Migration and integration

Post-1990 Albanian migration—mainly to Italy and Greece—has been one of Europe’s most remarkable and still-evolving migration episodes of recent years. Albania has the highest migratory flow in Europe which is five times higher than the average flow of emigration in most other developing countries (Barjaba 2004). Despite its scale and intensity, Albanian migration remains relatively underresearched. King and Mai’s book

Der Einsatz der türkischen Regierung für die Türkeistämmigen in Deutschland ist Teil einer politischen Strategie, die auf die Stärkung der Diasporaorganisationen gerichtet ist. Aus der Sicht Ankaras zwingt die Globalisierung die Türkei dazu, sich im Geflecht der internationalen Beziehungen neu zu positionieren und die Potentiale der weltweit verstreuten Türkeistämmigen für das Land nutzbar zu machen. Es ist daher davon auszugehen, dass die türkeistämmige Diaspora in Deutschland weiterhin im Fokus der Türkei bleiben wird.

Die deutsche Politik lässt sich bei der Beurteilung der türkischen Diaspora und der von Ankara betriebenen Diasporapolitik häufig vom Schreckbild einer »fünften Kolonne« bzw. eines »trojanischen Pferdes« leiten. Die integrativen Komponenten sowohl der Diaspora als Lebensform als auch der Diasporapolitik geraten dabei ganz aus dem Blick. Aus der Diasporapolitik Ankaras ergeben sich aber nicht nur Herausforderungen für die deutsche Außenpolitik, sondern auch Chancen für die hiesige Integrationspolitik. Was die türkischen Entscheidungsträgerinnen und Entscheidungsträger den Türkeistämmigen in Deutschland nahelegen, nämlich die hier gegebenen Bildungschancen besser zu nutzen, sich stärker um den sozialen Aufstieg zu bemühen, aktiv am gesellschaftlichen Leben und auch an der politischen Willensbildung teilzunehmen, ist nur zu erreichen, wenn sich die Angesprochenen moderne Verhaltensdispositionen und einen aufgeschlossenen Habitus zu eigen machen. Insofern verhält sich die türkische Diasporapolitik komplementär zur deutschen Integrationspolitik und zu den Integrationsbemühungen der Türkeistämmigen.

Der Einsatz der türkischen Regierung für die Türkeistämmigen in Deutschland ist Teil einer politischen Strategie, die auf die Stärkung der Diasporaorganisationen gerichtet ist. Aus der Sicht Ankaras zwingt die Globalisierung die Türkei dazu, sich im Geflecht der internationalen Beziehungen neu zu positionieren und die Potentiale der weltweit verstreuten Türkeistämmigen für das Land nutzbar zu machen. Es ist daher davon auszugehen, dass die türkeistämmige Diaspora in Deutschland weiterhin im Fokus der Türkei bleiben wird.

Die deutsche Politik lässt sich bei der Beurteilung der türkischen Diaspora und der von Ankara betriebenen Diasporapolitik häufig vom Schreckbild einer »fünften Kolonne« bzw. eines »trojanischen Pferdes« leiten. Die integrativen Komponenten sowohl der Diaspora als Lebensform als auch der Diasporapolitik geraten dabei ganz aus dem Blick. Aus der Diasporapolitik Ankaras ergeben sich aber nicht nur Herausforderungen für die deutsche Außenpolitik, sondern auch Chancen für die hiesige Integrationspolitik. Was die türkischen Entscheidungsträgerinnen und Entscheidungsträger den Türkeistämmigen in Deutschland nahelegen, nämlich die hier gegebenen Bildungschancen besser zu nutzen, sich stärker um den sozialen Aufstieg zu bemühen, aktiv am gesellschaftlichen Leben und auch an der politischen Willensbildung teilzunehmen, ist nur zu erreichen, wenn sich die Angesprochenen moderne Verhaltensdispositionen und einen aufgeschlossenen Habitus zu eigen machen. Insofern verhält sich die türkische Diasporapolitik komplementär zur deutschen Integrationspolitik und zu den Integrationsbemühungen der Türkeistämmigen.

"Lithuania" was written as a separate chapter for the IOM LINET study "Migration, Employment and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union (2011)". Authors analyse recent trends in labour migration and the labour market position of migrants in Lithuania, reflects on the possible impact of these trends on employment and the national labour market, and relates these findings to the relevant legislative, institutional and policy developments. It covers, to the extent of data availability, new data and analysis for the year 2011.

