Micro Wind Turbines

Wind energy is universal, in that all parts of the world are subject to wind, and no special geographic or topographic features are required to harness it. However, wind energy is also diffuse, and therefore wind turbines to capture large amounts of energy can be disproportionately large and unsuitable for urban locations. This paper describes how a venturi-shaped duct can be used to concentrate energy in the wind, to improve the energy yield of a wind turbine. The modular low-profile design concept is intended for installation on flat-roofed buildings, to making it suitable for capturing wind energy in urban areas where most energy is consumed. The paper presents the results of high level (CFD) modelling of wind flowing through a duct located the roof at one corner of a high-rise flat-roofed building. The simulations examine different configurations and dimensions of the duct, in particular entrance-to-throat area ratios, and map pressure and velocity fields. A simulated wind turbine is installed at the throat of the duct, and the system optimised for energy yield. The conclusions from this initial study suggest that a ducted wind turbine can produce a greater energy yield compared with a 'bare' free-stream turbine. However, more work is needed to develop the simulation parameters further, and prototypes need to be built, before the system can be commercialised.

The timing elements and clock interconnection Networks such as flip-flops and latches, is One of the most power consuming components in modern very large Scale integration (VLSI) system. The area, power and transistor count will compared and designed using several latches and flip flop stages. Flip Flop is a circuit which is used to store state information. Power consumption is one of the main objectives in designing a flip flop. The flip flops used in designing are Hybrid Latch Flip Flop (HLFF), explicit- pulsed data-close-to-output flip-flop (ep-DCO) and Adaptive-Coupling Redundant Flip-Flop (ACFF). Compare pulse triggered latches based on transistor count, power and layout area. Constructing shift registers by using conditional capture pulsed latches instead of normal flipflops, because a pulsed latch is much smaller than a flip-flop. All the latches and flip flop designs are made by using 90nm technology in DSCH2 schematic tool and MICROWIND design tool.

This paper presents a preliminary energy and environmental analysis of a vertical-axis micro wind turbine with a nominal electric power of 3.7 kW. This prototype is called AM300.
The main aim of the paper is to assess the amount of electric energy production of the AM300 and its feasible use in low wind speed areas. Furthermore, analyzing its low environmental impact, a potential installation in a natural protected area was considered.
The turbine power curve was estimated by anemometric measurements. Furthermore, foreseeable prototype hybridization with PV array was analyzed.
The environmental performance was assessed evaluating the soil, hydro geological, biodiversity and noise impacts. Finally, an analysis of the CO2 emissions avoided is reported. The obtained results show good sustainability perspectives.

In low power design circuits the leakage power and ground bounce noise are plays a virtual role in the any
module. The leakage power consumption and ground bounce noise are effects a performance of the module. In
digital electronics adders are used to addition operation. Adders are used in many applications and adders are
not only performing the arithmetic operation but adders also used to generate the address in processors and
many controllers. In this paper we are designing the low power 14Transistor full adder for the purpose of
reducing ground bounce noise in mobile applications. Here we are designing the 14T full adder using 7 NMOS
and PMOS Transistors. Using Digital schematic (DSCH) software we are designing the 14Transistor full adder
and simulation result is performed by the microwind3.1 software

In this paper, the performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit is presented. In this study a model of wind power is driven by an induction machine. Wind power that is distributed generation is capable of supplying power to ac power distribution network. Wind power generation system is modeled and simulated using Matlab Simulink software such that it can be suitable for modeling some kind of
induction generator configurations. To analyze more deeply the performance of the wind turbine system,both normal and fault conditions scenarios have been applied. Simulation results prove the excellent performance of the wind power unit under normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system

We present a newly developed unstructured high order h/p Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element solver for the computation of tidal turbine hydrodynamics. The solver allows for accurate flow solutions of the two dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on hybrid meshes (triangular-quadrilateral) with rotating geometries using sliding mesh interfaces. High accuracy is obtained by enabling arbitrary polynomial orders within each mesh element allowing mesh size refinement (h-refinement) and/or polynomial enrichment (p-refinement).

The solver is validated for static NACA0012 and NACA0015airfoil flows for a range of Reynolds numbers including laminar and turbulent regimes. Results for a typical cross-flow tidal turbine are also included for laminar flows and the resulting flowphysics explored. Wake-blade interference effects are analysed for single and three bladed turbines. Results for a three bladed turbine under ducted conditions (tidal fence concept) are also reported.We show that the solver provides accurate results and is thus a valuable tool to accurately predict flows through cross-flow tidal turbine devices and to explore their hydrodynamics.

