Lapland

_The Physiology of Love and Other Writings_ is the first English annotated collection of Mantegazza’s selected works. In my extensive introductory essay, Mantegazza’s hybrid contributions from fiction, travel-writing, and ethnography to physiology, medicine, and politics are reevaluated as instances of a proto-cultural-studies approach attuned to the cross-fertilization of disciplines and the circulation of ideas in a period of European intellectual history that defied the notion of specialization.
Table of contents:
The Physiology of Love
And Selections from:
On The Hygienic and Medicinal Virtues of the Coca Plant and on Nervine Nourishment in General
One Day in Madeira
A Voyage to Lapland with my Friend Stephen Sommier
India
Epicurus: Essay in a Physiology of the Beautiful
The Neurosic Century
The Tartuffe Century
Head: Or, Sowing Ideas to Create New Deeds
Political Memoirs of a Foot Soldier in the Italian Parliament
The Year 3000: A Dream
The Psychology of Translation

"In the heyday of physical anthropology, researchers were interested in historical cemeteries in Lapland during two different periods. During the first period, the 19th century, cemeteries were
mainly excavated in connection with a project organised by foreign researchers and the director of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Helsinki, Mr. Konrad Hällstén. The second period of interest spanned the 1930s, when the Anthropological Committee of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters organised a wide-ranging programme resulting in extensive investigations, and finally, also in excavations at the cemetery of Vanha Hautuumaasaari island in Inari. Both waves of research can be regarded as part of a larger research tradition in anthropology. In the 19th century, for instance, researchers focused on craniometrical data, while in the beginning of the following century, other bone material was also collected for analysis.
The incentives for both of these waves of research came from abroad; however, the Department of Anatomy at the University of Helsinki and Finnish researchers played a pivotal role in them as well. Ultimately, the research projects were national endeavours, although the data on the Sami people were of interest to researchers all over the world. Similar physical anthropology data were collected all over Finland during the same period. However, the geographical focus of this paper is on Lapland. Even if the excavations in the North were not a separate phenomenon in physical anthropology, researchers had certain special emphases and detailed research questions particularly regarding the Sami people. Data on the cemeteries excavated in Lapland for anthropological purposes have not been compiled before, and only some of the excavated locations have been precisely known to researchers. By combining various sources it has been possible to obtain a more reliable picture of the number, location, and nature of the examined research sites and the actual investigations carried out there.
From the late 19th century until the 1930s, over 300 craniums classified as Lappish (Sami) were collected at different cemeteries in Finnish Lapland. The figure excludes craniums gathered by foreign researchers. Collecting ancient bone material proved to be more challenging than researchers had anticipated, and far fewer sites were excavated than was originally planned. Furthermore, research was purely anthropological: researchers merely collected bone material and paid no attention to the details of the graves. There are therefore no scientific records on the depth, direction, or structure of the graves or the finds in them. Cooperation with archaeologists began as late as the 1930s, and even then it was not systematic. Some of the excavations were conducted on ecclesiastical sites, such as churchyards and graveyards, and some at local cemeteries. Excavated graves were dated to the 18th century, mainly by methods of settlement history. The collected material, however, is ethnically not as Sami as was originally assumed. The anthropological measurement data from different projects in Lapland were, nevertheless, widely used in publications on medicine and human physiology, and the large amount of data acquired for theses was analysed and even published until the 1950s."

English summary: German and Finnish PoW Camps in Rovaniemi area 1941 - 1944.

During the years 1941 - 1944, German troops were responsible for a front of nearly a thousand kilometers in Lapland, Northern Finland. The Germans built prisoner of war and labor camps in Lapland, and imprisoned some 20,000 - 30,000 Russian soldiers there. The prison camps and military bases, as well as their archives, were almost completely destroyed during the German retreat from Finland after the Lapland war.

The Germans, as also the Finns, built many prisoner of war camps (PoW) in Lapland and in Rovaniemi area, mostly for Russian prisoners. Since Lapland’s infrastructure was very poor, prisoners were used as a workforce for tasks such as building and improving roads and bridges, building barracks and other military structures and also for logging.

The German 20th Mountain Army (Gebirgs-Armee-Oberkommando 20), Luftwaffe and Organisation Todt were the main organizers of PoW camps in Lapland and Rovaniemi area. Stalag 309 in Salla (today in Russia) was the only official German PoW camp in the Finnish Lapland, but there were almost 200 temporary camps, punishment camps and work camps in Lapland. Also Finnish Army had about 20 PoW camps under their control.

There were at least 41 - 42 PoW camps in the Rovaniemi area. Most of them were very small, consisting of only one or two barracks. The biggest camp was besides the river Ounasjoki near the modern Arktikum. In that camp there were about 400 – 800 prisoners of war.

Luftwaffe coal power plant in  Rovaniemi

Luftwaffe build a coal power plant near Ounasjoki river in Rovaniemi in 1942 - 1943. It was in use during 1943 - 1944. The Germans destroyed it when they left Rovaniemi in October 1944. In the picture above you can see the plant and it's big chimney. In the other picture there is a pump station near Ounasjoki. It was built to serve water to the plant.

Kemijärvi during the Continuation War 1941 – 1944

Kemijärvi is a city in Northern Finland. It is located in the province of Lapland. The city has a population of 7,600 and covers an area of 3.504,99 square kilometres of which 425.84 square kilometres is water. During the Continuation War Kemijärvi (then municipality) was an important logistics centre (Betreuungsstelle) of German Wehrmacht and there was also an important Luftwaffe air base in Hanhikoski-Ketola area.