Esse artigo tem como objetivo compreender a criação histórica do mito que descreve o Brasil como um país acolhedor e receptivo à imigração, baseando-se na imigração haitiana para demonstrar que essa imagem omite, na verdade, a seletividade branca e europeia, característica da formação do "povo brasileiro" e ainda extremamente presente na forma de preconceitos e xenofobias. Assim, a dialética emigrante-imigrante envolve, necessariamente, a reflexão do país receptor, com suas políticas identitárias, características culturais e históricas, além de seus aspectos legais, que terão uma influência direta no modo como se dará a recepção de cada grupo migratório e a sua consequente inserção social. Com isso, espera-se que as reflexões aqui propostas possam contribuir para a compreensão de fenômenos que se mostram cada vez mais relevantes para a construção de uma sociedade mais igualitária, na qual a utopia de um projeto alternativo de possibilidades de vida esteja acessível a todos e o reconhecimento do outro seja realizado com base no consenso e respeito pela alteridade. Palavras-chave: Migração; Brasil; Haiti. / This article aims to understand the historical creation of the myth that describes Brazil as a welcoming and receptive country to immigration, based on Haitian immigration to demonstrate that this image, in fact, omitted the white and European selectivity, characteristic of formation of the "Brazilian people" and still extremely present in the form of prejudices and xenophobia. Thus, the emigrant-immigrant dialectic necessarily involves the reflection of the recipient country, with its identity policies, cultural and historical characteristics, as well as its legal aspects, which will have a direct influence on the reception of each migratory group and their consequent social insertion. With this, it is hoped that the reflections proposed here may contribute to the understanding of phenomena that are increasingly relevant for the construction of a more egalitarian society, in which the utopia of an alternative project of life possibilities is accessible to all and the recognition of the other is based on consensus and respect for otherness. Keywords: Migration; Brazil; Haiti.

The sudden increase of asylum applications in the aftermath of the 2015 “refugee crisis”, has sparked the debate on the concept of “deservingness” in public discourse. Who deserves to enter into European territory? Who deserves to receive state-funded assistance? This article unpacks the notion of “deservingness” by analysing the rationalities of care underpinning a European-funded local support programme in Antwerp (Belgium). The programme offers special assistance to former unaccompanied minors, recognised as beneficiaries of legal protection, who have recently turned 18. By examining the categories, attitudes and perceptions shaping this local project, we show how the idea of “deservingness”, a central notion in wider European discourses on refugee reception, is reproduced and critically implemented by local actors of refugee assistance. Drawing on focus group interviews with five municipal and civil society organizations, we untangle legal, moral and economic dimensions of deservingness and illustrate how these can overlap or contradict each other within stakeholders’ perspectives. The analysis of the different stakeholders’ perspectives about the assumed characteristics of this “new” category of refugees deserving special care shows the significance of stakeholders’ respective organisational backgrounds. On a deeper level, ideas on deservingness reflect stakeholders’ different aspirations about the kind of citizens young refugees should become. As such, this chapter contributes to deeper understanding of moralities and rationalities shaping public discourse and local reception of refugees in Europe. It also highlights the role of localities in shaping innovative policies and in the wider debate on refugee assistance.

Resumo: Esta pesquisa foca-se na comunidade imigrante portuguesa de Macau. Analisa a importância de saber a língua de acolhimento durante o processo de integração. Assenta na teoria dos usos e gratificações dos média (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1974), no modelo de estratégias de aculturação (Berry & Sam, 2001, 2006) e na teoria do poder e da prática (Bourdieu, 1991), especificamente no que diz respeito ao poder simbólico da língua. Foram realizadas 29 entrevistas em profundidade, com posterior análise de conteúdo individual e transversal. Concluímos que, de entre as estratégias de aculturação, a comunidade adota a integração, ainda que limitada pelo fraco conhecimento da língua de acolhimento, o cantonês. A posse de um conhecimento técnico distinto revelou-se mais importante, enquanto capital social, neste processo. Palavras-chave: imigração, integração, língua de acolhimento

Abstract: This research focuses on the Portuguese community living in Macao. It analyses the importance of knowing the host language in the integration process. It is theoretically based on the model of uses and gratifications of media (Katz & Blumler, 1974), on the model of acculturation strategies (Berry & Sam, 2001, 2006) and in the theory of power and practice (Bourdieu, 1991), specifically regarding the symbolic power of language. The methodological approach implied 29 in-depth interviews, with subsequent individual and transverse content analysis. We concluded that, among the acculturation strategies, the community adopts integration, although limited by the weak knowledge of the host language, Cantonese. The possession of a distinct technical knowledge had proved to be more important, as a social capital, in this process.
Keywords: immigration, integration, host language

This study explored the settlement and integration experiences of 12 current and former Filipino temporary foreign workers (TFWs) in the low-wage service industry residing in a remote and isolated area of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The study employed a qualitative research approach that involved five in-depth semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions, with data analyzed using thematic analysis. Informed by labour process theory, four major themes emerged from individual interviews and focus group discussions: (1) the importance of employment, (2) settlement and integration challenges, (3) looking forward-looking back–transnational navigation and (4) settlement and integration support. These themes help to tell the stories of TFWs in the service industry, including the challenges and opportunities of transnational migration. The findings highlight minimal organizational support available to TFWs in the settlement and integration process, with the lion’s share...

