galasiński 2005) employed in Facebook discussions about immigration, identity, assimilation, and heritage, over 6 months in 2012. In keeping with goals of participant-centered research (Cameron et al. 1992; de Laine 2000), the women co-produce the research agenda by commenting on each other’s contributions and introducing discussion questions.

In their exchanges, the women establish several categories of belonging: nationality, citizenship, generation, religion, education, occupation and family. In this paper, I invoke Bucholtz and Hall’s (2004) tactics of intersubjectivity, and Meinhof and Galasiński’s (2005) language of belonging, to examine how, in constructing narratives of migration, the participants position themselves with respect to place (Poland, Italy, and their current residence), language (Polish, Italian and English, both in their linguistic practice, i.e. language choice and code-switching, and in their talk about language), generation (parents, spouses and peers, and children), and immigrant “stage” (newcomer versus assimilated local; cf. Weldeyesus 2007).

Crucially, the six friends’ narratives, in the context of their Facebook interaction, work to define and negotiate membership in their small and unique online community. The participants invoke and reinterpret shared memories of life in Italy and subsequent similar experiences of immigration to the United States, Canada, and Australia, but this shared history becomes a resource in an ongoing, joint endeavor of producing new, translocal meanings and a new group identity relevant today."

On the basis of a corpus of e-chat IRC exchanges (approximately 10,000 words in total) between Greek- and English-speaking speakers, the paper establishes a typical generic structure for two-party IRC exchanges, by focusing on how participants are oriented towards an ideal schema of phases and acts, as well as on how their interpersonal concerns contribute to the shaping of this schema. It is found that IRC interlocutors are primarily concerned with establishing contact with each other, while the (ideational) development of topic seems to be a less pressing need. The signaling of interpersonal relations is pervasive throughout e-chat discourse, as seen both in the range of devices developed and the two free elements of the generic schema, that is conversation play and channel check. It is also found that the accomplishment of the generic schema in each IRC exchange crucially depends on the acts of negotiation performed by the initiator and the responder.