The Germans established a base in Joutsijärvi upon their arrival in Eastern Lapland in summer 1941. An airport, hospital, canteen, driving school, cinema and various accommodation, supply and storage barracks were also built in Joutsijärvi. There was also a prison camp in the area. As the Germans withdrew in September 1944, they destroyed their barracks and laid mines in the area.

During the Continuation War, a base for German soldiers was located in Isokylä. The area contained a hospital, canteen, residential barracks, a morgue and various warehouses and a prison camp. The Germans destroyed the barracks at the start of October 1944 as they withdrew from the area.

Also in Lossiranta there was a base for Germans. In this area there were supply and storage barracks, kitchen, garage barracks, forge and stalls.

The garrison area in Hanhikoski-Ketola was established in the summer of 1940 in connection with the reorganisation of the army. The garrison acted as a training centre for Finns during the interim peace period and Continuation War. Construction work on the airfield had begun before the Winter War and the field was completed in summer 1941. Hanhikoski was the largest of the garrisons established in Eastern Lapland. It was divided into a residential area for staff, barracks and an airfield. There were around 30 family homes for officers and almost 70 for Non-Commissioned Officers. The barrack area contained accommodation for the men, warehouses and service facilities.

During the Continuation War a Luftwaffe air base and supply centre operated in the Hanhikoski-Ketola area. The Finns used the western part of the area as a training site and supply base. There were around 200 buildings in the area. The Germans burnt most of their barracks but 50 German and Finnish barracks survived the destruction in the autumn of 1944. Nowadays the area is home to an airport and the Sarriojärvi shooting camp area.

There were many prison camps in Kemijärvi area. Besides Hanhikoski, Joutsijärvi and Isokylä there were prison camps in Rättiselkä and in Kortejärvi. In the village of Puikkola there is a grave for diseased people from the prisoner of war camp. It is situated in the village near the railway. The mass grave dates back to the Continuation War when the prisoners were working on the railway. On the north-western slope of Mäntyvaara is also a mass grave. About 380 Soviet prisoners of war from the Continuation War period are buried there.

German defence stations some of which were part of the Ringwall defence line constructed in 1944 to protect Rovaniemi can be found in Tohmo and Leväranta and other places. The defence lines were constructed to secure the German withdrawal towards northern Norway and Ivalo. The Ringwall defence line was constructed along roads leading from Ranua, Posio and Kemijärvi towards Rovaniemi.

According to the armistice signed in 4. September 1944, Finland was required to disarm and expel the German troops in Northern Finland. For this reason, an order was given in early September to evacuate Northern Finland’s civilian population and movable property to safer areas. The Germans also helped Finnish civilians to move from Kemijärvi and from other areas. Later about 1/3 of Kemijärvi was burned by German troops retreating from Salla.

This chapter argues for an awareness of landscape movements for our understanding of boundaries, which is typically lacking in border studies. Drawing on literature on the Mississippi–Missouri and on fieldwork along the Kemi River in Finnish Lapland, the chapter makes three claims: (1) the dynamics of rivers are at odds with modern, cartographic concepts of borders, (2) whether a river is used as separator or integrator is, to an extent, related to the spatial practices of humans in the landscape, and (3) water dynamics and uses complicate the fixation of boundaries of the river itself. These claims are contextualised by an overview of current writing about boundary-making, as well as an outline of the landscape phenomenology that serves as theoretical background to the argument.

Rovaniemi airport during the Continuation War

Rovaniemi airport is located in Rovaniemi, about 10 kilometres north of Rovaniemi city centre. The Arctic Circle crosses the runway closer to its northern end. The airport was built in 1940 with two grass-surfaced runways. During the Continuation War it served as an airbase and supply center for German Luftwaffe. This was the largest of the Luftwaffe’s airfields in Finland and in northern Norway and it was significantly expanded when the Germans arrived in 1941. There were lots of German accommodation- and storehouse barracks in the vicinity of the airbase. The support base around Luftwaffe airfield reached almost to the present-day Santa Claus Village, and nearby Keminkorkia, Pikku-Keminkorkia, Maunun Matti, Mustonvaara and Takakappale areas.

There are still today foundations from the support structures that once dotted the spaces around the airfield. The remnants of the Luftwaffe support structures today are mundane. The woods contain scattered remains of barracks, workshops, roadways, kasinos, trenches and assorted support and storage structures. Snowmobile paths and walking trails (mostly originally German roads) are scattered throughout the woods around the eroding remnants of the Luftwaffe base. The Germans destroyed all their barracks in October 1944 when they left Rovaniemi.

English summary: The entertainment activities in Lapland and Rovaniemi during the Continuation War and the Haus der Kameradschaft in Rovaniemi.

The 1940s have been named the Golden Years of Finnish entertainment. During the Continuation War the importance of entertainment grew rapidly. Thanks to the experience artists acquired during these years Finnish popular music gained a position which has lasted to this day. In no other European country except Italy does domestic pop music sell as well as in Finland. The best remembered composers of the war years were Georg Malmstén and George de Godzinsky. The most popular show was ”Brother-in-arms -show” which was every time (125) broadcasted in Finnish radio. All the best Finnish and several famous German and Swedish artists performed in these shows, many of them also in Rovaniemi and elsewhere in Lapland. The "Brother-in-arms -show" 99 was in Rovaniemi.

