Maluku

La figura di Esteban de Alcázar è quella di un classico soldato spagnolo degli anni
tra la fine del Cinquecento e l'inizio del Seicento secolo. Nelle mie ricerche l'ho trovato nelle Molucche fin dalla conquista del Ternate nel 1606. In questo studio ho cercato di ricostruire i fatti salienti della sua vita.

Excerpt from the book: Gli spagnoli nelle isole Molucche (1521-1663/1671-1677). La storia della presenza spagnola nelle isole della spezie - Ramerini Marco

https://www.colonialvoyage.com/esteban-de-alcazar-un-soldato-al-servizio-del-re-di-spagna-in-europa-alle-filippine-e-alle-molucche/

Esteban de Alcázar, a soldier in the service of the king of Spain in Europe, the Philippines and the Moluccas

Esteban de Alcázar, militar al servicio del rey de España en Europa, Filipinas y Molucas

In the Northeast Halmaheran languages (Tobelo, Galela, Sahu, Modole, Pagu, and Tabaru) all nouns are immediately preceded by an article o or ma. These articles co-occur freely with other nominal morphology, with the exceptions of first and second person possessive pronouns. Since they occur on all nouns, both articles can function as ligatures within the noun phrases, particularly within possessive constructions and possessive-like attributive constructions. On simple nouns the function of the articles is less clear. This paper draws on a quantitative analysis of Tobelo narrative texts to argue that the articles function as markers of dependency relations in discourse. The article o is the default article used new or unimportant referents, while the article ma signals a dependency relationship between the following noun and another discourse entity, which may or may not be explicitly mentioned. This notion of discourse dependency not only confirms the intuition of early twentieth century observers but also helps to explain apparent head shift phenomena in complex noun phrases. This paper concludes with a discussion of relationship between Northeast ma and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma, suggesting a possible additional path of contact between North Halmaheran languages and neighboring Austronesian languages.

De Sarekat Ambon en de politieke organisatie van de Ambonese bevolkingsgroep in relatie tot de nationalistische beweging in het voormalige Nederlands-Indië tijdens de periode van omstreeks 1900 tot 1942.

The Sarekat Ambon and the political organization of the Ambonese population group in relation to the nationalist movement in the former Dutch East Indies during the period from around 1900 to 1942.

Kepulauan Maluku dikenal dunia sebagai tempat produksi, jalur, dan tujuan pencarian rempah oleh negara-negara Eropa pada periode perdagangan masa lampau. Beberapa negara seperti Portugis, Spanyol, Belanda, dan Inggris telah memberi pengaruh perkembangan peradaban di Kepulauan Maluku. Beberapa penelitian di situs-situs bekas kerajaan Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, Jailolo, dan bekas tempat kekuasaan lokal Orang Kaya di Banda telah memberi gambaran potensi sumberdaya budaya dan arti penting situs-situs itu bagi sejarah Nusantara. Belum semua informasi atau data yang diperoleh langsung dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan masyarakat yang lebih luas dengan berbagai media komunikasi. Untuk itu diharapkan data dan informasi yang ada dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan berbagai hal. Metodenya dengan memperlihatkan nilai penting dari hasil penelitian situs dan tinggalannya serta memberikan berbagai bentuk pemanfaatannya. Hasil pemanfaatannya antara lain melalui media penyaluran informasi publikasi, pengeluaran peraturan/ kebijakan, tata lingkungan, pengembangan wisata, program pendidikan, pengembangan konsep baru, pengembangan museum. Regulasi yang lebih membuka peluang peran publik dalam pengelolaan dan penyajian benda budaya juga masih perlu dikembangkan.Termasuk di dalamnya peningkatan berbagai bentuk program pameran, pendidikan, dan event yang lebih berorientasi kepada masyarakat.

Abstract. Archaeological Potency of Maluku Islands and Its Utilitations.

Maluku islands is known to the world, especially European countries, as a producer, part of trade route, and destination of spices during the trade period in the past. Some countries such as Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom have influenced the development of civilization in the Maluku islands. Several studies on the sites of the former kingdoms of Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, Jailolo, and the former site of the local authority of the rich society in Banda has given an overview of cultural resource potential and importance of the sites for the history of the archipelago. Not all the information or data obtained can be utilized directly for the benefit of the wider community with diverse communication media. Therefore it is hoped that the available data and information can be utilized for various purposes by showing their important values of sites and their finds as well as the variety of proper uses, among others publications, issuance of regulations/policies, environmental management, tourism development, educational programs, development of new concepts, or establishing and improving museums. Regulations that provide more opportunity for public involvement in management and display of cultural heritage items – such as exhibitions, education, and events that are more community-oriented – also need to be made.

The Spanish remained on Ternate for 57 years, from 1606 until 1663 (although on the island of Siau, a very small Spanish garrison remained from 1671 to 1677). The Spanish also occupied a few smaller spice islands as well. This period was characterized by continuous fighting against the Dutch, who nearly always had the upper hand at sea and better arms as well as more soldiers and ships. For most of the period the Spaniards had a faithful ally in the sultan of Tidore, while the Dutch had the same in that of Ternate.

Excerpt from the book: I forti spagnoli nelle isole Molucche. Ternate e Tidore: Le isole delle spezie - Ramerini Marco

https://www.colonialvoyage.com/spanish-presence-moluccas-ternate-tidore/

Los españoles permanecieron en Ternate durante 57 años, desde 1606 hasta 1663 (aunque en la isla de Siau permaneció una guarnición española muy pequeña desde 1671 hasta 1677). Los españoles también ocuparon algunas islas de especias más pequeñas. Este período se caracterizó por la continua lucha contra los holandeses, que casi siempre tenían la ventaja en el mar y mejores armas, así como más soldados y barcos. Durante la mayor parte del período los españoles tuvieron un fiel aliado en el sultán de Tidore, mientras que los holandeses tuvieron lo mismo en el de Ternate.

