Metaphor and Metonymy

The paper deals with the way source-in-target metonymy and target-in-source metonymy are used in text on international affairs. In such texts, the notion in the source domain is typically a toponym, but there are cases in which the source can be an ethnonym derived from a toponym. With target-in-source metonymies, the source domain stands for a target sub-domain. With source-in-target metonymies, a source sub-domain stands for a target domain. Both types of metonymy are unidirectional, as the target concept activated by the source concept does not in its turn activate the source concept in the same text. The study traces the way those types of metonymy are exploited in the media and studies the similarities and differences in their use in Bulgarian and English language texts.

Previous literature on the classification of metonymy has mainly concentrated on the relationship between source and target (e.g. Radden & Kövecses 1999, Peirsman & Geeraerts 2006a). More recent, pragmatically oriented classifications are concerned with the role of conceptual metonymy in meaning construction, i.e. at which level of meaning construction a certain metonymy is applied as an inferential tool (e.g. Thornburg & Panther 1997, Panther & Thornburg 1999). At the heart of these latter approaches is the assumption that conceptual metonymy cannot be reduced to acts of reference. Interestingly enough, no classification of metonymy has been suggested which concentrates on the type of the mental content participating in the metonymic process. In this paper I outline such a content-based approach. According to the type of the target content the following classes of metonymy can be set up: THING-, EVENT-, PROPERTY-, PROPOSITIONand speech act metonymies, which can be further subdivide...

In recent decades, the development of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, put forward by Lakoff and other scholars. In this light, metaphor and metonymy have been found to provide a semantic motivation for a considerable number of idiomatic expressions. Within this framework, the present contribution explores the cognitive motivation of food idioms in English (e.g., 'be a cup of tea,' 'bread and butter,' 'walking on eggshells') and Spanish (e.g., darse pisto, tener mala uva, cortar el bacalao). The analysis reveals that idiomatic meaning often relies on metaphoric amalgams and metonymic chains, or on the interaction between metaphor and metonymy.

Images, abstracts and sound expressions form an intricate yet clear pattern in the “weighty” relationship shared by the human “crowd” well connected to one another in Human Chain, the last collection of poems by Seamus Heaney. Another important partner in forming the chain is Nature. With all its “tousled verge” and “Midge veils” – the typical Irish flora and fauna – nature and her elements are represented as the ones “pinched and cinched”, in order to attribute living qualities to them, so as to establish a live, inter-dependent relationship between human beings and nature. Furthermore, the human consciousness and the self are manifested in these poems, with the poet frequently drawing metaphorical allusions from the natural world of Antiquity. An interplay between the verbal images and the abstract qualities or states of being of the addressees is created, thus unfolding the mysteries of the minds of “I” and “We” – the entities of the poems. As a result, what takes shape is a conversational link between them.
In this presentation, we will examine the linguistic structures and expressions used as concrete source domains – the nature metaphors – to understand the abstract target domains – life, death, self-exploration and realisation, love for one’s parents, solidarity among fellow human beings, social and political unrest, and yet others in Heaney’s poetic world. Essentially, Heaney’s world of County Derry circumscribes the people, places, and plants, trees and other elements of the natural world belonging to his immediate external environment. The investigation will be carried out on the basis of identifying and understanding the patterns of “systematic correspondences” – “the mappings” – existing between the source and the target domains. We will mainly concentrate on understanding the cognitive function of conceptual metaphors – the structural, ontological and orientational aspects – and thereafter review how this has informed the groupings of the poems under specific heads or titles. Investigation of the recurring linguistic expressions manifesting conceptual metaphors will also be included. My study will be based upon the study of metaphor in the area of cognitive linguistics.

This article outlines the content of an elective university course designed for domestic and international students, combining language and international relations. The course is intended to make students more sensitive to the linguistic intricacies of a specialist variety of English. Focus is on its written modes, particularly, writing and reading academic (professional) texts dealing with complex foreign policy issues. As a result, students are expected to enhance their academic writing skills. The linguistic component of the course is backed up with a review of world affairs. Conversely, the field of international relations theory is enriched by a systematic study of language effects observed in the respective discourse. The interdisciplinarity of this enterprise benefits students with different academic and cultural backgrounds.