During the Continuation War in Rovaniemi the various services of German information and cultural institutions such as theater, bookstore, artists’ residence and radio station were enjoyed also by local residents. In particular, the cultural facility known as “Haus der Kameradschaft”, completed in March 15th 1943, was an impressive building with 350 seats and a large stage.

Famous German, Swedish and Finnish entertainers, such as Lizzi Waldmüller and Franz Grothe, Daisy Spies, Lisa Tunell-Scharrer, Lucia Nifontova, Anna Mutanen and many others performed there, and the most popular events were screenings of films and concerts. The Veit Harlan films The Golden City (1942) and Immensee: A German Folksong (1943), and Joset von Báky’s Münchausen (1943) all big commercial successes in Germany, were the most popular films. The Germans gave free tickets to their Finnish neighbors and friends.

German Army base in Lautavaara during the Continuation War:

German Army (Wehrmacht) had this very large base in Rovaniemi’s Lautavaara during the Continuation War. It was a supply camp for frontline troops and generator gas vehicles. Generator gas has been used extensively since the middle of the 19th century. With the outbreak of war in 1939, the use of generator gas for vehicular operation increased especially in Germany and Finland because of the shortage of fuel.

Saksalaisten leirialueet Rovaniemen Lautavaaran alueella:

Vikajärven lähettyvillä Kemijärventien länsi-ja pohjoispuolella (n. 32,5-34,5 km:n kohdalla) oli Saksan rahoittama mutta suomalaisten työntekijöiden pääosin rakentama suuri autojen ja muiden kuljetusvälineiden laaja kolmiosainen tukikohta-alue, jossa olivat Luftwaffen 106/III moottoriajoneuvoyksikön (Kraftwagen-Werkstatt-Zug der Luftwaffe 106/III) (kenttäpostinumero L49760) korjaamohallit ja generaattorikaasukorjaamokomppanioiden 911 ja 913 (Gengas-Werkstatt-Kompanie 911 ja 913) työpajat ja huoltopisteet rakennus-ja käyttötoimintaa varten. Alueen kautta kulki vuosien varrella myös läpikulkujoukkoja rintamalle tai sieltä pois ollen väliaikaismajoituksessa päivän tai pari. Lautavaarassa oli asunto-ja varastoparakkeja, saunoja, leipomo, kellareita, korjaamoja, autohalleja, aggregaattirakennuksia, ammusvarastoja, ampumarata ja puolustusvarustuksia. Myös paikalliset asukkaat saivat ostaa leipomon tuotteita. 1 Generaattorikaasu on polttoaineena käytettävä kaasu. Se tunnetaan myös voimakaasun nimellä, koska kaasugeneraattorien polttoaineena käytettiin lähes yksinomaan kivihiiltä, mutta myös pieniä puulla toimivia on ollut laajassa käytössä erityisesti sota-aikana. Ne tunnetaan paremmin suomalaisella nimellä häkäpönttö.

Organisation Todt in Rovaniemi and in Lapland 1941 – 1944.

The Todt Organisation (In German: Organisation Todt, OT) was a Nazi-German civil and military engineering group named after its founder, engineer Fritz Todt. It was founded in 1938. The organization was responsible for all major civil and military engineering projects, both pre-war within Germany and during the war throughout the occupied territories and Finland. OT was not a Nazi Party organisation. The OT personnel was classified as militia. Its German personnel and some of its foreign volunteers had the right to bear arms although they were not combat units. They still rendered the same oath of lifelong personal loyalty to Adolf Hitler as the regular army soldier. The OT also used skilled civilian mechanical labourers and during the war foreign forced labourers and prisoners of war.

The transport facilities for the OT were privided by three originally separate organisations: the NSKK-Transportbrigade Speer, the NSKK-Transportbrigade Todt and the Legion Speer, unified in 1942 under the term the NSKK-Transportgruppe Todt, later known as the Transportkorps Speer. Between 1939 and 1943 emphasis was shifted mainly to military efforts. Fritz Todt himself was named Reich Minister of Armaments and Munitions in 1940. He died in a plane crash on 8 February 1942. Todt was succeeded as Minister of Armaments and Munitions and de facto head of the Organisation Todt by Albert Speer. Both Todt (in 1941) and Speer (in 1943) visited Lapland.

Finland had close ties with Germany during the Second World War, even though there was no formal alliance between them. They were brothers-in-arms between 1941 and 1944. The OT arrived to Finnish Lapland in 1941. Its administrative headquarters were in Rovaniemi. The head of the OT in Finland (Einsatz Finnland) was Generalfrontführer and Oberbaurath August Michahelles until 1944. His successor was Baurath Fritz Autenrieth. The OT’s mission in Finland was to build roads, bridges, shelters, barracks, rest-houses, fortifications and trenches. The OT did have some responsibilities for clearing the roads after heavy falls of snow. It also arranged necessary lorries, omnibuses and other means of transport to carry men and building material.

Rasthaus Vuotso in the Sodankylä area.

In the small village of Vuotso there was the ”Rasthaus Vuotso”, a German resting place for soldiers. Even minister Albert Speer stopped there to have some refreshment in it’s canteen while visiting Lapland. It was built by Organisation Todt. When the German Army left Finland in October 1944, they destroyed almost all of their camps and buildings including Rasthaus Vuotso. Today there is not much to see in this place because the area has been constructed with new buildings.

