Maritime Technology

This dissertation examines ancient anchoring practice in the Mediterranean through ca. 1500 CE, as well as the history and technological developments of iron anchors, which are among the most important tools inherited from the ancient world. The methodology employed is holistic in synthesizing archaeological finds, textual, and iconographic evidence, and includes statistical and geographical analysis based on a substantial catalogue of ancient anchor finds. An experimental project is also included where anchor reconstructions were used in the sea and their utility tested.

Mooring is one of the least studied aspects of everyday life for the people of the ancient Mediterranean. It has been elucidated that in most circumstances beaching would not have been a practical option, even for warships and the smallest cargo vessels. Rather, vessels were equipped with specialized gear for mooring off or near undeveloped shores. This included ship's boats enabling access to the shore. Lower draft vessels, particularly galleys, could approach unbuilt shores and employ mooring stakes and cables, and the ship's landing-ladder would be deployed into shallow water. Where available, however, ships would benefit from built quays which facilitated goods transport.

The iron stock-anchor displays the greatest longevity of any anchoring tool, evinced as early as the 5th c. BCE, and appears to have achieved dominance over wooden types by the 3rd c. CE. From its conception the iron-stock anchor undergoes a broad range of gradual changes to its form and features. The earliest known finds take a 'V' form in the bulk-arms and gradually develop through rounded to 'T' and 'Y' forms in the Byzantine Period. The stocks evolve from removable iron types, to permanent forms entirely of wood. Reintroduction of upward-oriented arm designs from northern Europe around the 13th c. CE, and incorporation of hydraulic mechanized smithing developments, heralded a revolution of anchoring technology. Larger, stronger and more efficient anchors were being produced to standardized dimensions and quality, promoting larger ships, and ultimately resulting in novel characteristics of navigation.

Taking advantage of the benefits associated with the fourth stage of the industrial revolution--quite often termed as the “era of digitalization” in the wider literature--has become a main priority for ports globally, as part of their further development. The implications of smart technologies on the sustainable development of the ports have not been adequately addressed by the existing literature and it is exactly this gap that this study aims to fulfil. This paper aims to provide an overview of the innovative technologies adopted by a small number of smart ports around the world and highlight their link to sustainable development by employing an exploratory review of various sources. The design features of the smart ports identified by the existing literature have formed the basis for the development of a conceptual framework used in this paper for the analysis of the case of the Port of Gothenburg--the largest Scandinavian port, both in terms of number of visits and volume of car...

This paper proposes a heuristic approach named A* algorithm to find shortest route for Inter-Terminal Transport Monorail System (ITT system) that are being applied in Busan Port (Korea). In every transport system, vehicle routing and task assignment are significant problems that affects strongly the overall system’s efficiency, especially the travel cost and the time taking. The proposed ITT system will use shuttles to carry containers along a monorail that links the internal terminals. A* algorithm is used to guide the shuttles in a shortest way automatically from a known loading position to a designated unloading one. In the first part of the paper, we will describe briefly about the ITT system that being considered in Korea. Next, we will explain why and how we implement A* algorithm in dispatching. Finally, we will give some comparisons between performances of new ITT system and traditional transport system through simulation in MATLAB.

i. Abstract
An improvement of the inventory policy at RNBV was made in the first quarter of 2015. At the start we have determined that significant inventoried spares have been used randomly, i.e. spares were used when parts fail or as apart of PMS scheduled overhaul.
To solve the problem of reducing an extensive inventory but keep enough to allow an uninterrupted service and be in line with industry standards and TMSA 3 requirements. We created a proper and financially efficient multi-layered inventory policy using classification scale and method linked to vibration monitoring and predictive maintenance together with risk assessment for each equipment and spare part within machinery.

The arrangement can be divided in to:
• Start – the parts were nominated with regards to suppliers lead time and the cost of off-hire due to failure and an RA matrix to ensure that the most critical items were identified.
• Development - use of a developed preventive maintenance program and vibration monitoring results where applicable for the most critical parts to minimise downtime due to failure was ensured.
• Standardisation - critical parts were standardised across the fleet to reduce the inventory rating financial savings while keeping the same level of service to the customers, and in the same time, we kept spares on the Critical Spare Parts List ship specific to avoid mix up.