By Kevin Ezra Moore --
Imagine that today is Monday and, for some reason, you are looking ahead to Friday. You might say something like Friday is a long way off. Although you may not notice it, when you say such a sentence, the way you talk about the time remaining until Friday uses a word that refers to length, the same kind of word you also use on a road trip to talk about the space between you and your destination when you say something like San Francisco is a long way off. When English speakers want to talk about the duration that begins “now” and ends on Friday – as in between now and Friday – they might find it hard to avoid a word like between, whose primary meaning has to do with space, as in an expression like the road between San Francisco and Los Angeles. Similarly, if people say that they are “looking ahead” to Friday, they talk about Friday as if it had a location in space in front of them, but in fact Friday is a time, and it is not located anywhere in any literal way.
This book does not attempt to discover the nature of time itself but rather focuses on how people talk about temporal experience. I use the word time informally to talk about the general phenomenon according to which things do not happen all at once, and according to which we experience a present moment, but (with minor exceptions) time does not appear in this book as a technical term.1 The reason for not using time as a technical term is that the abstract mass noun time does not have a precise, agreed upon definition. (See Turetzky 1998 on the philosophy of time.) Also, the abstract mass noun time does not have a translation equivalent in Wolof. Instead of using the mass noun time as a technical term, I use the count noun time (i.e. times or a time) defined as ‘when an event could happen or a state could obtain’. This use of the word time is roughly equivalent to ‘point or interval of time’ (Klein 2009a: 22).
(This text was made available at the following website: https://www.pdfdrive.com/the-spatial-language-of-time-metaphor-metonymy-and-frames-of-reference-d186649688.html)

KURTE
Di nav keresteyên gelêrî de mamik li gor şêwaz û naveroka xwe hêjayî gelek lêkolîn û analîzan e. Wek pênaseya wan, dewlemendiya mamikan û geşedana wan a dîrokî jî efsûnî ye. Her çiqas îro wek keresteyeke kêf û lîstikê û ji bo fêrkirina ziman amûreke kêrhatî be jî li gorî lêkolîneran di eslê xwe de mamik berê ji bo pêşbaziyên zîrekiyê yên siltanan û ji bo veşartina raz û sembolan gotinên zor û zehmet bûne. Di vê xebatê de me jî hewl da ku di mamikên kurdî de di bin gotinan de çi hêma, metafor û sembol hene bizanin. Di serî de berî ku em analîza hêmayên di mamikan de bikin me xwest em bi giştî bidin zanîn ka mamik çi ne û çawa tên afirandin. Her wiha me du rêbazên afirandina hêmayan ango matafor û metonîmî û têkiliya wan a bi mamikan re da ber çavan. Piştî vê kurtenasînê, me hêmayên di mamikên kurdî de li gorî çawanî û çendaniyê parî kir û bi mînakan ew nîşan dan. Herî dawî jî me ji bo şayesandina hin heyberên şênber ên sereke yên ku di mamikên kurdî de cih girtine, tabloyekê hêmayan çê kir.
Bêjeyên Sereke: Mamikên Kurdî, Metafor, Metonîmî, Hêma.
ABSTRACT
" Metaphoric and Imaginary Narration in the Kurdish Riddles "
Riddles are a type of folkloric sayings on which lots of researches and analyses need to be carried out in terms of form and content. They are legendary in terms of their legendary definition, rich variety and historical process. Though today there are some games that are played with riddles and riddles are used as auxilary documents for language teaching, according to many sources riddles were in fact used in the mind games of the sultans and they were rhetoric in which symbols and secrets were hiden. In this research I wanted to show how rich Kurdish riddles are in terms of images, metaphors and symbols. At the beginning of the research I wanted to define what the riddle is and give information on how the riddles are formed before analysing images in the riddles. Furthermore, I defined metaphor and metonomy which are the methods for creating images and I showed their relation with the images. After this short introduction I exemplified the images in Kurdish riddles according to quality and quantity by separating them into two parts. I showed the concepts and words that are used for creating an image in
Kurdish riddles at the end of the research and in a table.
Key Words: Kurdish Riddles, Metaphor, Metonomy, Image.