English summary: The General barrack -building and Eteläranta/Hirttiönniemi area in Rovaniemi.

In the terrain of Hirttiönniemi in Rovaniemi and the surrounding areas of Rantavitikka and Viirinkangas, the Luftwaffe built several camp areas and individual buildings in the areas it rented. It was home to the Air Force Headquarters of the German Northern Army Corps. This Luftgaustab (later: Kommandierender General d. Deutschen Luftwaffe in Finnland) staff area employed hundreds of Luftwaffe personnel and personnel responsible for the construction and maintenance of airports and the construction of the air force. Luftgaustab Finnland's General barrack, a building known as the General log cabin after the war, was erected in Hirttiönniemi. It was built by General Julius Schulz, who took over as Commander of the Luftgaustab after Fritz Mensch in September 1942, as his own spaces of representation and residence. During his stay in Rovaniemi, Schulz lived there until June 1944, when he was replaced by General Willi Harmjanz.


Deutsche Zusammenfassung: Die General Baracke des Luftgaustab Finnland und Eteläranta/Hirttiönniemi Gelände in Rovaniemi.

Im Gelände von Hirttiönniemi in Rovaniemi und den umliegenden Gebieten von Rantavitikka und Viirinkangas errichtete die Luftwaffe mehrere Lagerplätze und einzelne Gebäude in den von ihr gepachteten Gebieten. Es war die Heimat des Luftwaffenhauptquartiers des deutschen Nordarmeekorps. Luftgaustab (später: Kommandierender General d. Deutschen Luftwaffe in Finnland) beschäftigte Hunderte von Mitarbeitern der Luftwaffe und Personal, das für den Bau und die Instandhaltung von Flughäfen und den Bau der Luftwaffe verantwortlich war. Die General Baracke des Luftgaustab Finnland, ein Gebäude, das nach dem Krieg als die General Blockhaus bekannt war, wurde in Hirttiönniemi errichtet. Es wurde von General Julius Schulz, der im September 1942 nach Fritz Mensch als Kommandeur des Luftgaustabs übernahm, als eigene Repräsentations- und Wohnräume erbaut. Während seines Aufenthalts in Rovaniemi lebte Schulz dort bis Juni 1944, als er durch General Willi Harmjanz ersetzt wurde.

Armee-Bekleidungs-Amt 517 in Koskenkylä/Rovaniemi.
During the Continuation War (1941 - 1944) the German Wehrmacht had an Army Clothing Office Depot 517 (Armee Bekleidungs-Amt 517) in Koskenkylä/Kurjenoja area near the Rovaniemi township. It was a rather big camp with lots of barracks and trenches. Depot was a factory and warehouse repairing worn or torn uniforms and other items of clothing like shoes for the German Army in Lapland. There were about 40 - 50 local women working in the factory and in return for work the German Army paid good salaries. There are still some remains of barracks and trenches in the area which is nowadays largely built with new houses.

Organisation Todt area (O.T. Lager Rovaniemi) in the Pirttitie area, Rovaniemi.

The Todt Organisation (In German: Organisation Todt, OT) was a German civil and military engineering group named after its founder, engineer Fritz Todt. It was founded in 1938. The organization was responsible for all major civil and military engineering projects, both pre-war within Germany and during the war throughout the occupied territories and Finland. OT was not a Nazi Party organisation. The OT personnel was classified as militia. Its German personnel and some of its foreign volunteers had the right to bear arms although they were not combat units.

Todt was succeeded as Minister of Armaments and Munitions and de facto head of the Organisation Todt by Albert Speer. Both Todt (in 1941) and Speer (in 1943) visited Lapland and Rovaniemi.

The OT arrived to Finnish Lapland in 1941. Its administrative headquarters were in Rovaniemi’s III district where now are modern roads like Pirttitie and Kotitie and big residential district which was built after the war. The head of the OT in Finland (Einsatz Finnland) was Generalfrontführer and Oberbaurath August Michahelles until 1944. His successor was Baurath Fritz Autenrieth. The OT’s mission in Finland was to build roads, bridges, shelters, barracks, rest-houses, fortifications and trenches.

In the pictures you can see some remnants of the OT barracks that are still in the area. In one of the pictures you can see stairs going to the cellar. Those stairs were cut through the concrete base which you can see on both sides of the stairs. That concrete base was originally made by OT and there is much more of it on that yard under the present ground. As you can see some of their barracks had quite firm concrete bases on that OT headquarters area. The barrack on that sight was about 60 metres long and 10 - 15 metres wide and was probably KFZ Werkstatt.

During the Rovaniemi reconstruction era people used as much as possible existing German bases and building materials. My grandfather built the house which is still standing there. My family lived there until 1965. The stairs to the cellar can no more be seen, because the new owners have built new entrance to the house and it covers those old stairs. Behind that yard there was and still is a ditch made by Germans. In it there were ammunition and other stuff after the war.

Pohjoisen Rantakadun (nykyisen Ounasjoentien 84-86 kohdalla) varrella sen loppupäässä nykyisen urheilukentän ja päiväkodin kohdalla oli kesällä 1942 rakennettu Luftwaffen Standortverwaltungin puuvaraston alue (Holzlagerplatz) ja sen vajoja ja parakkeja. Siellä oli myös saksalaisten tekemä lyhyt lankkutie parakeille.