Preparation for this showed that the company had an extensive inventory and efficient reduction of its size was possible by focusing on critical parts.
This article objective is to demonstrate a real and economically efficient inventory policy used in RNBV Company.

The COVID-19 Pandemic has brought the world into a catastrophic situation. The Philippines is one of the nations that has been dramatically affected by this unseen and deadly virus. As early as March 2020, the country declared a nationwide lockdown that psychologically impacted the people. This descriptive-correlational study aimed at ascertaining the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the mental health of Marine Engineering students. DASS-21 was adopted to assess depression, anxiety, and stress among 185 respondents. The computer-processed statistics used were mean and frequency for descriptive analysis; t-test was used for Independent Samples, and One-way ANOVA was used for inferential analysis. The Alpha level was set at 0.5. The study found that, generally, Marine Engineering students had mild signs of depression, moderate signs of anxiety, and normal signs of stress. There was no significant difference in terms of impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Marine Engineering studen...

Introduction: An Uneventful Voyage In the summer of 2014, the Charles W. Morgan sailed for the first time in over 80 years, as part of a public education project dubbed The 38 th Voyage. This much-publicized event, consisting of seven weeks of visits to New England ports, excited the interest of individuals seeking to understand and experience the life and operations aboard a mid-19 th century square-rigged sailing vessel. 1 For myself, and no doubt for other scholars and performers of 19 th century chanty songs, the restoration and relaunch of the Morgan presented the exciting prospect of a laboratory in which to find answers to questions of chanty-singing practice. The 1841 barque Morgan was built within a few years of the very advent of the chanty genre to sailing vessels. Yet during the Morgan's 38 th Voyage a program of working to chanties was not implemented, and only a couple times were a few participants able to work to a chanty. 2 While several of the guest "Voyagers" and auxiliary crewmembers were keen to use chanties, for the most part the professional crew was either uninterested in or unfamiliar with the practice of chanties and the vessel's captain effectively prohibited their use. 3 As I followed these events while in residence at Mystic Seaport's Munson Institute (of American Maritime Studies) that summer, the first question raised for me as an historian of chanties was not one I had expected I'd be asking. This was the question of how, if chanties had ever been considered important to the operation of such vessels, the Morgan could be sailed without them. The simple answer was that, indeed, for practical purposes the singing of chanties is in no way essential. 4 This seemingly obvious conclusion caused me to rethink common narratives of the history of chanties, so far as

The spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) has led to the implementation of unprecedented global restrictions and strict safety measures. Countries and authorities imposed, inter alia, lockdowns, social distancing, border closing, prechecks, and personal protective equipment. Nonetheless, the restrictions had consequences for the whole transport sector. This study endeavors to investigate COVID-19’s immediate impact and the ensuing issues for ports, shipping, and the maritime supply chains and industry. Therefore, we conducted an exploratory review of various sources and, in addition, utilized our findings to conduct a case study to investigate the responses to the pandemic and issues arising in the Port of Aqaba/ Jordan. The way forward for ports to follow after the pandemic was also identified. The results of the analysis of impacts were categorized into 6 different, yet interconnected, attributes. Impacts illustrated how adversely COVID-19 shocked maritime transport, supply chains, and...

De hidtil to eneste danske bådfund fra bronzealderen, stammebådene fra Varpelev på Østsjælland og Vestersø i Vestjylland, detailfremlægges og diskuteres. Det sandsynliggøres, at begge både på forskellig vis har haft en tilknytning til det lokalområde, hvori de er fundet. Gennem en sammenligning med samtidige fund af stammebåde fra Skandinavien, det Europæiske Kontinent samt de Britiske Øer, vises det, at de to danske fund først og fremmest knytter an til en vesteuropæisk formtradition. Et af denne traditions mest karakteristiske træk er tværgående ribber, udhugget i stammebådenes indre bund. Disse forekommer primært i perioden fra slutningen af det 3. årtusind f.v.t. til tidsregningens begyndelse, og optræder i vidt forskellige maritime topografier. Ribberne synes ikke at have en praktisk funktion, og det foreslås, at de skal opfattes som en skeuomorf – et lånetræk – fra samtidens plankebyggede både, der indtil videre kun kendes fra de Britiske Øer. Stammebådenes tilhuggede ydre, som står i kontrast til ældre fund, vurderes også som en skeuomorf fra planketeknologien. Perspektivet i dette må være, at man kan tale om en interregional maritim teknologi i Vesteuropa og Sydskandinavien i bronzealderen. Antageligt er dette produktet af langtrækkende og professionaliserede maritime netværk, som opbygges i senneolitikum og ældre bronzealder.