Abstract:
This thesis investigates the grammaticalization of the be going to construction in English on the basis of Cognitive Grammar theory (Langacker 1987) using samples taken from the Early English Books Online corpus of historical English (Davies 2017). Each of the 1944 individual examples was analyzed with the help of theoretical criteria developed on the basis of CG and Hopper and Traugott’s model of the grammaticalization of be going to (ibid. 2003) and then statistical analyses were conducted in order to pinpoint major instances of change in the construction’s usage as well as to look for patterns in its semantic shift over the course of 17 decades from the 1530s to the 1690s. In this way, three distinct periods were identified: 1530s – 1580s, when the instances of the construction’s usage begin to increase, in the two periods between the 1580s – 1630s and the 1630s – 1690s the number of instances doubles. It was observed that initially all usages of the construction became more frequent, between the 1640s and the 1680s the more metaphorical spatial usages of be going to began to compete with its uses with verbs of action, which use began to prevail from the 1690s onwards by a large margin. Additionally it was determined that the usage of be going to to express intention rather than future might have been a more prominent element of its grammaticalization than its use as a marker of tense.

Metaphor and Metonymy were studied in terms of literality, figurativity, reversibility, and similarity. Stimuli statements were presented to participants and participants were given possible interpretations [interpretents] to choose from. The findings indicated that Metonymy was essentially reversible, whereas Metaphor was essentially non-reversible. It was also found that Metonymy was more inclined to a literal interpretation than Metaphor. Moreover, it was found that when metaphor was put into reversals it was more inclined to a literal interpretation, whereas metonymy was not. Additionally, it was found that Metonymy was more inclined to a similarity interpretation when in reversals whereas metaphor was not necessarily inclined to a similarity interpretation when in reversals. The paper is followed by an Appendix discussing the set theoretic and logical formulation of the metaphoric and metonymic operations. Metaphor is seen in terms of the exclusive disjunction, where one referent set is defined in terms of another but not the other way around, and metonymy is seen in terms of the inclusive disjunction, where referent sets are co-referentially definable. 

Keywords: metaphor, metonymy, reversibility, literality, similarity, target-source referent sets, co-referentiality, Lacan, Jakobson

Öz Kur'an'ı anlamak, sorgulamak, esas ve temellerini öğrenmek amacıyla zamanında bir ihtiyaç olarak ortaya çıkan satıraltı Kur'an tercümeleri örneklerini Doğu Türkçesinden itibaren vermeye başlamış ve bu gelenek Doğu ve Batı Türkçesinde belli bir döneme kadar devam etmiştir. Düz yazı ve şiirde kavram zenginleştirici bir özellik olarak yer verilen ad aktarmalı yapılar edebî metinlerde anlatıma canlılık kazandıran unsurlardan biridir. Bir kavramın ilişkili olduğu diğer bir kavram yoluyla anlatılmasına, bağlantıları işletmeye, yakınlığa, bir şeyin adını doğrudan söylemek yerine onun bir özellik veya sembolünün onunla ilişkilendirilmesine dayalı olan ad aktarmaları aynı zamanda mecaz-ı mürsel ile parça-bütün ve bütün-parça ilişkisini barındıran sinekdoka kavramı ile de ilişkilidir. Doğu ve Batı Türkçesi Kur'an tercümelerinde ad aktarmalarının ifade gücünü "kıyamet günü" kavramından yola çıkarak göstermeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada kavramın ad aktarmasına dayalı olarak oldukça zengin bir söz varlığı ile karşılandığı görülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ad aktarması, kıyamet günü, satıraltı Kur'an tercümesi, Doğu-Batı Türkçesi. Abstract The examples of inter linear Qur'anic translation emerged as a timely need to understand, to question and to learn the core and principles of the Qur'an were seen in the East Turkic and this tradition continued in the Eeast and West Turkic until the certain period in the past. Metonymycal structures which are used as a concept enriching feature in prose and poetry are one of the elements that give liveness to the literary texts. In explaining a concept with another one that has relations with the former, in operating connections, its being closeness, instead of saying the names of something directly, relating one feature or symbol with it, sinekdoche is also associated with the concept including metaphor and part-whole relations

The present article is concerned with the question about the nature of the metonymic phenomena that can be observed in word-formation. We argue that, contra Janda (2011), very little metonymic takes place in word-formation per se, as part of grammar, and that metonymic phenomena that can be ob-served in relation to word-formation phenomena are actually lexical in nature, in the fairly strict sense of the term. Specifically, we demonstrate on a series of suffixations, compounds and reduplications that most of the time we either have metonymic shifts prior to word-formation, or metonymic shifts posterior to word-formation. In other words, metonymic shifts are either found in the input for word-formation, or operate on its output. Metonymy seems to operate simultaneously with a word-formation process only with what has been referred to as non-concatenative morphology.