Kittiläntien ja Pohjoisen Rantakadun (nykyisten Kairatien ja Ounasjoentien) kulmaukseen rakennettiin maaliskuusta 1944 alkaen varastoalue (4 906,7 neliömetriä), jossa oli Sauerstoff-Anlage (happilaitosparakki, n. 10 x 22 metriä), Azetylen-Anlage (asetyleenilaitosparakki, n. 8 x 15 metriä), yksi ajoneuvovaja (n. 10 x 16 metriä) ja yksi asuinparakki (n. 12 x 16 metriä) miehistölle. Yksikkö, joka toimi tällä alueella, oli nimeltään Zug für techn. Gase Nr. 12.

This dissertation discusses the material heritage of the German military presence in Finnish Lapland during the Second World War (WWII), as seen through archaeological and multidisciplinary studies. The Nazi German presence as brothers-in-arms in northern Finland has been a difficult and downplayed issue on multiple levels throughout the post-war decades. This study presents the first wider, problem-oriented and theoretically informed investigation about the archaeologies, materialities and heritage of the German WWII presence. However, even this work barely scratches the surface of this multifaceted subject and sets out future research directions. The experience of WWII in Lapland was different from the war experience elsewhere in Finland. The German troops had the frontal responsibility in Lapland in 1941–1944, and at the height of their military build-up there were more German troops and their multinational prisoners in the area than local inhabitants. After Finland made a cease-fire with the Soviet Union in 1944, a Finno-German Lapland War (1944–1945) broke out between the former brothers-in-arms. Due to the long nation-level downplay of the complex German presence, also the northern Finnish and Sámi war experiences have become side-lined. Accordingly, the German material remains have been treated dismissively as “war junk” littering Lapland’s nature. However, for the locals these were well-known throughout the post-war decades, as active material agents of communal and familial memories, and as part of Lapland’s cultural landscapes. This dissertation has two main focuses. Firstly, I study the Germans’ and their prisoners’ experiences in Lapland during the war through the material remains and archaeological inquiries, and secondly, the ways in which the different stakeholders have signified the traces of war in the post-war decades. The material traces illustrate and highlight in many ways the experiential aspects of the German soldiers’ and their prisoners’ wartime existence in an unfamiliar northern environment. The post-war perceptions of the German material remains underline the social value of these as part of the local long-term heritage and lived-in cultural landscape. Many locals see themselves as custodians of their “own past”, including the WWII legacy, wish to control access and engagement with the sites in their local landscape, and often feel that the authorities neglect their heritage. Thus, the traces of German presence have become one symbol of the continuing north-south confrontations, and the marginalization of the north. These issues tie in with Lapland’s long colonial history. The vast differences in engaging with the German WWII material remains appear to derive from fundamentally different mental templates with which the people perceive the subject and its importance. The people propagating the “clearing” of “war junk” appear to approach the subject, and the landscape, with a “western” gaze, and draw a division between “nature” and “culture” which labels the locals’ historical cultural landscape as a natural wilderness. Conversely, in the northern environmental awareness it is not meaningful to separate “nature” and “culture”, and instead, the landscape and its various layers form a web of relations, which tie together the past, present and future into a cognitively controlled and embodied unity. It appears that the different stakeholders should come to recognize and accept the differing standpoints from which they engage into the discussions, before a fruitful dialogue can be instigated.