More than five hundred folio pages of François Valentyn’s multivolume description of the trading empire of the Dutch East India Company, Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën (Old and New East Indies, 1724-1726, five thousand pages in toto), are devoted to the natural history of Amboina. This essay contends that Valentyn’s nature description is not the work of a field naturalist, but rather of a scholar ordering and repackaging existing information, which was already available in a different textual format and in drawings. While the focus of this essay is on Valentyn’s compilation strategy, which targeted a non-expert readership of ‘liefhebbers’, the role of indigenous knowledge in his nature description is also discussed, arguing that it was generally subordinated to a European perspective in Valentyn’s book.

This is P.M. Taylor's edited and annotated translation of "Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate", by F.S.A. de Clercq. (Original Dutch: "Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate". Leiden:  E.J. Brill, 1890.) Edited witn an "Introduction," "Notes on Transcription and Translation," and annotations by Paul M. Taylor; translated by Paul Michael Taylor and Marie N. Richards.
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The publication of this edited volume will help alleciate the paucity of source materials available in English on this historially important region. This book, first published in 1890, also serves as a well-written example of gentlemanly scholarship by a Dutch colonial civil servant of the time. The author was a truly involved and active amateur in the best sense (and the etymological sense) of that term: he loved his subject-matter. He also cared deeply for the success of the colonial enterprise. He presents a vivid and informative account of court life at the historic sultanate of Ternate, joined to a travelogue about the far-flung dependencies of the sultanate, as told by a witty and opinionated observer with many interests -- who happened also to be the "Resident" or supreme local representative of the colonial government. This translation tries to convey the detailed data de Clercq presents while also preserving the pungent style with which he leads the reader on this tour of his Residency.

"Beyond the Java Sea" explores the traditional art of eight regions in the so-called outer islands: Nias, the Batak and the Lampung regions of Sumatra, Sulawesi (Celebes), Kalimantan, the Lesser Sundas (Nusa Tenggara), the South-east Moluccas, and Irian Jaya (West Irian). Relatively unknown in the West, the outer islands include all of Indonesia's islands except Java (including nearby Madura) and Bali, the better-known inner islands that border the Java sea.

Through the chapters of this book, the reader will travel from Nias in the far west to Irian Jaya in the east, encountering artworks that are exemplars of indigenous Indonesian aesthetics as well as masterpieces as defined by a Western collector's aesthetic. These works and the accompanying discussions will also introduce the peoples who produce them. Throughout this region, art links village life with the supernatural; it honors ancestors, cements alliances, affirms political power, social rank and kin relationships, and, of course, it simultaneously surrounds with beauty the peoples who create it. Yet each regional style presents topics and problems peculiar to it. The format of this presentation will allow readers to understand the similarity as well as the diversity, finding in the art of each region recurring themes and styles that reflect the closely related histories of the peoples and the similar purposes for which all Indonesians create art.
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Note:  Book is out of print; available from used-book dealers, e.g.:

https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?sts=t&cm_sp=SearchF-_-home-_-Results&an=taylor&tn=beyond+the+java+sea&kn=&isbn=

"This book offers annotated translations of documents touching on Dutch admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge and his voyage to Asia between 1605 and 1608. These translations are aimed at a contemporary English-speaking Asian readership interested in the early modern history of European trade, warfare and expansion in Southeast Asia with a focus on Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Researchers specialising in early European colonialism, international law, international relations, security studies, and diplomatic history will also find that the documents translated in this volume offer new and unfamiliar perspectives. Materlieff’s business acumen, military and diplomataic prowess as well as his vision of empire all have implications for examining not only European expansion into Southeast Asia, but also into other regions at large, including especially south Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Admiral Matelieff was a director of the Rotterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) formed in 1602. He was appointed fleet commander on one of the company’s first voyages to Asia. Matelieff’s mission was both commercial and military: he launched a major sea-borne attack on the Portuguese colony of Melaka, arranged for the signing of treaties with the rulers of Johor, Aceh and Ternate, and founded the first Dutch fort on the island of Ternate. His endeavours, however, to open the Chinese market for the Dutch company proved unsuccessful.
Following his return to the Dutch Republic in September 1608, Matelieff penned a series of memorials and letters. In these he advanced recommendations for changing the way the company organized its fleets and conducted business. More importantly he offered  his Dutch contemporaries a vision of empire in Asia. The materials contained in this volume offer important observations of a perceptive analyst who was also determined to grasp the political and economic structures of Asia, and also of inter-state relations in across this vast region. At a time of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, French and English engagement in Southeast Asia, Matelieff sought to critically assess and strategize on the ways in which Europeans were increasingly engaging with Asian polities and their rulers.