An increasing number of studies point to the existence of fertility differences between immigrants and those who are native to the receiving countries. However, despite a large body of literature covering a wide range of settings, there is a lack of research into the factors that may underlie the observed differentials. In this article, we focus on the role of population composition in residential neighbourhoods and workplaces, which are assumed to influence the convergence of the fertility patterns of immigrants with those of the host country. The study is based on individual-based register data for the residential population of Finland from 1999 to 2014. We use discrete-time event history models to analyse transitions to first, second, and third births among immigrant women and their descendants of African and Middle Eastern origin whose fertility patterns are markedly different from those of the host society. We investigate whether the proportion of co-ethnic immigrants in reside...

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) constitute one of the important subjects to consider for enhancing the understanding of migration. They also play a significant role to the contribution of maintenance and promotion of international peace and security and they should be an important component of any comprehensive strategy to resolve conflict and build peace. Even though IDP numbers still increase dramatically, the root causes of internal displacement have not been studied extensively. This article addresses this gap through an examination of the right not to be arbitrarily displaced and its evolution at the national level. The article first examines the content of the right not to be arbitrarily displaced and the meaning of the term ‘arbitrary’ in different situations of internal displacement and then demonstrates that the capacity of this right to perform a critical role for IDP protection has been facilitated by developments across national laws. The empirical analysis shows tha...

We assessed the sense of psychological home among adult men (n = 17; M age = 29.7 years old) who had experienced migration to Italy, focusing on the relationship between psychological home and the process of integration into the new country. Psychological home is a dynamic process in which people sense a safe and secure environment that ranges beyond the confines of a structured dwelling, a process which is reflective and which communicates one’s self-identity. Participants engaged in a semistructured interview with the aim of establishing a generic concept of psychological home and identifying the issues that arise at the intersection of psychological home and migration. The results highlighted certain themes about the meaning that psychological home assumes in the lives of migrants and about the way in which the migration experience acts to support or hinder the process of building this sense of home. Of special interest is the idea that individuals might develop multiple psycholo...

ABSTRACT This study examined remittance and bank breadth in Nigeria, using data from the 2011 World Bank Households Survey for the African migration project in Nigeria. The results-based on logistic regression technique reveal - that remittance has an inverse relationship with bank breadth. The reason put forward is that recipients prefer to hold foreign exchange from remittance and they do not increase their demand for banking services. One of the key implications of the findings is the need for commercial banks to go beyond mere serving as liaison for remittance but incorporating elements of advisory services to the customers, especially those that frequently receive remittance, on how they can best utilize such fund for productive activities.

In this study, we present the results of a large-scale field experiment on ethnic discrimination in the Dutch labor market. We sent fictitious job applications (N = 4211) to vacancies for jobs in ten different occupations in the Netherlands. By examining 35 different ethnic minority groups, we detect considerable differences in discrimination rates, predominantly between Western and non-Western minorities. Furthermore, we find little systematic variation in discrimination patterns with regard to gender, regions, and occupations, pointing to the existence of an ethnic hierarchy that is widely shared among employers. Finally, we do not find empirical support for the hypothesis that adding personal information in job applications reduces discrimination.

This article examines the dynamics of constructing current migration from the so-called Global South in 'risk', 'crisis' and 'fear' terms that translate into xenophobic, racialised and gendered processes of 'othering' people who are displaced. This is done within the framework of a 'coloniality of power' (Quijano 2000b) perspective, understood as the 'colonial power matrix' (Grosfoguel 2011). This is how the location from which the current racialised and gendered politics of fear is being constructed. The notion of racialised security leads to racialised masculinity of the 'Other', while stigmatising migrant men. These colonial narratives that have created 'knowledge' about other masculinities have been invoked and re-articulated within the current racialised processes of securitisation of migration. They have supported construction of the sexual assault of 'our' women as the public security concern. Consequently, racially marked rape becomes an important part of State security, linked to national territory and border control.