Finnish: Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee arkeologisten ja monitieteisten tutkimusten kautta saksalaisten toisen maailmansodan aikaisen sotilaallisen läsnäolon materiaalista kulttuuriperintöä Suomen Lapissa. Natsisaksan joukkojen läsnäolo aseveljinä Pohjois-Suomessa on ollut sodanjälkeisinä vuosikymmeninä vaikea ja vähätelty aihe. Tämä työ on ensimmäinen laaja-alainen, teoreettisesti suuntautunut tutkimus saksalaisjoukkojen materiaalisten jäänteiden arkeologiasta, materiaalisuudesta ja perinnöstä Suomen Lapissa. Tämäkin tutkimus kuitenkin raaputtaa vain hieman tämän monikerroksisen aiheen pintaa ja tarjoaa tulevia tutkimussuuntia. Toisen maailmansodan kokemukset Lapissa erosivat merkittävästi muusta maasta. Saksalaisjoukoilla oli rintamavastuu pohjoisessa 1941–1944 ja enimmillään alueella oli enemmän saksalaisjoukkoja ja heidän monikansallisia vankejaan kuin paikallista väestöä. Suomen tehtyä tulitauon Neuvostoliiton kanssa 1944, entisten liittolaisten välille puhkesi Lapin sota (1944–1945). Koska saksalaisten läsnäoloa on pitkään vältelty kansallisella tasolla, myös pohjoissuomalainen ja saamelainen sotakokemus on jäänyt syrjään. Vastaavasti saksalaisten materiaaliset jäänteitä on usein vähättelevästi nimetty ”sotaromuksi”, joka sotkee Lapin luonnon. Paikallisille nämä jäänteet ovat kuitenkin olleet tunnettuja ja tärkeitä läpi vuosikymmenien osana paikallista kulttuurimaisemaa sekä yhteisöllisten ja yksilöllisten muistojen aktiivisina materiaalisina ilmentyminä. Tällä työllä on kaksi päätarkoitusta. Ensinnäkin tutkin saksalaisten ja heidän vankiensa sodan aikaisia kokemuksia Lapissa materiaalisten jäänteiden ja arkeologisen tutkimuksen avulla. Toisekseen selvitän tapoja, joilla eri yhteisöt ovat merkityksellistäneet näitä jälkiä sodan jälkeen. Materiaaliset jäänteet heijastelevat monilla tavoin saksalaisten ja heidän vankiensa sotakokemuksia vieraassa pohjoisessa ympäristössä. Sodanjälkeiset näkemykset saksalaisjäänteiden merkityksestä alleviivaavat niiden sosiaalista arvoa osana paikallista pitkän aikavälin kulttuuriperintöä ja –maisemaa. Monet paikalliset näkevät itsensä ”oman menneisyytensä” vartijoina ja toivovat voivansa valvoa ulkopuolisten toimintaa sota-aikaisilla kohteilla. Lisäksi he usein kokevat, että viranomaiset ylenkatsovat heidän kulttuuriperintöänsä. Tämän johdosta saksalaisten jäljet maisemassa ovat muodostuneet myös nykyisen Pohjois- ja Etelä-Suomen vastakkainasettelun sekä pohjoisen marginalisoinnin symboleiksi. Nämä näkemykset heijastelevat myös Lapin pitkää kolonialistista historiaa. Erilaiset tavat lähestyä saksalaisten toisen maailmansodan jäänteitä vaikuttavat olevan lähtöisin perustavanlaatuisista eroista maailmankatsomuksessa ja tavassa tulkita maisemaa. ”Sotaromun puhdistamista” kannattavat henkilöt näyttävät lähestyvän aihetta ”länsimaisella” katseella, joka vetää rajan ”luonnon” ja ”kulttuurin” välille. Tämä leimaa samalla paikallisten historiallisen kulttuurimaiseman tyhjäksi, luonnolliseksi erämaaksi. Toisaalta pohjoisessa ympäristötietoisuudessa ei ole mielekästä erotella “luontoa” ja “kulttuuria”. Sen sijaan maisema ja sen eri kerrostumat muodostavat kognitiivisesti kontrolloitujen ja kehollistuneiden suhteiden kokonaisuuden, joka sitoo yhteen menneen, nykyisen ja tulevan. Eri toimijoiden tulisikin tiedostaa ja hyväksyä toistensa eroavat lähtökohdat, ennen kuin he pystyvät rakentavaan keskusteluun aiheesta.

SS-Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler in Finland and Rovaniemi

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was Reichsführer  of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the National Socialist Party (NSDAP) of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Germany and one of the people most directly responsible for the Holocaust.

Himmler visited Finland three times. First visit was 10.2.1941, when he briefly paid a visit to Kolttaköngas to see a church and a Skoltish village. Next visit was in 22.3.-28.3.1942, when he first came to Rovaniemi and visited also Kiestinki. He did not visit Helsinki this time. Third visit was in 29.7.-6.8.1942, which was both  official and vacation. This time he first arrived in Helsinki to see president Risto Ryti and prime minister J.W. Rangell. Himmler wanted to present a list of Finnish Jews to Finnish goverment, so that they could have expelled to Germany but his wishes were blocked.

This article examines photographs illustrating the German war effort
in Finnish Lapland during the Second World War. We will analyze
the German photographic representation of Lapland from the perspective
of how the Germans portrayed and experienced this northern
land, with a focus on Fahrbahn Lappland (Lapland’s Roadway), a
coffee-table book by the German photojournalist Mabre (Max
Martin Brehm). It affords interesting insights into German perceptions
of and engagements with the Far North of the European
world. The photographs in Fahrbahn reflect a sense of dislocation on
the one hand and an attempt to neutralize the physically and mentally
threatening northern wilderness on the other. In addition to
capturing the “spirit” of the German experience of Lapland through
his photographs, Mabre’s work resonates with a dystopian tradition
of representing the North of Europe dating back to the early modern
period and beyond. It presents Lapland as a “blank slate” by distancing
the locals from the view and showing the region as a
virtually unoccupied periphery on the fringe of the modern world.
This can perhaps be understood as making “mental groundwork”
for the anticipated Nazi German rule in the North of Europe after
the war.

The research found a clear picture of Finnish social workers relations with the social media are very much inadequate and insufficient. The ‘fear’, ‘negative media’ feedback, ‘erotic’ nature of social media, ‘typical Finnish’ social worker, and big question of ‘privacy’ and lack of awareness are the responsible factors behind the situation. Social workers ‘positive’ image can be improved with the closer engagement in the social media platforms. This will help to increase the effectiveness of social work practice and improve the client’s wellbeing. For this, a proper guideline of social media use for the professionals is necessary.

The purpose of the study was to find out the relationships among the social media and the social work profession and how those are connected with the client’s wellbeing. Social constructionist theory used as a theoretical perspective.

The interviews and online questionnaire used for data collection and analyzed using content analysis method. In the present context of information society, social workers need to use social media extensively to reduce the ‘stereotyped’ and ‘negative’ media image. Social workers in Finland are also global social worker, because social work profession is global.

The contents starts explaining the technology and social media connectivity and its relation with social work. After this the research process and results of the study analyzed. Later it emphasized on the social construction of media knowledge. Theoretical remarks and discussion are followed by the recommendation and future research at the end.