The central shaft is an inseparable part of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). For small turbines such as those typically used in urban environments, the shaft could operate in the subcritical regime, resulting in large drag and considerable aerodynamic power loss. The current study aims to (i) quantify the turbine power loss due to the presence of the shaft for different shaft-to-turbine diameter ratios δ from 0 to 16%, (ii) investigate the impact of different operational and geometrical parameters on the quantified power loss and (iii) evaluate the impact of the addition of surface roughness on turbine performance improvement. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) calculations are performed on a high-resolution computational grid. The evaluation is based on validation with wind-tunnel measurements. The results show that the power loss increases asymptotically with increasing δ due to the higher width and length of the shaft wake as the blades pass through a larger region with lower velocity in the downwind area. A maximum power loss of 5.5% compared to the hypothetical case without shaft is observed for δ = 16%. The addition of surface roughness is shown to be an effective approach to shift the flow over the shaft into the critical regime, reducing the shaft drag and wake width as a result of a delay in separation. For an optimal dimensionless equivalent sand-grain roughness height of 0.08, the turbine power coefficient at δ = 4% improves by 1.7%, which is equivalent to a 69% recovery of the corresponding turbine power loss. The results are found to be virtually independent of the shaft-to-turbine rotational speed ratio.

FOR CITATION:
SALEM, Hilmi S. (2019). The potential of wind energy in Palestine with healthcare and residential examples in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. By Salem, Hilmi S. Journal of Nature Science and Sustainable Technology. 13(2): 73-97. http://www.novapublishers.org/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=65999

ABSTRACT
This study is prepared with the aim of investigating the potential of wind energy in
the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), comprised of the West Bank, including East
Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. The average wind speed in the OPT varies from 3–4 m/s in coastal areas (the Gaza Strip) to 6–10 m/s in more elevated areas (as in the case of the city of Hebron in the West Bank). Considering the lowest speed of wind (6.5 m/s) required to run wind turbines, which is almost equal to the average value of the wind speeds in the OPT, indicates a moderate potential for wind energy generation in the OPT. However, the high costs of wind energy technology, the lack of professional capabilities to deal with wind energy, and the limited areas available for wind energy projects, as well as the political and geopolitical restrictions on the OPT make wind energy projects impractical. Nevertheless, a few examples on wind energy were evaluated to be established in the OPT. These include the wind energy turbine that supposed to be installed at the Al-Ahli Hospital’s site in Hebron in the West Bank, and potentially some residential small-size wind energy systems proposed for installation in the Gaza Strip. These systems are investigated and analyzed as examples on the potential of wind energy projects in the OPT. Additionally, the potential for wind energy in neighboring countries as a sustainable energy source, as well as the environmental impacts of wind energy have been also discussed.

KEYWORDS: Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip, Renewable (Wind) Energy, Environmental Impacts, Sustainable Development, Al-Ahli Hospital in Hebron City, Potential of Micro Wind Projects in the Gaza Strip, Wind Energy in Neighboring Countries

This paper examines the performance of conventional eddy viscosity and Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) turbulence models implemented in the open source CFD library OpenFOAM. For these purposes we revisit a number of benchmark data sets developed by the Architectural Institute of Japan. We firstly present results for analysis of the flow around a single high rise building and make comparisons with wind tunnel data. Secondly we examine predicted flows in a real urban environment. We find that the eddy viscosity models perform similarly to implementation in other CFD codes. Such modelling approaches give unsatisfactory performance in certain wind conditions, however. The DES results show significantly better prediction of wind flows in comparison to both wind tunnel and field data.

With every invention and advancement in the field of renewable technology, new and more attractive possibilities are opening up to exploit the renewable resources of the world. Development of micro wind turbines are now enabling us to utilize the wind resources in urban areas and hence providing a great opportunity for the developing countries with low wind resources to meet up their increasing energy demand. In our work, we have analyzed the performance of some popular micro wind turbines from the perspective of Bangladesh. Detailed analysis has been performed to find out the generation capability and system output. The choice of an effective turbine has been suggested and also the feasibility of the turbines has been analyzed from an economic point of view. Finally, suggestions for future development of hybrid and smart systems have been presented.

This paper reports the specification, the design, fabrication, and testing of a permanent-magnet generator suited for an ultra micro-gas turbine rotating at 840 000 rpm. At this rotation speed, this micro turbine designed by Onera should deliver 55 W. The generator itself was successfully realized and tested by Celeroton, following Onera's specifications. The mechanical to electrical conversion efficiency is 93%.

The use of renewable energies, mainly wind and photovoltaic, are sources of generation that have spread worldwide by micro-grids. In places where the implementation of electric grids is inaccessible or economically not feasible, the installation of wind micro-turbines and photovoltaic systems for electricity generation and water pumping systems has been implemented; however, renewable energies have not yet been used in some rural areas due to the lack of studies and initiatives of their own. In the present study, in situ measurements have been used to evaluate the wind potential in rural town and the application for micro-turbine. Through the Weibull Distribution, an analysis of the wind energy potential available in the area has been carried out incorporating commercial wind micro-turbines and energy cost analysis. The favorable wind levels and the nominal speed values of commercial turbines have allowed obtaining the capacity factor values and energy costs, which allowed determining the feasibility of the installation of wind micro-turbines to provide electric energy to the habitants of this town.