Taking advantage of the benefits associated with the fourth stage of the industrial revolution--quite often termed as the “era of digitalization” in the wider literature--has become a main priority for ports globally, as part of their further development. The implications of smart technologies on the sustainable development of the ports have not been adequately addressed by the existing literature and it is exactly this gap that this study aims to fulfil. This paper aims to provide an overview of the innovative technologies adopted by a small number of smart ports around the world and highlight their link to sustainable development by employing an exploratory review of various sources. The design features of the smart ports identified by the existing literature have formed the basis for the development of a conceptual framework used in this paper for the analysis of the case of the Port of Gothenburg--the largest Scandinavian port, both in terms of number of visits and volume of car...

One of the factors that caused the hijacking of ships was the lack of a security system in sailing. The purpose of this study is to design a piracy anticipation system on a ship to provide early warning to ship officers and design a shooting system, determine the distance to objects detected by sensors and design a system of sending information to the BAKAMLA (Sea Safety Agency) team in case of piracy. This research device uses four ultrasonic sensors to detect and determine the distance to objects that enter the ship's area. The sensor reading distance is 2 cm to 50 cm. The ship's area monitoring system uses a camera and a Raspberry Pi to improve the surveillance of ship personnel in monitoring the situation around the ship. The system installed on this ship displays video streaming and detects objects using ultrasonic sensors to determine the distance of the detected object and capture it. Video streaming, distance, and photos of detected objects can be seen on the website by opening a particular site for this monitoring system. The website is equipped with admin_name and passwords and photos of objects can be downloaded on the website. This device is equipped with a buzzer to provide early warning to the ship officers. When an object is detected. The active buzzer and SIM used will send information about piracy to the BAKAMLA team.

International audienceThe early human occupation of the Antilles was based on the manufacture and use of expanded and extended dugout canoes named kanawa. The same boat type is also associated with the Carib linguistic family groups precolonial expansion along the coasts from Brazil to Venezuela. This paper describes this type of boat and its construction process in a comparative approach to archaeological and ethnohistorical data related to the Antillean archipelago and an ethnoarchaeological study of the contemporary construction process of the kanawa by the Kali'na Amerindians of Guiana (French Guiana/Suriname). Lastly, an experimental maritime archaeology programme carried out in the Antilles over several years allows us to discuss the nature of navigation permitted by this type of boat

Underwater surveillance technology was an advent of the Cold War. This technology saw numerous advancements only once the technology was declassified and pursued by academia. One such advancement in the maritime domain was the development of the Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) that has the ability to enhance war-fighting capabilities while de-risking human life. Though this technology has since been commercialised, it has found limited takers in the Navy. The limited inroad it has made has been driven primarily by the developers and the governments that fund them. However, since this technology offers numerous benefits to the military it needs to be integrated into the Navy sooner than later. This essentially means that to achieve greater acceptance for naval use/ applications, integrating this technology into the Navy is essential. This in return requires numerous queries to be answered and facts understood to create greater confidence in the technology and its potential. Accordi...

Maritime cooperation is gradually emerging as an important aspect of India-Germany strategic partnership. An increasing convergence of interests in the IOR and keenness on both the sides, offers scope for deepening bilateral maritime cooperation to secure the global commons, maintain stability and support economic prosperity in a cooperative manner.

The marine environment has deteriorated to an extent that it has begun to impact human health and the planet itself.  The primary cause of this deterioration as identified are, an increasing population, the industrial revolution and the increased use of fossil fuels.  While the damage done to the environment cannot be undone, the impact can be lessened by better understanding the ocean and monitoring future pollution using technology.  Such an effort will help achieve sustainability as laid out by the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 of the United Nations.  The article aims to provide an insight into one such technology, namely ‘Artificial Intelligence (AI)’, being developed to understand and monitor the marine pollution.  In doing so the article will discuss the emerging opportunities and risks associated with the use of AI in managing marine environmental pollution through sustainability.  To strengthen the argument, use-cases of AI in the marine environment and their scalabilit...