Previous literature on the classification of metonymy has mainly concentrated on the relationship between source and target (e.g. Radden & Kövecses 1999, Peirsman & Geeraerts 2006a). More recent, pragmatically oriented classifications are concerned with the role of conceptual metonymy in meaning construction, i.e. at which level of meaning construction a certain metonymy is applied as an inferential tool (e.g. Thornburg & Panther 1997, Panther & Thornburg 1999). At the heart of these latter approaches is the assumption that conceptual metonymy cannot be reduced to acts of reference. Interestingly enough, no classification of metonymy has been suggested which concentrates on the type of the mental content participating in the metonymic process. In this paper I outline such a content-based approach. According to the type of the target content the following classes of metonymy can
be set up: THING-, EVENT-, PROPERTY-, PROPOSITION- and speech act metonymies, which can be further subdivided based on the type of the source content. Furthermore, I argue that my content-based approach is compatible with and complementary to earlier contiguity-based and pragmatic classifications, since certain contiguity relations between source and target and certain pragmatic functions of metonymy are closely related to the type of the mental content targeted by the source content. Future investigations integrating these three aspects of metonymy may contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon.

Keywords: metonymy, classification of metonymy, reference, reference point, mental access, conceptual content, metonymic inference

This chapter discusses theoretical and methodological aspects of Greek lexicography with particular reference to LSJ. Special attention is given to the question whether the online LSJ should incorporate information about Medieval and Modern Greek to elucidate the meaning and further development of Ancient Greek words. By way of illustration, the chapter studies in great detail the evolution of various words for ‘bread’ in the history of the Greek language from Ancient to Modern.

Abstract: There are numerous words related to gypsiesin the dialects spokenin Turkey, some of which are abdal, cehūd, çıgań, kıptî, mutrib etc. The common trait of such wordsis that, they allimply “stingy” as well as “gypsy”, constituting a metonymycal perception. In this way, words related to stingy are also used for gypsies. In this study, the origin of the metonymycal use of “GYPSY = STINGY PEOPLE” will be investigated and the reasons for those metonymycal formations will be focused on.
Keywords: Dialects of Turkey, Gypsies, Metaphor, GYPSIES ARE STINGY PEOPLE, Dialectology
Öz: Türkiye Türkçesi ağızlarında Çingeneler için pek çok kelime kullanılmakta olup bunlardan bazıları abdal, cehūd, çıgań, kıptî, mutrib gibi kelimelerdir. Bu beş kelimenin ortak özelliği, “çingene” anlamı yanında “cimri” anlamına da gelmeleri ve bu yönde bir algı oluşturmalarıdır. Böylelikle, cimri anlamına gelen kelimeler, çingeneler için de kullanılarak, çingenelerin cimriliği vurgulanmak istenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, “ÇİNGENE = CİMRİ” şeklindeki metonimik anlatımın kökenleri tespit edilecek ve bu metonimlerin sebepleri üzerinde durulacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye Türkçesi Ağızları, Çingeneler, Metonimi, Çingeneler Cimridir, Ağızbilimi (Diyalektoloji).