The power supply technology used in train interiors specifically for Hotel loads have four different options i.e. Self Generating Unit (SGU), Head-On Generation (HOG), Mid-On Generation (MOG) and End-On Generation (EOG). To trap the self generating energy resources the Axle coupled power system is in use, which have not become a self sufficient and reliable mechanism in terms of quantity and durability. The demand for the renewable resources of energy is highly essential for sustainability economy including locomotives. The researchers in this paper try to elaborate how the micro wind turbines can be used as an alternate energy source of energy in locomotives, especially in the passenger trains. The objectives are to analyze the use of Micro Wind-Turbines in producing power for locomotives by using mathematical calculations. The finding suggest that Roof-Top installation of micro wind turbines can generate enough power to support the hotel load requirements including light, fan and Ac. Also it can be in isolation or coupled with the existing Axle linked technology for more self generating productivity.
Key- words: Hotel Load, Roof-Top, Self Generating Unit, Head-On Generation, Mid-On Generation, End-On Generation, Micro Wind-Turbines, Sustainable economy.

"A thorough understanding of the user is crucial in technological design and development. The domestication framework has been used in sociology of consumption to open up technology adaptation processes where technology becomes part of the everyday life of people. This study applies domestication
framework for air heat pumps, solar thermal collectors and micro-wind generator technologies. An experimental case study is based on semi-structured interviews and observation of residential household and summer cottages in Finland. Trialing of technology and incremental increase of usage and further
investing demonstrate users to aim for smooth evolutionary approach in energy technology adaptation. Modularity, extendibility, interoperability with other energy systems are key design requirements to enhance adaptation."

The paper describes the current situation of wind energy across the world and specifically discusses the offshore wind farm technology. Subsequently, wind energy potentiality and techno-economic feasibility of offshore wind farms is investigated in Malaysia. Analysis was conducted using HOMER software to assess the potential of wind energy along the South China Sea coastline. This study indicates the best sites to set up offshore wind farms in Malaysia while costs associated for wind energy generation are calculated. Also, case ...

ABSTRACT This paper presents a preliminary energy and environmental analysis of a vertical-axis micro wind turbine with a nominal electric power of 3.7 kW. This prototype is called AM300. The main aim of the paper is to assess the amount of electric energy production of the AM300 and its feasible use in low wind speed areas. Furthermore, analyzing its low environmental impact, a potential installation in a natural protected area was considered. The turbine power curve was estimated by anemometric measurements. Furthermore, foreseeable prototype hybridization with PV array was analyzed. The environmental performance was assessed evaluating the soil, hydro geological, biodiversity and noise impacts. Finally, an analysis of the CO2 emissions avoided is reported. The obtained results show good sustainability perspectives.

Architects and designers are encouraged to use energy harvesting devices as a strategy to balance energy consumptions of buildings, aiming to minimize the maintenance cost of buildings and meet the criteria of net-zero energy. This research aims to provide simple and straightforward design methodology to architects to integrate wind harvesting energy devices to their project. The proposed design method considers orientation and scale of buildings, contextual conditions, as well as on-site wind speed data to optimize building-integrated devices (BID) performance and financial efficiency of the energy produced. It will achieve a more efficient resource utilization by better integration of devices to buildings and by repartition of cluster of devices over large surfaces. Building envelopes are becoming smarter; Building's façade or rooftops are available for new function of building-integrated device (BID), such as photovoltaic panels and wind turbines to produce clean energy. Following an in-depth analysis on the performance and behavior of existing building that integrates BID devices, we further studied the relationship between building design and BID. The goal is to developed strategies to compensate the unstable performance of BID caused by air flow turbulences and to optimize the wind amplification effect of buildings. Combining wind analysis in an open circuit wind tunnel as well as computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software ANSYS

Due to an ever increasing demand for electricity Eskom is struggling to cope, which inevitably leads to load shedding. Although this is a minor inconvenience for residential users, the effects can be detrimental for businesses. This increases the need for alternative provision of an uninterrupted power supply. Wind energy is a viable solution for this problem as wind turbines proved to be one of the cleanest and fastest growing forms of renewable energy. Although micro wind turbines are the most common type of wind turbines used for homes, businesses, farms or other rural areas, the fundamental drawback is that the majority
of these wind turbines are designed to produce maximum efficiency for only a single wind speed. The consequence of a deviation from this designed wind speed is that the overall efficiency of the wind turbine decreases. This problem can be overcome by designing an intelligent controller that allows variable speed operation of the wind turbine and therefore increases the overall efficiency of power extraction from the incoming wind. The method proposed uses a fuzzy logic controller connected to the generator that continuously adapts the rotational speed of the generator to ensure the optimal rotational speed is obtained and therefore extracts the maximum amount of energy from the wind.

The sociology of consumption uses the domestication framework to examine adaptation processes in which technology becomes part of everyday life. This study applies the domestication framework to renewable decentralized energy technologies (DET). Drawing on interviews and Internet material from household and summer-cottage inhabitants using DETs in Finland, the study sheds light on how renewable energy technologies are adapted in local conditions. In such adaptation, multiple domestications are linked and lead to the increasing use of new technologies without a stable final point, a process which can be conceptualized as domestication pathways. Modularity, product multipurposing, and convenient interoperability with other systems are key requirements to enhance the diffusion of renewable energy technologies.