The COVID-19 Pandemic has brought the world into a catastrophic situation. The Philippines is one of the nations that has been dramatically affected by this unseen and deadly virus. As early as March 2020, the country declared a nationwide lockdown that psychologically impacted the people. This descriptive-correlational study aimed at ascertaining the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the mental health of Marine Engineering students. DASS-21 was adopted to assess depression, anxiety, and stress among 185 respondents. The computer-processed statistics used were mean and frequency for descriptive analysis; t-test was used for Independent Samples, and One-way ANOVA was used for inferential analysis. The Alpha level was set at 0.5. The study found that, generally, Marine Engineering students had mild signs of depression, moderate signs of anxiety, and normal signs of stress. There was no significant difference in terms of impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Marine Engineering studen...

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) fuelled system has received increasing attention from the shipping industry. However, the main barriers such as high capital investment costs required by LNG fuelled ships, uncertainties in LNG supply and price are still hinder the uptake of LNG as a marine fuel, especially for the trans-ocean going application. Also, uncertainties brought by unexpected events such as war and global pandemic, force us to revisit the topic of economic feasibility of the alternative emission reduction technologies. A lifetime-based cost evaluation framework has been proposed to systematically evaluate the implementation of using LNG as fuel for general ocean-going commercial ships. The benefits of the approach were discussed through a case study and the economic performance of the three varying sizes of ocean-going LNG-fuelled container ships were tested. Uncertainty analysis has been conducted with Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the economic feasibility of using LNG as...

In this study, the boundary element method is formulated to evaluate hydrodynamic characteristics of bodies including free surface effect. The method is based on two equations, the perturbation potential boundary integral and the pressure Kutta condition, ...

This study aims to develop seismic fragility curves for a typical pilesupported wharf. Fragility curve is one of the popular tools in seismic performance evaluation of a structure . The software FLAC2D was used to simulate the seismic performance of the wharf structure. Using eight time history records, occurred in past, as seismic loading, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was applied for seismic demand estimation. Based on the resulted seismic response matrix the analytical fragility curves were developed. As a prevailing tool, adopted fragility curves are useful for seismic risk assessment. They can also be used to optimize wharf-retrofit methods.

Sustainability is a fundamental concept and thus always placed in the center of business management, which includes 3 different dimensions: environment, economy, and society. Port supply chain management is no exception to encompass these dimensions. Port sustainable supply chain management can be associated with implementing the United Nations’ (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs). Little effort has been made to shed light on this association. Therefore, an attempt is made in this study to build a framework that comprises measures for the port sustainable supply chain management. The measures are examined by the utilization of the “dashboard of 5 Ps” (Peace, People, Planet, Partnership, Prosperity), thus to identify how the framework measures can contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. Results show that ports have the potential to influence all the SDGs, either directly or indirectly. Additionally, the framework can be viewed as a conceptual tool that is very appropriate fo...

Offshore oil terminals are a cheaper and safer solution than conventional shore terminals for unloading and loading tankers. There are several types of offshore terminals, including Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring (CALM) and Single Anchor Leg Mooring (SALM). Safety is crucially important for offshore terminals. However, over the past few decades, mooring accidents of permanent floating structures have occurred quite frequently in the last few decades. Most of these failures have been caused by fatigue load. T-N curves-based mooring system fatigue analyses for a CALM and SALM oil terminal are presented. Stress amplitudes are calculated based on the tension amplitudes of the mooring lines under the combined loading process due to wave frequency (WF) and low frequency (LF) motion. A comparison is made between CALM and SALM mooring fatigue designs based on the conditions of the Persian Gulf region. For simulation, the hydrodynamic response characteristics of terminals and tankers are first calculated using ANSYS AQWA software, and then the outputs are imported into ORCAFLEX software for fatigue analysis. The results show that under the same environmental conditions with the same tanker tonnage, the SALM terminal mooring system shows a greater fatigue life. The minimum fatigue life of the mooring system for CALM and SALM terminals occurs at near the touchdown position (TDP) and the near of connection to the seabed, respectively. It is revealed that by changing the value of minimum breaking strength (MBS) the fatigue life of the CALM and SALM terminals changes by 119% and 100%, respectively. It is also observed that by changing the amount of K value (the value for platted T-N curve), the fatigue life of the CALM and SALM terminals changes by the same amount. In all cases, the value of R (the ratio of tension range to reference breaking strength), in the mooring line of SALM terminal, although more tension is generated, the ratio of R is less and will improve the life of fatigue.