This book will be released for sale in Australasia and Europe in June 2014 and available in the Americas after September 2014
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Fam(Family Name) atau Marga, merupakan tatanan adat-istiadat atau tradisi kebudayaan komuniti Etnis Alifuru di kepulauan Maluku. Tersebut juga Mata-Rumah(Luma-taun) bagi satu kesatuan keluarga besar sekelompok orang dalam satu garis keturunan yang sama atau sedarah (genealogis) dari garis keturunan ayah(laki-laki)-patrilineal. Hampir semua nama fam yang dikenal di Kepulauan Maluku (Provinsi Maluku dan Provinsi Maluku Utara) dapat diidentifikasi asal-usulnya tetapi belum sampai diklasifikasi. Klasifikasi fam perlu, guna membedakan antara fam beretnis Alifuru,  dan yang bukan. "Fam atau marga adalah identitas diri yang menunjukan dan menjadi bukti mengetahui suatu garis keturunan sebuah keluarga sedarah atau bukan, serta sejarah asal-usulnya. Di dalam daftar di bawah ini, terdapat juga fam yang bukan dari garis keturunan "asli" atau sedarah yang disebut "arken" atau Lele'e uma taun(sebutan menurut bahasa Tana-Alifuru, atau Bahasa Ibu Alifuru), yaitu bersandar(menggunakan) fam atau matarumah dari garis keturunan Ibu(Matrilineal) maupun berasal dari matarumah orang lain. Selain itu, terdapat fam yang terakulturasi kebudayaan Alifuru.

Penelitian ini bertujuan membuktikan ragamnya akan nilai bentuk solidaritas yang menjadi kearifan lokal, yang mengikat  keragamaan yang ada di Maluku, dipadukan dengan konsep nilai solidaritas dalam Islam. Penelitian ini berjenis library research dengan menggunakan analisis ini (content analysis). Hasil yang diperoleh menyatakan ada 5 nilai yang terdapat dalam kearifan lokal Maluku, dan 5 nilai yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an dan Hadis, kearifan lokal Maluku yaitu 1. Limuk limor kweunun kweanam artinya susah senang sama-sama menolong, 2. Potong kuku rasa di daging artinya menghina seseorang dalam persekutuan, 3. Biar barutang tambah bagade tar ilang kecuali artinya sama dengan menghina semua anggota persekutuan, 4. Sagu salempeng pata dua artinya dalam keadaan susah bagaimanapun tetap saling membantu, 5. Tidur satu bantal makang satu piring artinya biar hidup susah harus saling menolong Adanya ikatan persatuan dan kearifan lokal Islam yaitu 1. Bagaikan sebatang tubuh artinya setiap muslim sangat berkasih sayang dan cinta mencaintai, 2. Bagaikan sebuah bangunan artinya setiap muslim saling tolong-menolong, 3. Bagaikan Sebuah cerminan  artinya setiap muslim merupakan gambaran atau contoh bagi muslim yang lain, 4. Berpegang pada tali agama, setiap muslim mempunyai persatuan dengan satu tauhid, 5. Orang mukmin bersaudara artinya setiap muslim memiliki rasa memiliki antara satu dengan yang lain.

This 18-page color-illustrated "mini-catalog" was produced in 1993 by the Australian Museum (Sydney), and distributed only at the two Australian venues of the Smithsonian exhibition "Beyond the Java Sea: Art of Indonesia's Outer Islands": the Australian Museum (Sydney, March 6 - May 30, 1993) and the Queensland Museum (Brisbane, July 1 - Sept. 30, 1993). These were the last two venues of this exhibition, after a successful tour in the USA, the Netherlands, and Indonesia. This booklet reflects the exhibition's exploration of the traditional art of eight regions in Indonesia's so-called outer islands: Nias, the Batak and the Lampung regions of Sumatra, Sulawesi (Celebes), Kalimantan, the Lesser Sundas, the Southeast Moluccas, and Irian Jaya, as well as a special section on outer-island courts.

This booklet (monograph) is now seldom found, and there are only around a half-dozen copies in major research libraries. Another version of this text, with slightly different illustrations and without the Foreword by Des Griffith (Director, the Australian Museum), was published in "Crafts Art International" (Sydney, Issue 27, pp. 41 - 56, see among "Papers" on this Academia.edu page).

PLEASE NOTE: This is drawn from -- but should not be confused with -- the much larger catalog of this exhibition (also available here on Academia.edu) with the full title "Beyond the Java Sea: Art of Indonesia's Outer Islands" (1991, 319 pp.; 435 illus. (incl. 181 color plates), maps, bibliography),

Masalah terbesar yang ada di Maluku adalah terkait masalah pendidikan. Ini menjadi persoalan paling mendasar di Maluku. Jika kualitas pendidikan baik, maka baik pula Sumber Daya Manusia. Pendidikan merupakan salah satu modal penting dalam membangun masyarakat ke arah pencapaian cita-cita dan tujuan bangsa Indoesia........................