Recent science studies literature has emphasised that knowledge is generated in transit and through encounters. If this is true, knowledge production will depend on forms and dynamics of hosting and hospitality. Conversely, inhospitable environments prevent encounters and decrease possibilities for the building of knowledge. Using results from a research project on Carl Linnaeus’s Laplandic Journey (Iter lapponicum, 1732), we address the relationship between frameworks of hospitability and knowledge construction. Lapland, or Sápmi, was in the process of being colonized by the emerging Swedish nation state when Linnaeus travelled. While in later reports Linnaeus created an image of Sápmi as uninhabited and uncultivated, waiting to be explored and exploited, his journal of the journey documents numerous encounters with state and church officials as well as reindeer herders, fishermen, settler farmers, and women with medicinal knowledge, many of whom were Sámi, on whose expertise, guidance and hospitality he depended.

In this article we examine a popularly-oriented Finnish wartime photographic book, Suomi kuvina. Das ist Suomi. Finnland in Bild und Wort, from 1943, which introduced Finland – its landscapes, culture and people – for a German target audience. We analyze the choices of images and captions and explore how the familiar visual tendencies were both changed and maintained during the war, for instance, through the representation of landscapes and gender. Although the book appears to be a coherent description of an idealized nation, a minute detail in one photograph reveals underlying tensions that challenge the discourse of a nation unified by war.

In this paper we present ongoing geoarchaeological research of Sámi reindeer pastoralist
campsites. The discussion is based on three case study sites situated at the Lake Gilbbesjávri region (Finland) in northern Sápmi. All the sites are historical-period reindeer herder camps, likely used as temporary summer encampments by the nomadic herders in the 17th–19th centuries. The sites were prospected with systematic soil sampling and geoarchaeological analyses, which have been previously successfully applied in the study of Sámi habitation sites on both intrasite and intra-dwelling levels. The changes in the soil phosphate, pH and electric conductivity values were analysed and interpreted based on ethnographic analogies. These allow insight into the outwardly invisible taskscapes and spatialities of the herders and their animals at the campsites. The different geoarchaeological factors highlight differing aspects of the use of space at the historical Sámi reindeer pastoralist campsites, such as potential reindeer corralling areas, and provide comparative material for the analyses of prehistoric Sámi hunter-gatherer-herder sites.

Finnish Lapland lies on the northernmost shore of Europe by the Arctic Ocean. It is part of Sápmi, the transnational homeland of Europe’s only indigenous people, the Sámi, stretching across parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. For outsiders, this barren Arctic land can easily appears an empty and uninhabited northern wilderness. However, for the locals it is an ancestral historical landscape and lifeworld imbued with centuries-old meanings and understandings. For the Sámi, people, animals and inanimate entities coexist within the landscape in mutually reciprocal, respectful and interconnected relationships. Despite some recent encouraging developments, such as ongoing repatriation of Sámi human remains and materials from museums and collections, the Sámi perspectives on landscape and heritage have often been neglected and erased by the dominant (and biased) southern perceptions as part of an ongoing colonial process. In this paper we assess the Second World War German materialities and landscapes of the Arctic front and discuss how idiosyncratic Northern environmental perceptions have affected, and continue to affect, the local views on this legacy. Firstly, we briefly present the Second World War history of Finnish Lapland and its material heritage. We focus on one Prisoner of War camp site as an example to which we tie various perspectives on Second World War memory and materiality. We then discuss the indigenous Northern environmental perception and how it colours the local understandings of the importance of wartime legacy. Finally, we explore questions of heritage ownership, custodianship and the generation of transgenerational memories, drawing on the perspectives presented to us by Sámi interviewees in different parts of Sápmi, mostly in the Anár (Inari) and Soađegilli (Sodankylä) areas but also in Gilbbesjávri, Eanodat (Kilpisjärvi, Enontekiö)ii. These provide a Northern perspective on the ongoing international discussions on these broader themes of conflict heritage and landscapes of war.

POW camp in Ropsajoki, Rovaniemi

Most likely a German Prisoner of War camp for Russians was located down by the river Ropsa during the Continuation War. The camp was made for logging of trees and was at that time situated in the wilderness faraway from any local villages. It is not known how long time the camp existed because I have not found any references of it in German archives. There were probably about 30 – 50 prisoners working there. There are some remains like stoves visible and you can find traces of barracks and diggins but mostly they are under the turf. The camp area is heavily overgrown.