§7 Fazit
Die metonymische und metaphorische Verwendung von Körperteil-Bezeichnungen für assoziierte Handlungen darf meines Erachtens zum Grundvokabular theologischer Rede in Ägypten gezählt werden (§§5–6). Ihre Verwendung setzt nicht notwendigerweise eine körperliche Vorstellung der betreffenden Aktanten voraus (vgl. §4). Grundlage ist eine Weltwahrnehmung, in der Körperteile und mit ihnen assoziierte Handlungen kognitiv eng verknüpft sind (§3). Diese Wahrnehmung scheint aber nicht auf die antiken Kulturen beschränkt, wie eine reflektierte Betrachtung moderner Sprachen nahelegt. Als kulturspezifisch-ägyptische Besonderheiten metonymisch-funktionaler Verwendungen von Körperteil-Lexemen möchte ich folgende hervorheben (vgl. §3):
a) Emotion und Kognition ist in Ägypten ausschließlich im Leib bzw. genauer im Herzen verortet – nicht im Kopf. Im Unterschied z.B. zum Deutschen leiten sich daher vom Kopf ausschließlich Verwendungen ab, die sich auf seine hervorgehobene Position ‚ganz oben‘  Anthropomorphismus) oder ‚ganz vorne‘ (Zoomorphismus) zurückführen lassen.
b) Das Ägyptische nutzt häufiger metonymisch das ‚Gesicht‘ (ḥr) zur Ansprache des ‚Blicks‘ o.ä. (anstelle des semantisch näher liegenden ‚Auges‘ jr.t). Analog nutzt es gelegentlich den ‚Schläfenbereich‘ (mꜢꜤ) (anstelle der ‚Ohren‘) zur Ansprache des Zuhörens.
c) Das Motiv der ‚Feinde unter den Füßen/Sohlen‘ steht für politische Unterwerfung und Dominanz über den politischen Gegner.
d) Das Motiv der ‚Luft für die Nase/an die Nase‘ und des ‚Lebens an der Nase‘ steht wohl für Lebensheil. Dasselbe Motiv liegt auch einer Schöpfungstheologie zu Grunde, die den göttlichen (lichtdurchfluteten) Äther (Šw; Schu) mit dem ‚Leben‘ (Ꜥnḫ) identifiziert.
Neben weiteren finden wir die beiden Motive ‚Feinde unter den Füßen/Sohlen‘ und ‚Luft für die Nase/an die Nase‘ auch mehrfach als ‚erweckte Metaphern‘ in bildliche Medien umgesetzt (§3).

The general attitude towards Arthur Schopenhauer’s metaphysics is rather fiercely critical and at times even tendentious. It seems that the figure of Schopenhauer as an irredeemably flawed, stubborn, and contradictory philosopher serves as a leitmotiv among scholars. Schopenhauer’s identification of the thing-in-itself with the will continues to be a thorny puzzle in the secondary literature, and it presents perhaps the greatest challenge to Schopenhauer scholars. Schopenhauer borrows the term ‘thing-in-itself’ from Immanuel Kant, who uses it to refer to a reality that is distinct from what appears to us, and hence unknowable. Despite the fact that several interpretations have been offered to make sense of Schopenhauer’s identification of the thing-in-itself with the will, there appears to be no consensus about how to interpret this identification as well as his understanding of the term ‘thing-in-itself’. Unlike the other interpretations, the interpretation that I offer here distinguishes between three distinct and mutually incompatible views that Schopenhauer formulates about the thing-in-itself. I argue that it is not only difficult to give a coherent, consistent account of Schopenhauer’s position, but also not worth trying, because such an endeavor comes at the cost of ignoring the textual richness and depth of thought that Schopenhauer’s works offer.

This article explores the correlations between linguistic figurative features and their corresponding conceptual representations, by considering their respective continuities and discontinuities in language shift. I compare the figurative encoding of emotions in Kriol, a creole of northern Australia, with those of Dalabon, one of the languages replaced by this creole, with a particular focus on evidence from metaphorical gestures. The conclusions are three-fold. Firstly, the prominent figurative association between the body and the emotions observed in Dalabon is, overall, not matched in Kriol. Secondly, although this association is not prominent in Kriol, it is not entirely absent. It surfaces where speakers are less constrained by linguistic conventions: in non-conventionalized tropes, and gestures in particular. Indeed, some of the verbal emotion metaphors that have disappeared with language shift are preserved as gestural metaphors. Thus, Kriol speakers endorse the conceptual association between emotions and the body, in spite of the lower linguistic incidence of this association. The third conclusion is that therefore, in language shift, conceptual figurative representations and linguistic figurative representations are independent of each other. The former can persist when the latter largely disappear. Conversely, the fact that speakers endorse a certain type of conceptual representation does not entail that they will use corresponding linguistic forms in the new language. The transfer of linguistic figurative representations seems to depend, instead, upon purely linguistic parameters.