This ethnographic study of folk biology among the Tobelo (a West Papuan-speaking ethnic group of Halmahera Island, Maluku, Indonesia) outlines local cultural presumptions about classifying flora and fauna, describes the system of folk biological nomenclature in terms consistent with the morphology and syntax of the Tobelo language, and analyzes the local system of folk classification within a posited semantic domain of "biotic forms."
    In the local linguistic context, dialectal differences, multilingualism, an apparently strict in-law name taboo, and particular speech registers for which Tobelo consider their own language inappropriate are shown to affect word formation, the adoption of foreign plant and animal names, and other aspects of ethnobiological classification. Culturally, the belief that names for plants and animals were set down by ancestors vastly more familiar with local biota than are their descendants, the notion that there is a "proper" name for virtually all easily visible plants and animals, and that much knowledge is and should remain esoteric, justify several alternative ways in which the Tobelo may reconcile individual or dialectal variation to determine "proper" details of classification consistent with these presumptions.
    Nomenclature is considered in detail. The importance of recognizing the lexemic status of homonymous and polysemous terms is illustrated; and means of recognizing lexemes having the same form as non-lexemic expressions are detailed. A morphosyntactic classification of lexemic types is here applied to the formation of terms in this domain.
    Unlabeled classes within this semantic domain (including the highest-level class BIOTIC FORM) are posited, and new methods are presented for determining and evaluating such "covert categories." A critique of other procedures based on perceived similarities among plants and animals shows that the only local cultural significance of those classes may be their sudden appearance as a result of tests designed to find them, that similarities observed may not be those used in hierarchically relating folk taxa, and that such classes do not in any case belong in a linguistic description. From a systematic review of Tobelo lexemes it is possible to avoid these difficulties.
    The analysis of Tobelo folk biological classification (the system of semantic relations among usually lexically labeled classes) provides various types of evidence for the distinctiveness of a "basic" level, and details methods for distinguishing basic terms. Taxonomic relations order the set of hierarchically related folk classes into eleven levels: the widest or "basic" level, along with six above and four below. on-"regular" elements of this folk taxonomy include nonsymmetric and disjunctive contrast, "residue" of higher-level classes, ambiguous subclass-superclass relations, and dual structural positions of a single class in the overall hierarchic structure.
    Also analyzed are other types of semantic relations among folk classes, including a 'mother'-'child' relation among FAUN AL FORMS, crosscutting and intersecting subclasses of the basic class, and classification by growth stage and size. The Tobelo are able to use these methods of classifying local fauna and flora to justify the observed differences among themselves (or among Tobelo dialects) in how they classify the same plants and animals. They even sometimes use this classificatory system to productively predict the existence of plants and
animals that have not yet been observed, much as our chemists once used the Periodic Table of the Elements to predict the existence of elements that had not been observed.
    Detailed folk classificatory, nomenclatural, and systematic botanical and zoological information for all recorded BIOTIC FORMS is given in the appendixes, which are based upon extensive collections of Halmaheran terrestrial and marine animals and plants, along with their associated ethnographic information.

Abstrak: Konflik Maluku 1999 merupakan salah satu peristiwa terpenting dalam sejarah Republik Indonesia selepas jatuhnya Orde Baru. Peristiwa konflik kemanusiaan yang bernuansa SARA ini membawa dampak yang sangat buruk terhadap kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, bukan hanya pada tataran lokal melainkan juga pada tataran nasional. Selain korban nyawa dan harta benda yang tidak terhitung banyaknya, berbagai tradisi lokal yang berakar pada nilai-nilai persaudaraan dan perdamaian menjadi tercederai sehingga membutuhkan waktu cukup lama untuk memulihkan kehidupan masyarakat yang porak-poranda. Dalam situasi demikian, sastra lokal, terutama sekali puisi, telah menjadi wahana mediasi dan resolusi konflik. Pada saat ekskalasi konflik mengalami kenaikan cukup tajam, kesadaran personal yang digerakkan oleh literasi kesastraan pun meningkat dan menjadi titik permulaan munculnya kesadaran kolektif akan identitas ke-Maluku-an, yang pada akhirnya memberikan dampak positif terhadap upaya-upaya perdamaian. Momentum tersebut telah menggeliatkan etos sastrawi, melahirkan banyak sastrawan berbakat yang produktif menulis di sepanjang periode ini, sekaligus memecahkan kebuntuan sastra lokal Maluku oleh karena tradisi lisan yang dominan, marjinalisasi, kesenjangan dan ketimpangan edukasi dan literasi, dan lain-lain. Makalah ini akan membentangkan refleksi sekaligus napak tilas perjalanan sastra lokal di Maluku pascakonflik 1999 dengan memadukan pendekatan reseptif, historiografi, dan dibingkai dengan konsep-konsep identitas yang relevan. Simpulan penting makalah ini yakn mendorong realitas ini dikemukakan sebagai peristiwa sastra yang penting, baik pada konstruksi sejarah sastra Indonesia maupun sastra lokal di Maluku. Pada sisi lain, dapat merefleksikan kesanggupan kesadaran identitas yang dikonstruksikan dalam karya sastra untuk menjalankan fungsi sebagai wahana perdamaian bangsa melalui praksis perumusan kebijakan yang sesuai bagi pembangunan Maluku dan Indonesia yang berbudaya, berkeadaban, dan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai persatuan.

Bencana alam adalah fenomena yang senantiasa melekat dengan Kepulauan Indonesia sebagai suatu kawasan. Gempa bumi, aktivitas vulkanik hingga banjir telah menjadi pengalaman periodik dalam kehidupan masyarakat di wilayah ini. Karakteristik geografis Indonesia yang berada pada pertemuan lempeng-lempeng aktif serta bagian dari mata rantai vulkanis global adalah faktor natural yang membuat kepulauan ini rentan bencana. Tak heran selama satu dekade terakhir saja beberapa bencana besar telah terjadi. Studi sejarah budaya juga mencatat tentang fenomena bencana alam pada masa lalu di Nusantara. Ada yang memiliki dampak minim, namun ada juga yang berakibat hilangnya peradaban. Sebagai bagian dari himpunan luas pulau-pulau di sudut tenggara Asia, Kepulauan Maluku dihadapkan pada situasi serupa.Wilayah ini juga rentan terhadap bencana alam. Dengan karakteristik wilayah yang juga arsipelagik, Kepulauan Maluku menjadi saksi atas aktivitas alam yang terjadi di masa lalu. Tulisan ini mencoba mengamati fenomena bencana alam pada masa lalu di wilayah Kepulauan Maluku dari sudut pandang arkeologi dan kajian sejarah budaya.Studi pustaka dipilih sebagai pendekatan dalam kajian ini. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa bencana alam telah menjadi fenomena yang melekat dengan perkembangan sejarah budaya di Maluku. Beberapa di antara bencana masa lalu tersebut bahkan menjadi faktor kunci dalam proses sejarah budaya di wilayah ini. Diharapkan kajian pada tahap mula ini dapat menjadi sumbangan pemikiran arkeologi dan kajian sejarah budaya dalam pengembangan model mitigasi bencana alam di Maluku.