Migrant women settling in the UK have to prove English-language proficiency and citizenship knowledge in their first two years. Both of these are seen as indicators of integration for migrant women. What are migrant women’s own perceptions of integration and how do their daily interactions play a role in their language development and integration? This Doctor in Education (EdD) Institution Focussed Study explores the role of out-of-class interactions in migrant women’s perceptions of their language development and their integration process through a case study with participatory methods of data collection. Using Bosswick & Heckmann's (2006a) interactive aspect of integration together with sociocultural theories of language development as theoretical perspectives, a case study of this phenomena was carried out. Findings indicate that the out-of-classroom interactions in English are important to enable wider community engagement and integration for migrant women. Formal settings such as work and children’s schools provide opportunities for interactions in informal settings and ESOL classes are perceived to play an important role in developing interactions in informal settings.

Cultural norms embody the communalism and familism that characterize social structures and traditions of care among certain identity groups, notably, Hispanics. In turn, they affect remitting behavior as they do family dynamics thereby extending care transnationally. Using the 2006 Latino National Survey, the largest instrument that captures socioeconomic variables and political perspectives among Hispanics residing in the USA, we constructed a Hispanic identity index that is used to capture the role of cultural norms in remittance behavior. This index is used as an explanatory variable in a logit model for the probability and frequency of remitting money. We find that both the probability and frequency of remitting increase with higher levels of self-defined familism as reflected by the Hispanic index. This effect is stronger among males, renters, foreign-born non-US citizens, and migrants with fewer years of residence in the USA. Incorporating variables such as our Hispanic identi...

This article investigates a modified approach to the principles of migrant integration policy in Sweden-the highest ranked country included in the Migration Integration Policy Index (MIPEX 2015). The modified approach has two main causes: a weaker than initially assumed effectiveness of integration mechanisms applied until 2015 and the migration crisis of 2015 with its global and regional effects. The text critically analyses one of the most important areas of the integration.

Tento materiál ponúka prehľad analýzy mapovania situácie založenej na národných správach, ktoré boli vypracované organizáciami In Báze, Centre for Peace Studies, Menedek a Mareena prostredníctvom projektu Erasmus+ Career Path. Cieľom tejto analýzy je poskytnúť prehľad existujúcich právnych rámcov a politík v oblasti pracovnej integrácie v Chorvátsku, Českej republike, Maďarsku a na Slovensku, ktoré sa vzťahujú na štátnych príslušníkov tretích krajín. Taktiež ponúka pohľad na integračné politiky s dôrazom na politiky týkajúce sa integrácie na trh práce, štátne prístupy a opatrenia, ako aj opatrenia uplatňované súkromným sektorom. Táto analýza mapovania situácie predstavuje syntézu národných analýz, ktoré podrobne uvádzajú špecifiká politík pracovnej integrácie v Chorvátsku, Českej republike, Maďarsku a na Slovensku.

The chapter presents the factors, both internal and geopolitical, which are contributing to the emergence of Russia as a new immigration country. Focusing on regional migration and migrant integration policies and practices, it also provides an overview of the public governance responses to emerging challenges.
The author uses St. Petersburg, the second largest migrant magnet city in Russia, to exemplify the specific features of current migration processes in Russia as well as the dynamics of change in regional migration and migrant integration policy priorities and public governance style as a consequence of the shifts in Russia’s official political agenda.  e author analyses the sequential transition in the sphere of migration and integration process regulation from the model of “liberal multiculturalism” (“Tolerance-1” program) to that of “communitarian multiculturalism” (“Tolerance-2” program) in the period from 2006 through 2013, and the further, more discrete turn toward the restrictive practices of the “migration police” beginning in 2014.

The objective of this book is to explore, from a variety of different scientific backgrounds and diverse geographical perspectives, the theoretical and policy potential that the notion of the intercultural city offers within the context of the contemporary globalized city. Focus is particularly directed towards the growing number of cities in both the global North and South experiencing international migration, a phenomenon significantly contributing to the factors that make urban environments increasingly plural, diverse and complex. Promoted by researchers of the SSIIM UNESCO Chair at the University Iuav of Venice (Italy), the fruitful debate among the contributors to this volume has been ongoing since November 2012. This interchange has sought to make a contribution to understanding if and why the application of the intercultural paradigm to cities experiencing growing ethno-cultural diversity might be useful for the advancement of urban societies, particularly with a view to what extent this paradigm presents a convincing approach towards an enhanced promotion of peaceful cohabitation, an equal ‘right to the city’ for all urban residents, social cohesion across differences, and collective civic growth. The dialogue has also aimed at exploring who is – or should be – responsible for turning this elusive idea of the intercultural city into a reality, provided we agreed on its nature as not just an idea but also an ideal, and thus worth pursuing and pushing forward as a priority within the urban agenda.