This paper tries to elucidate Peirce's notoriously obscure definition of metaphor (CP 2.277) in the context of his general theory of signs. It is argued that Peirce defined metaphor not as a proposition, but as a genuinely original iconic (meta-)sign that represents a novel sign relation and, hence, novel thought. The adequacy of this approach is discussed against the background of rival theories of metaphor. This shows, inter alia, 1) that metaphors can and must be interpreted like ordinary signs (which in particular allows for paraphrases); 2) how they get conventional and how they can be revived; and 3) that they are intrinsically independent of linguistic levels (e.g., words) and media (e.g., natural language). Peirce's theory thus turns out to be a reasonable explanation of a central semiotic phenomenon and, hence, promises to serve as a powerful tool for modern literary and cultural studies.

This paper investigates problems surrounding translating and/or transliterating, examines a case study, and discusses how a poet/lover uses different appellations to purposefully address his beloved, which include the beloved's actual name and three different heteronyms that are examples of metonymy. The repetitions of the actual name and metonymic processing are functionally effective in expressing the poet's feelings. As proper names, metonymic appellations possess the power of clarification, which not only establishes meaning-making but also the speaker's appeal and perspective, thus contributing nuance and salience. By conducting a comparative critical assessment of a corpus consisting of French and English translations, this study demonstrates how cultural and pragmatic losses are incurred in the process of conveying the verbal metonymic signs of the original culture to a different culture. The outcome is a misinterpretation of the source text's literariness and its pragmatic forces. As this study confirms, proper names are more than deictic symbols, and they also bear functional communicative clues that determine specific translation techniques through which they can travel.

This chapter discusses theoretical and methodological aspects of Greek lexicography with particular reference to LSJ. Special attention is given to the question whether the online LSJ should incorporate information about Medieval and Modern Greek to elucidate the meaning and further development of Ancient Greek words. By way of illustration, the chapter studies in great detail the evolution of various words for ‘bread’ in the history of the Greek language from Ancient to Modern

Traditionally, synaesthesia is considered to be a metaphoric phenomenon (e.g. Taylor 1995: 139) following a certain directionality (e.g.. More recently some authors have proposed a conceptual metonymic motivation for synaesthetic expressions (e.g. Barcelona 2002: 243, Sadamitsu 2003). In line with these proposals I will argue that several synaesthetic expressions can be analyzed as being metonymically motivated and they are based either directly on the co-occurrence or indirectly on the resemblance of sensory stimuli. After a brief introduction (Section 1) I will introduce the notion of property-metonymy and its applicability to synaesthetic expressions (Section 2). Furthermore, based on a corpus-based analysis of German colour-smell synaesthetic expressions (Section 3 and 4) it will be shown that though these expressions are extremely rare, they do occur and they clash with most hypotheses regarding the directionality of synaesthetic mappings. My results are summarized in Section 5 where I also propose the possibility that this clash might be accounted for by the metonymic nature of the expressions under scrutiny.

In this paper I analyze the role of metaphor and metonymy in framing conflict events. In particular, when framing a terrorist attack in media discourse these two linguistic elements are crucial for the interpretation of the event. The data from two Russian newspapers, the “Novaja Gazeta” and the “Rossijskaja Gazeta”, show how metaphorical and metonymical processes are used to promote a particular interpretation and modify the structure of the event itself.

RESUMO: Este artigo trata da metáfora do universo como resultado da luta entre a ordem e o caos (aqui denominada “metáfora cosmo(a)gônica”) no período helenístico, tomando como estudo de caso as múltiplas interações entre metáforas e metonímias implicadas na dedicação atálida na acrópole ateniense, construída (provavelmente) em 200 a.C. pelo rei Átalo I de Pérgamo. Após uma breve discussão das fontes literárias e materiais disponíveis, o artigo apresenta as questões teóricas relativas às metáforas e metonímias conceituais, especialmente a partir das áreas de Linguística, Antropologia e História, indicando como estes conceitos permitem uma compreensão mais profunda dos processos múltiplos implicados na formação do significado do monumento. A proposta é que a dedicação atálida, composta por quatro grupos escultóricos representando uma batalha cada um (a gigantomaquia, a amazonomaquia, a persianomaquia e a galatomaquia), pode ser compreendida como uma adição metonímica na metáfora cosmo(a)gônica, ligada às mudanças nos processos de
“criação de mundos” (world-making) das globalizações helenísticas do final do século III a.C.