Abstract. Natural Disaster in The Past in The Islands of Moluccas: The Knowledge and Development For Archaeological Studies.

Natural Disaster is a phenomenon that is a part of Indonesia's regional characteristics. Earthquakes, volcanic activities, and floods are periodical experiences for the people living on these islands. The geographical characteristics of Indonesia that is located in the collision area of active plates, and is part of global volcanic chains are the natural factors that make this region vulnerable to natural disasters. Hence, during the last decade alone a number of major natural disasters have occurred. Cultural historical studies of the region also recorded natural disaster phenomena in the past. Most of the events might have minor impacts, but several natural disasters of the past have resulted in loss of civilizations. As part of the vast groups of islands at the corner of the Southeast Asia Archipelago, the Moluccas faces similar situation. This region is vulnerable to natural disasters. Geographically constructed as an archipelagic region, the Moluccas had witnessed a number of disaster events in the past. This article tries to discuss the natural disaster phenomena in the Moluccas by framing the issue in the archaeological and cultural historical perspectives. Bibliographical study has been adopted as an approach in this research. This study found that natural disasters have become an inherent element in the cultural historical development of the region. Furthermore, several past events have become the key factors in the cultural historical process of the islands. It is expected that this preliminary research will positively contribute to the development of natural disaster mitigation model in the Moluccas.

Excerpt from the book: Gli spagnoli nelle isole Molucche (1521-1663/1671-1677). La storia della presenza spagnola nelle isole della spezie - Ramerini Marco

THIS IS THE ORIGINAL VERSION IN ITALIAN
The history of the Spanish presence in the spice islands. The Spaniards in the Moluccas, 1606-1663 / 1671-1677. The forts and Spanish settlements on the islands of Ternate and Tidore, Moluccas, Indonesia.
INDEX
1: The first contacts of the Spaniards with the Moluccas
2: The conquest of Ternate
3: The government of Juan de Esquivel, May 1606-March 1609
4: The government of Lucas de Vergara Gabiria, March 1609-February 1610
5: The government of Cristóbal de Azcueta Menchaca, February 1610-March 1612
6: The government of D. Jerónimo de Silva, March 1612-April 1617
7: The government of Lucas de Vergara (Bergara) Gabiria (second term), April 1617-February 1620
8: The government of D. Luis de Bracamonte, February 1620-1623
9: The government of Pedro de Heredia, 1623-1636
10: The government of D. Pedro Muñoz de Carmona y Mendiola, March (?) 1636-January 1640
11: The last Spanish governors of the Moluccas
12: Bibliography

https://www.colonialvoyage.com/i-primi-contatti-degli-spagnoli-con-le-isole-molucche/

La historia de la presencia española en las islas de las especias. Los españoles en las Molucas, 1606-1663 / 1671-1677. Los fuertes y asentamientos españoles en las islas de Ternate y Tidore, Molucas, Indonesia.
ÍNDICE
1: Los primeros contactos de los españoles con las Molucas
2: La conquista de Ternate
3: El gobierno de Juan de Esquivel, mayo de 1606-marzo de 1609
4: El gobierno de Lucas de Vergara Gabiria, marzo de 1609-febrero de 1610
5: El gobierno de Cristóbal de Azcueta Menchaca, febrero de 1610-marzo de 1612
6: El gobierno de D. Jerónimo de Silva, marzo de 1612-abril de 1617
7: El gobierno de Lucas de Vergara (Bergara) Gabiria (segundo mandato), abril 1617-febrero 1620
8: El gobierno de D. Luis de Bracamonte, febrero 1620-1623
9: El gobierno de Pedro de Heredia, 1623-1636
10: El gobierno de D. Pedro Muñoz de Carmona y Mendiola, marzo (?) 1636-enero 1640
11: Los últimos gobernadores españoles de las Molucas
12: Bibliografía

This article is intended as an introduction or an initial study of the history of Maluku's written literature, either syncronic or in diachronic perspective. As an important term, history of literature which use in this article refers to the sequence of literary works, authors, and literary events that have occurred over a long period of time. Those periods of time are spread over European colonialism to the most recent period. The elements linked in this paper are based on the main concept from the formalists called 'the dominant'. The dominant is one of common concept in the history of literature studies, spesifically in formalist literature which sees it as the 'dominant' process of shifting over a period of time. The data and facts in this paper are obtained based on a summary of the written sources and documentation obtained by authors from various other relevant sources through the books survey methods from other experts, in their studies before. Abstrak: Artikel ini dimaksudkan sebagai sebuah pengantar atau suatu penelusuran awal tentang sejarah kesusastraan (sastra tulis) di Maluku, baik secara sikronik maupun secara diakronik. Istilah sejarah sastra yang menjadi istilah kunci dalam artikel ini menunjuk pada deretan karya, pengarang, serta peristiwa-peristiwa sastra yang terjadi dalam rentang waktu yang panjang, sejak masa kolonialisme hingga periode paling mutakhir. Anasir-anasir yang dihubungkan dalam tulisan ini didasarkan pada prinsip kaum formalis the dominant, atau 'yang dominan', yakni konsep sejarah sastra formalis yang memandang sejarah sastra sebagai perubahan yang ditimbulkan melalui proses pergeseran 'yang dominan' tersebut dalam kurun waktu tertentu. Data dan fakta dalam tulisan ini diperoleh berdasarkan rangkuman yang dilakukan terhadap sumber-sumber tertulis dan dokumentasi yang diperoleh penulis dari berbagai sumber lainnya yang relevan melalui metode penelusuran pustaka yang ditulis oleh para ahli dalam studi-studi yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya.