The Kola Peninsula and Russian Lapland (Murmansk Oblast, northwest Arctic Russia) represents a major sector of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) where empirical geomorphological, sedimentological, and chronological data are lacking and thus, where the pattern, style, and timing of glaciation is not well established. In this study, we present a critical review of published empirical data and interpretations of Late Weichselian (c. 40e10 ka) glaciation for the region. The review includes, for the first time, information published in Russian-language journal articles (n ¼ 37), and is accompanied by a new Geographic Information System (GIS) numerical age database (spanning 472.3e6.2 ka) that collates known published numerical dates associated with the advance and retreat of the FIS in the study area. Our review suggests that an ice mass existed over the Kola Peninsula and Russian Lapland during the Early-Middle Weichselian (c. 115e40 ka), and likely retreated during the Ålesund interstadial (c. 38e34 ka). During the Late Weichselian, it is likely that the FIS advanced eastwards across Russian Lapland and the Kola Peninsula, establishing the White Sea Ice Stream before the local-Last Glacial Maximum (c. 19 e15 ka). Through an evaluation of the existing Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (c. 20e10 ka) glaciation models for the region, we propose that the Kola Peninsula and Russian Lapland was deglaciated by the FIS, rather than the Ponoy Ice Cap or the Kara Sea Ice Sheet. In collating, discussing, and critically evaluating empirical data and interpretations, this paper provides a valuable resource to inform FIS dynamics at both a regional-and ice sheet-scale, and offers a framework through which numerical ice sheet models can be constrained. Precise FIS dynamics on the Kola Peninsula and Russian Lapland, including the position of the Younger Dryas ice marginal zone, remain unclear due to low-resolution geomorphological data. In concluding, we recommend that further work is needed in the form of a revised glacial reconstruction using high-resolution, peninsula-wide geomorphological data.

This article examines the biography of a dual-heritage descendant of a Norwegian settler and indigenous Sámi on the Kola Peninsula in north-west Russia, whose parents became victims of Stalin’s terror. Analysing personal experience with oral history methods reveals that the protagonists were trying to shape actively their own and their fellows’ fates. This challenges the common script of passive victims within a totalitarian state. The narrator’s emphasis on agency as well as her humanising of state representatives are discussed as ways of giving meaning to her family’s history and strategies for coping with traumatic childhood events.

This article examines mechanisms of marginalization in the monocultural setting of Finland in the early 1990s through the case of the multinational Iriadamant "lifestyle Indians". The Iriadamant imitated Native Americans in appearance, and the "tribe" settled in Finnish Lapland to experiment with a non-consumerist ecological and spiritual way of living off-grid. We examine how this community was perceived in Finland and assess how Finnish perceptions of Iriadamant otherness and marginality were anchored on material culture and material practices. Furthermore, we discuss how the marginalization of the Iriadamant resonated and was intertwined with the marginalization and exoticization of Lapland, which is part of the ancestral homelands of the indigenous Sámi and has for centuries been seen as an enchanted land of natural and supernatural wonders. We consider marginality and marginalization in the context of the Iriadamant in Lapland through more specific issues of identity/indigeneity, ecology and spirituality.

Airbnb es el ejemplo más destacado de la economía colaborativa en el turismo. Su auge en los últimos años es sólo comparable al de la propia implantación de Internet en el sector. La mayoría de estudios previos se han centrado en su impacto en el sector hotelero del entorno urbano dejando de lado el ámbito rural. El presente trabajo analiza este impacto en un destino rural emergente como el de Enontekiö, en el Ártico Finlandés. Los resultados evidencian que existe una incipiente relación positiva entre el auge de Airbnb y el desarrollo de la industria turística en un entorno rural, al incrementarse el número de turistas así como la oferta y rentabilidad de empresas del subsector turístico de actividades y transporte. A diferencia de resultados en investigaciones anteriores desarrolladas en grandes metrópolis y entornos urbanos, en las áreas rurales Airbnb compite con un segmento hotelero de calidad superior y la dispersión geográfica de los hoteles reduce la competencia entre hoteles y alquileres de Airbnb.

"Do people who live with a river also think like a river? Does everyday and professional engagement with a flowing stream resonate with ways of understanding social and ecological relationships in terms of flows? This thesis explores in what ways Kemi River dwellers, in the Finnish province of Lapland, use and have used the waters of their home river, and how their skills and experiences are reflected in their conceptualisation of the riverine world.

Based on a year of ethnographic fieldwork, I portray river dwellers’ relations with the Kemi, focusing on practices and narratives and how the flow of water and other matter figures in them. Having undergone radical transformation over the course of people’s lives, the river is tightly interwoven with personal biographies. An environmental history reveals how people and stream have mutually shaped each other for a long time and continue to do so today. Even orientation and topology in the area reflect the layout and flow of the river.

I focus on three activities, fishing, transport and hydroelectricity generation, that have been and are of central significance for the relations of river dwellers and the Kemi River. Fishing, formerly the major political-economic river use but economically marginal today, continues to provide a significant way of engaging with and coming to know the river. Boating has radically changed with damming, mechanisation and the displacement of travel and transport to the roads, and presently constitutes a way of performing one’s belonging to the Kemi, in terms of both “understanding” its waters and claiming them politically. Similarly, timber transport has recently shifted from the river to the roads, though the memories of large-scale floating operations are still prominent in river dwellers’ stories and the riverine landscape. The roads, in turn, provide transport arteries quite different from the river, but do share some characteristics with it, such as a dependence on weather conditions. Finally, hydroelectricity infrastructure widely transformed the river dwellers’ world and introduced a powerful technology negotiating water flows, electricity markets and inhabitants’ sensibilities.

Scrutinising these practices and narratives reveals profoundly rhythmic patterns in the river dwellers’ activities, the river’s dynamics and the world around. The annual course of the seasons and weekly and daily rhythms of discharge, temperature, work and other patterns, make the river dwellers’ world an ever-transforming phenomenon. Life on the river emerges as the ongoing articulation of these manifold rhythms, shaping and being shaped by their interaction. The flows of life and the frictions of everyday encounter continually make and remake the river and its inhabitants, negotiating national strategies, economic power, river dweller ingenuity, and the currents of the Kemi River."