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the cosmogonic metaphor of the clash between
Order and Chaos in the Hellenistic period, taking as case study the
multiple interactions between metaphors and metonymies implicated in the Athenian acropolis' Attalid dedication, erected (likely) in 200 BC by Attalos I of Pergamon. After a brief discussion on the literary and material available sources, the paper discuss theoretical issues related to conceptual metaphors and metonymies, especially in the fields of Linguistics, Anthropology and History, pointing how these concepts may provide a deeper understanding of the multiple processes implicated in the monument's meaning-formation. The Attalid dedication, it is argued, can be understood as a metonymical addition inside the cosmogonic Order vs Chaos-metaphor, linked to the changes in the world-making processes of the late third-century BC Hellenistic globalization/s.

Purpose:

Recent studies have introduced new productive theoretical orientations to the vignette studies. There is not, however, sufficient analytical discussion on how the vignettes can be used in qualitative interviews for different functions. The paper aims to discuss this issue.
   
Design/methodology/approach:

Whatever theoretical framing the researcher decides to apply in qualitative interviews using vignettes, the paper proposes that it is always important to consider in what way the chosen vignettes refer to the object under examination, whether they represent it as clues (metonyms, symptoms, enigmatic traces), as microcosms (icons, metaphors, totems, ideal types, homologies) or as provokers (anomalies, taboos, controversies).

Findings:

When vignettes are used as clues in interviews, they can be introduced as puzzling traces, tracks or indexes which together with the interview questions carry out the interviewees to metonymic reasoning. When vignettes are used in interviews as microcosms, the interview questions are built so that they encourage the interviewees to consider the vignettes as icons that mimic reality or realities, their actors, situations, acts, events and processes. And when vignettes are used as provokers, they are selected and produced so that they challenge the forms, boundaries, meanings and habits of the well-known and plausible realities of the interviewees.

Originality/value:

The paper demonstrates with examples how vignettes function in the interviews as clues, microcosms or provokers and shows why it is important to pay attention to this.

El concepto de sinécdoque se precisa en este trabajo según la interrelación de sus propiedades constitutivas: la inclusión semiótica y la denotación oblicua. Con ello se muestra su vinculación a la metonimia, como procedimiento que produce también una denotación oblicua, pero diferenciado de este tropo por la relación entre los polos denotativos sobre los que actúa en el nivel pre-sintagmático.   sinécdoque; metonimia; sintagmática; inclusión semiótica; denotación.  Le concept de synecdoque se spécifie dans cet article selon la relation de ses propriétés constitutives: l'inclusion sémiotique et la dénotation oblique. Ainsi on voit sa liaison à la métonymie, comme un procédé qui produit aussi une dénotation oblique, mais différencié de ce trope par la relation entre les pôles denotatives sur lesquels elle agit au niveau pre-syntagmatique.   synecdoque; métonymie; syntagmatique; inclusion sémiotique; dénotation.  The concept of synecdoche is specified in this paper according to the interrelationship of its constitutive properties: semiotic inclusion and oblique denotation. Synecdoche is analysed as a particular metonymic procedure, but distinguished from this trope by the relation between the denotatives poles on which it acts on the pre-syntagmatic level.   synecdoche; metonymy; syntagmatic; semiotic inclusion; denotation. 200 prgmlingüístic

本稿の目的は, 捕鯨報道により日本人に対する人種的ステレオタイプが再生産されていることを, 豪州The Australian紙に掲載された記事とそれに対する読者のコメントをデータとして分析することにより示すことである.理論的枠組として「間接指標性」 という概念を援用する.具体的には2014年3月, 日本の大西洋上の調査捕鯨に対して, オーストラリアが提訴した訴訟の結果, 違法判決が国際司法裁判所 （ハーグ）で下されたことを報道する記事を中心に見る. その際,「捕鯨報道におけるテキスト間連鎖の間接指標的機能は,日本人に関する否定的ステレオタイプの再生産である」を作業仮説とする.分析により「法律 を守らない日本人」,「残酷な日本人」,「陰険な日本人」などの否定的イメージが再生産されたことを示す. 今後の課題として, 読者が参加できる反捕鯨サイトを研究することで経験的基盤を更に強化できると提案する.