This article deals with the role of the universe and the spirits in the religious syncretism at the Maluku and North Maluku. In the past, these provinces were the understrong influence of colonialism; however, the power of primaeval beliefs showed that the natives were strongly tied to their own traditions, from which they did not want to resign. Despite conversions, animism is still practised by the residents of Maluku, especially around impenetrable territories. Their image of the world put an emphasis on the role of stars and planets in the rituals because they regulated their cyclicality and played a major role in their myths about cosmology. On the other hand, the spirits represented the immaterial world. The aim of the article is to show the influence of the forces of nature and the incomprehensible phenomena which shaped religious syncretism in Eastern Indonesia.

This article considers the millenarian disposition among the Buton of North Seram sub-district, Maluku. Particular focus is paid to how the Buton interpret their inclusion in indigenous cosmologies, given their current precarious and humiliating existence. In Maluku, the Buton have long been regarded as lower-class people, outsiders who are excluded from local cultural schematics and are both socially and legally vulnerable. Instead of simply seeing their aspiration for a new and perfect social order as something springing from their desire to end their predicament, and rather than viewing their belief as something invented for this end, I suggest that the incongruent communication of cosmological tropes is important in the formation of their millenarian framework. The Buton understand the presence of their mythical representations in the indigenous cosmologies as evidence of the original order, which inspires them to believe that the Seram people are concealing the truth and that its revelation will upturn the current oppressive order. For the often referred Seram communities, however, the inclusion of Buton mythical representations is a way of assimilating a powerful, dangerous stranger and perpetuating the wholeness of their cosmology. The emphasis on the productivity of the misunderstanding rather than the creative act of expanding symbolic frameworks helps explain the peculiar relationality which grounds Buton millenarianism.

Nama merupakan predikat identitas suatu obyek. Nama menerangkan dan menjelaskan sesuatu itu apa dan seperti apa. Sesuatu itu dapat dikenal, disamakan atau dibedakan melalui nama. Setiap nama memiliki penjelasan arti, makna, latar belakang sejarah, maupun tujuan. Sebuah nama bisa tidak diganti atau diganti, tergantung kebutuhan, manfaat, dan tujuan. Lain lagi bila pengguna nama yang tertukar, akan diikuti kekeliruan tafsir, selain membebani sejarah bila terdapat kisah kelamnya. Sebagaimana nama Maluku dan Alifuru, dua nama yang dikenal pada satu wilayah geografis yang sama. Maluku mengenalkan kepada istilah wilayah, sedangkan Alifuru menerangkan identitas komuniti pribumi wilayah tersebut. Beberapa sumber yang dijadikan rujukan, menjelaskan perbedaan yang memunculkan pertanyaan, cenderung kontraversial. Masing-masing nama berlatar belakang sejarah yang saling berbeda konteks serta nuansa, tetapi satu dalam peristiwa di kurun waktu yang sama sebelumnya. Era, situasi, dan pola pandang telah berubah, kesesuaian tataguna nama sudah bergeser konteks sehingga kehilangan relevansi obyektifnya.

This research aims to want to shed light on an aspect of the history of the Moluccas islands that is still largely unexplored. Its purpose is to trace through the study of manuscripts and other documents a preliminary framework of the fortifications, the Spanish had built on the island of Tidore, one of the Moluccas, the fabled Spice Islands, during the years 1521-1663.

Excerpt from the book: I forti spagnoli nelle isole Molucche. Ternate e Tidore: Le isole delle spezie - Ramerini Marco

https://www.colonialvoyage.com/le-fortezze-spagnole-nellisola-di-tidore-1521-1663-introduzione/

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo querer arrojar luz sobre un aspecto de la historia de las islas Molucas que aún está en gran parte inexplorado. Su propósito es trazar a través del estudio de manuscritos y otros documentos un marco preliminar de las fortificaciones que los españoles habían construido en la isla de Tidore, una de las Molucas, las legendarias Islas de las Especias, durante los años 1521-1663.

By analysing various conflicts, this book discusses the social, political, economic and legal attributes that are attached to the practice of traditional (communal) marine tenure. Selling the Sea pushes the discourse beyond the conventional approach which looks at marine tenure only as a means of resource management, and offers a more comprehensive understanding of what marine tenure is. For those working in the areas of marine resource management and fisheries, this book is a critical but also complementary reading to the conventional discourse on the issue.

Estudio y edición crítica de la carta de Juan Bautista de Punzorol, maestre de la Trinidad, nao capitana de Fernando de Magallanes, escrita el 21 de diciembre de 1521 desde Tidore (islas Molucas). El original, actualmente en paradero desconocido, llegó a España en la nao Victoria capitaneada por Juan Sebastián Elcano en su viaje de regreso desde las Molucas. Una traducción al italiano fue a parar a la República de Ragusa, donde se hizo otra copia cuya transcripción publicara Eugene Gelcich en 1889 y tradujera al castellano Toribio Medina en 1920. Se ofrecen aquí una nueva transcripción y traducción de ese ejemplar, que arrojan nueva luz sobre la Armada de la Especiería.