This article aims to determine the main factors affecting the fast and reliable loading and unloading of the dry bulk terminal in the Imam Khomeini Port with an emphasis on reduced rate of loading and unloading in order to improve the performance of the port. In this study, the actual loading and discharging statistics data related to the port used previously as validated databases. A linear regression method used for calculating and final analysis in order to analyze the data and obtain the results by using the econometric method. The overall results of this study indicate that in the first model-independent variables of a technical defect of ship equipment, delay in separation, and displacement of cooling equipment affect the dependent rate of loading variable and this effect is indirect. In the second model, independent quarantine variables, technical defects of ship equipment, and the displacement of the cooling equipment influenced by the rate of unloading the dependent variable and these effects are indirect.

Article History: Received: 6 May. 2017 Accepted: 21 Sep. 2017 Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading “FPSO” have become a popular choice since 1980s for marginal and fast-track developments where subsea pipeline is not an economic or feasible solution for export. Field development usually starts with a concept selection procedure which is constituted from a sequence of multi-disciplinary decision making tasks. As limited data is available in the early phase of the development, operators require a robust and rational decision making process to reduce the drawback of immature information. The Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) process which is used in this paper is an industrial approved and accepted decision making process that can resolve this requirement. This method is commonly used as a decision making method for multiple attributes problems. The main objective of this study is to illustrate the application of this method for concept selection for shallow water fields. H...

This article analyzed a roughness coefficient of a polyurethane-bonded revetment (PBR) by laboratory testing. A wave basin was constructed with a regular wave generator installed. Three types of revetment were constructed at the same time in the wave basin. Scales were painted on the revetments. Video cameras were installed to record the wave run-up. Three revetment slopes were tested. The roughness coefficient of the PBR was found to be in the range of 0.632-0.674 with the standard deviation of 0.042-0.053. After the roughness coefficient of the PBR is known, coastal engineers can now design the revetment’s crest elevation with confidence.

In the last twenty years cruise ships have increased in number and grown in size, developing oversized cruise vessels, known as ‘mega-ships’. In the last few years, a new generation of more innovative ships, the ‘smart ships’, have become a complementary phenomenon and may represent a more sustainable alternative to the growth of ‘mega-ships’. Smart ships can produce new experiences on board and generate a new design of interiors and exteriors of the ships. Through the analysis of the case studies, this study brings a reflection on the state of the art of the sustainability of new smart ships. The results aim to provide more information on how smart technologies and reactive materials can help ships become more sustainable.

Quality maritime graduates attract better employment opportunities. This descriptive survey study aimed at determining the employment status of Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering (BSMarE) graduates of the University of Antique from 2013 - 2016 as the basis for proposing an action plan. The descriptive survey research method was used in this study. A Commission on Higher Education (CHED) graduate tracer survey was adopted and modified to ensure appropriateness in the maritime setting. The computer-processed statistics used were weighted means, frequency counts, and rank for descriptive analysis. The findings revealed that, generally, the BSMarE graduates were dominated by males, 24 years and older, and who graduated in 2013. The majority of the graduates were employed in 2014 and 2016 as contractual workers. A large number of the graduates were enlisted with the help of the university's career and placement officer. Opportunity for career growth, salary, benefits, and the ...

Although on opposite sides of the globe, New Guinea is proving instructive in modelling the expansion of modern humans out of Africa prior to 60,000 years ago. Archaeological research on the islands of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago is providing new insights into the adaptive behaviour of these modern peoples in new and diverse environments. This paper will look at the beginnings of occupation in northern Sahul and examine the colonising strategies and adaptive capabilities of these early colonisers.