In 18I6 Thomas Hickey, an English colonial painter, painted a portrait of colonel Colin Mackenzie, the first surveyor general of colonial India. Mildred Archer, an expert on Indian colonial painting, describes Hickey as 'a very weak painter, a painter of moderate attainments', who 'was brilliantly skilful in the capture of likeness.' I Hickey was seventy five when he painted Colonel Mackenzie who in 1871, a year later, became the first Surveyor General of India. Mackenzie was sixty seven, when, I assume, he posed for the portrait. In the portrait he doesn't look that old although tinges of grey in the hair betray the age somewhat, but there is no doubt that he has been painted to be the central figure of the portrait. In fact without him it would be hard to imagine if this painting would have ever been painted. His red tunic, the ceremonial sword and shining black boots, his eyes looking
straight at you, indicate a presence imbued with power.

This paper investigates problems surrounding translating and/or transliterating, examines a case study, and discusses how a poet/lover uses different appellations to purposefully address his beloved, which include the beloved’s actual name and three different heteronyms that are examples of metonymy. The repetitions of the actual name and metonymic processing are functionally effective in expressing the poet’s feelings. As proper names, metonymic appellations possess the power of clarification, which not only establishes meaning-making but also the speaker’s appeal and perspective, thus contributing nuance and salience. By conducting a comparative critical assessment of a corpus consisting of French and English translations, this study demonstrates how cultural and pragmatic losses are incurred in the process of conveying the verbal metonymic signs of the original culture to a different culture. The outcome is a misinterpretation of the source text’s literariness and its pragmatic f...

En este trabajo consideramos la regulación de las funciones pragmáticas de la metonimia de acuerdo a dos principios que operan en su actualización discursiva: la economía lingüística y la relevancia comunicativa. En primer lugar, precisamos la economía significante de su uso en el nivel discursivo a propósito de creaciones léxicas, bien de orden conceptual (catacresis de metonimia), bien de orden referencial (metonimia situacional). A continuación, presentamos sus funciones pragmáticas, de carácter intencional, atendiendo a sus efectos denotativos. Por último, consideramos la funcionalidad lingüística de la metonimia en la comunicación con relación a sus efectos ilocutivos.

Across the disciplines, numerous approaches can be identified that seek to define visual metaphor as a formal constellation. In contrast, historical art images are full of metaphors which cannot be reduced to a small number of semiotic operations. The present article, informed by the practice of art history, argues for the use of a cognitively founded concept of metaphor, on the basis of which various levels and types of metaphors can be identified within the image and described in their variable relationship to the given representation. Using examples based on the classic metaphor of the lion and two premodern representations of disasters, the potential diversity of the metaphors involved will be shown, and placed in a productive relationship with the concepts of the symbol and metonymy. The article demonstrates that the pragmatic cognitive approach also allows the retracing of cultural interconnections beyond the individual image, and substantive discussion of questions of
impact.

Giambattista Vico’s (1744) New Science can be read as a work of political philosophy. The common philosophical question to be asked is this: how do humans move from a state of nature to a state of civil union? This is a question for political theorists and political philosophers and has been asked by a variety of them from Thomas Hobbes (1651) to Robert Nozick (1974). However, Vico’s answer is linked to the development of language in a way that makes the New Science fascinating reading for anyone interested in language, its development, and its relations to the development of mind, reality, and the structures and institutions of society. To answer the political question, Vico suggests that language must have emerged and developed in certain ways for primeval humanity to move out of a state of nature and enter into a state of civil society. He, then, through an analysis of the first fables and texts, seeks to provide evidence for his hypothesis. Through this analysis, Vico is led to the following conclusions: (a) language is required for a political union to emerge from a state of nature and develop society; (b) such language is fictive; (c) such language is tropical; and, therefore, (d) such language is not literal in the sense of it corresponding to anything true; and, finally, (e) poetical language precedes literal language. I intend to show that Vico does provide an account of how humans moved from a state of nature to a state of civil union in a way that leads to the conclusions (a) to (e). We must begin by characterising the Vichian state of nature and, then, move on to his considerations about language. After that, we draw our conclusions.