Wisata Pulau dan Pantai Ora atau Ora Beach terletak di Pulau Seram, Maluku. Pantai ini disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu surga tersembunyi di Indonesia. Memiliki pasir pantai yang putih bersih dan juga air laut yang jernih membuat banyak wisatawan yang langsung jatuh cinta dengan tempat ini. Karena memiliki sejuta potensi wisata, dalam kesempatan ini saya mencoba mengangkat hal apa saja yang di miliki oleh surga kecil ini. Melihat semua aspek pendukung serta potensi yang dimiliki rasa pantas jika saat saya mengulas perihal wisata Pulau dan Pantai Ora atau Ora Beach semoga dapat menambah wawasan serta pengetahuan anda mengenai kekayaan alam yang di miliki Indonesia. Anda dapat membaca dalam versi bahasa Inggris/English version (klik) Wisata Pulau dan Pantai Ora atau Ora Beach Pantai Ora memiliki latar belakang panorama perbukitan hijau Taman Nasional Manusela dan juga tebing-tebing tinggi, ditambah lagi dengan resort yang berbentuk rumah panggung diatas laut menambah keunikan pantai ini. Dengan air laut jernih tepat dibawah resort ini dan juga jumlah resort yang esklusif yaitu hanya terdapat 7 buah kamar, membuat nuansa yang sangat hening dan juga tenang seakan anda merasa seperti hanya anda yang ada di pantai ini. Keunggulan Pantai Ora memang terletak di kekayaan baharinya, selain memiliki air laut biru dan juga jernih serta mempunyai dunia bawah laut yang belum banyak tersentuh tangan manusia. Oleh karena itu masih terdapat banyak aneka terumbu karang yang masih sangat sehat dan juga biota laut perairan Pantai Ora yang beragam. Anda dapat melakukan kegiatan snorkeling dan juga menyelam untuk menikmati keindahan bawah lautnya. Karena memiliki perairan yang sangat jernih maka anda tidak perlu menyelam terlalu dalam untuk menikmati segala ekosistem bawah lautnya, dimana untuk snorkeling anda hanya cukup dengan kedalaman sekitar 2-3 meter saja anda sudah akan menemukan aneka terumbu karang serta aneka jenis ikan-ikan kecil yang berwarna-warni. Pantai Ora memiliki banyak spot untuk snorkeling dan juga menyelam, diantara spot-spot tersebut ada spot favorite para wisatawan yaitu dimana anda

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1980. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 361-373). Includes appendix: The Tobelorese classification of floral forms (leaves 374-464). Photocopy. University Microfilms No. 8109818. [Abstract published in: Dissertation Abstracts International 41(11):4760-A, May 1981.]

This ethnographic study of folk biology among the Tobelorese [= Tobelo] people (of Halmahera Island, Indonesia) outlines local cultural presumptions about classifying flora and fauna, describes the system of nomenclature in terms consistent with the morphology and syntax of the Tobelorese language, and analyzes the local folk system of classification within a posited semantic domain of "biotic forms".

In the local linguistic context, dialectal differences, multilingualism, an apparently strict in-law name taboo, and particular speech registers for which Tobelorese consider their language inappropriate are shown to affect word formation, the adoption of foreign plant and animal names, and other aspects of ethnobiological classification. Culturally, the belief that names for plants and animals were set down by ancestors vastly more familiar with local biota than are their descendants, the notion that there is a "proper" name for virtually all easily visible plants and animals, and that much knowledge is and should remain esoteric, justify several alternative ways in which Tobelorese may reconcile individual or dialectal variation to determine "proper" details of classification consistent with these presumptions.

Nomenclature is considered in detail. The importance of recognizing the lexemic status of homonymous and polysemous terms is illustrated; and means of recognizing lexemes having the same form as non-lexemic expressions are detailed. A morphosyntactic classification of lexemic types is here applied to the formation of terms in this domain.

Unlabelled Tobelorese folk taxa, including the highest-level class BIOTIC FORM, are posited; and new methods developed for determining and evaluating such covert folk taxa are discussed. A critique of other procedures based on perceived similarities among plants and animals shows that the only local cultural significance of those classes may be their sudden appearance as a result of tests designed to find them, that similarities observed may not be those used in hierarchically relating folk taxa, and that such classes do not in any case belong in a linguistic description.

The analysis of Tobelorese folk biological classification (the system of semantic relations among usually lexically labelled classes) provides various types of evidence for the distinctiveness of a "basic" level, and details methods for distinguishing basic terms. Taxonomic relations order the set of hierarchically related folk classes into eleven levels: the widest or "basic" level, along with six above and four below. Non-"regular" elements of this folk taxonomy include a "residue" of higher-level classes, nonsymmetric and disjunctive contrast, ambiguous subclass-superclass relations, and dual structural positions of a single class in the overall hierarchic structure.

Also analyzed are other types of semantic relations among folk classes, including a 'mother'-'child' relation among FAUNAL FORMS, cross-cutting and intersecting subclasses of the basic class, and classification by growth stage and size.

Detailed folk classificatory, nomenclatural, and systematic botanical information for all recorded FLORAL FORMS is given in an Appendix.

The verbal cross-reference paradigm in the Papuan language Tobelo is here shown to pattern as an active-stative system of grammatical relations, based on an aspectual distinction between dynamic and time-stable predicates. Thus, grammatical relations in Tobelo behave quite differently than those in other split intransitive systems which base verbal cross referencing on semantic properties of the participants. Although Durie (1988, 1994) has found evidence for split intransitive patterns in Acehnese (Austronesian) discourse, evidence from Tobelo narrative discourse studies presented here provides no indication of an active- stative preferred argument structure in Tobelo. The central argument of this thesis is that the observed difference between Tobelo and Acehnese discourse patterns results directly from the lexical semantic structure of the predicates used to introduce new participants in the two languages. Both languages tend to introduce new participants as non-volitional arguments of intransitive verbs. However, due to the differing semantic bases of split intransitivity in the two languages, these non-volitional arguments receive different grammatical coding in each of the two languages. Thus, lexical semantics is responsible both for the apparent correlation between Acehnese grammatical relations and discourse patterns and for the lack of such correlation in Tobelo. This study suggests that lexical semantics plays an important role in mediating preferred argument structure in languages with split intransitive systems of grammatical relations.

"Wallacea, in the extreme south-east corner of Asia, has an extraordinary avifauna. A staggering ten Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) and 67 Important Bird Areas have been identified (Stattersfield et al. 1998, BirdLife International 2004); indeed the region’s exceptional diversity has challenged identification of conservation priorities, including the ordering of on-ground baseline surveys. Field studies have intensified since the 1980s, with discoveries of new bird taxa, numerous rediscoveries, and new natural history data for poorly known species (e.g. Lambert 1998a,b, Rasmussen 1999, Riley & Wardill 2001, Rozendaal & Lambert 1999, Olsen et al. 2002, Indrawan & Somadikarta 2004, Sangster & Rozendaal 2004). Yet the sheer number
of islands (c.13,500) and consequent idiosyncratic spatial distribution of their 260+ (taxonomy dependent) endemic species has, amongst other factors, slowed efforts to evaluate bird species status."

Kebiasaan yang tercipta dan terselenggara oleh suatu komunitas manusia dalam rentang waktu tertentu dalam sejarah kehidupan kemudian diteruskan kepada generasi berikutnya merupakan identitas serta tradisi atau adat istiadat. Menjadi warisan bernilai luhur untuk digunakan mengatur sikap moral dan perilaku, serta dipraktekkan dalam pergaulan dan menjalani kehidupan kemasyarakatan.
Sebagai tatanan nilai, seiring waktu akan diperhadapkan dengan tantangan dan hambatan, bahkan perubahan, yang tercipta dari beragam kepentingan pihak-pihak yang tidak sepaham atau tidak satu haluan dengan kenyataan praktek adat istiadat. Adat sebagai kekayaan dalam kebudayaan, kadang secara sengaja bila tidak dimandulkan maka dibiaskan secara paksa dan sepihak. Berakibat adat kehilangan makna positifnya, karena dijadikan alat menjastifikasi kepentingan kekuasaan politik, sangat mudah karena ada dalam jangkauan regulasi melalui jabatan kekuasaan di pemerintahan.

Kata Kunci ; Kebudayaan, Adat, Negeri Adat, Otonomi Daerah.

'Kinship' and 'marriage', and the relationship between the two, have been central issues in anthropology at least since the time of Lewis Henry Morgan. This is partly because, in anthropological attempts to study 'cultures' or 'societies' holistically, we must seek definable subsystems of social relations which are (1) relevant to the people being studied, and (2) capable of comparison with similar subsystems found around the world. The topic of this article, 'kin, spouses, and in-laws', exemplifies
a cluster of such subsystems of social relations. That is because relations of genealogical connection are probably both universally posited and universally used to allocate social rights and duties (Scheffler 1973:748).

Turning to the specific ethnographic case this article will discuss, I shall first present evidence to show that the Tobelo themselves isolate and consider relevant, for at least some purposes, social relations based on genealogical connection. Thus further analysis is justified in isolating that subsystem (the 'kinship system'), defined as a system of social relations based on genealogical connection. Next, by recognizing and defining the Tobelo institution of marriage (not always an easy task, as early missionaries reported and as we shall see below), we can include in our analysis two other kinds of social relations: the spouse, and the in-laws (the latter being defined as the kin of one's spouse and the spouses of one's kin).

[Chapter 6 (Pp. 71-90) in: "Fragile Traditions: Indonesian Art in Jeopardy" ed. by P.M. Taylor Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1994] [NOTE: The entire book is available in the "Books" section below.]
    Several chapters in this volume examine changes to Indonesia's art forms, including destruction and loss due to the international primitive art market. Suppose we could prevent the local losses that occur as a result of the international exportation of collectible Indonesian art. What alternative is there to the decontextualization and loss that occur for this and many other local reasons? This essay attempts to consider the viability of Indonesia's fledgling but rapidly growing museum system as an alternative to such loss. A museum has many functions. In Indonesia as elsewhere these include preserving objects, but also publicly presenting them to tell a story. The 1980s and 1990s constitute a period of rapid growth in Indonesia's museum system, with centrally planned regional museums taking shape in every province. To watch this expansion of a centralized museum system throughout the archipelago, and reactions to it, is to watch Indonesia's center and periphery debate their public presentation of themselves.

The early seventeenth century saw the attempts of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) to become the sole European power with access to the Moluccas and to the clove and nutmeg originating there. Makassar, a trade entrepôt on South Sulawesi and the capital of the Sultanate of Gowa, increasingly became the centre of resistance against the Dutch monopolistic policies. Over the course of the seventeenth century, it became a harbour where European and Asian traders alike would come to buy their spices and trade other high-value goods and became a refuge for many Portuguese fleeing Dutch encroachment elsewhere in Asia. While Makassar was on the one hand a proud bandar, or free harbour, it also participated in the political and military scramble for the Moluccas, expanding its political influence there and thus preserving its continued access to these spices. This made Makassar both a trading port of choice and a valuable ally to other powers in the region, both Asian and European, which gave it both a strong impetus and the necessary channels for rapid military innovation. This chapter explores various aspects of the Portuguese role in Makassar’s military development, focusing on fort-building practices, weapons, and military expertise and it goes on to explore an episode of direct military cooperation between the Portuguese and the Makassars in the face of a Dutch attack.