Military cemeteries

The First World War was a landmark in modern Balkan history since it created the largest battlefront seen until then in the region, destroyed the Ottoman Empire, strengthened nation states and created millions of refugees. One of the least recognized geno cides worldwide, the Armenian genocide, took place during this war. Ιt was not only a destructive war, but also a creative one since the forces that took part in it (the Entente and the Central Powers) created road and rail networks, improved provision of health care, drained marshland, introduced new methods of production, etc. For the first time, official military cemeteries were created in the Balkan region, in order to pay tribute to the dead of the war. The purpose of this paper is to present the work of the British regarding the care for their dead soldiers, namely the crea tion, the creation and the conservation of permanent military monuments and cemeteries of the First World War in Greece.

MEMOIRS OF THE HUNGARIAN DIPLOMAT SÁNDOR KISS-NEMESKÉRI OF BULGARIA AND THE BULGARIANS

P. Peykovska

(Summary)

The Hungarian diplomat S. Kiss-Nemeskéri is one the forgotten personalities of the interwar period who had left a significant mark although he had not been able to play a decisive role in the international politics. He had worked in Bulgária for more than 10 years: with a short interruption from 1912 when he was appointed an economy expert in Sofia, to 1929 when he had already the Statute of a Hungárián royal diplomatic agent. From that time on till 1937 he had been a diplomatic agent first in Stockholm, then in Helsinki being accredited at the same time to the three Baltic countries of Estonia, Lithuania and Lat Via. Being unusually colourful and all-round man, S. Kiss published at the end of the 1930-es and at the beginning of the 1940-es his memoirs of his diplomatic service in several volumes where his impressions of Bulgária occupied a considerable place. His book of memoirs titled “In a hurry. From the Memoirs of a Hungárian Diplomat” and published in Budapest in 1940, is the most interesting one from a historical point of view. A part of those memoirs is published here, although in a concise form, with a view to its importance for the Bulgárián history. The memoirs reveal the history of Austro-Hungarian-Bulgarian diplomatic relations as well as the Hungarian-Bulgarian ones of the pe¬riod from 1912 to 1929. They reflect his impressions of the meetings with Alexander Stamboliiski and King Boris, of the public life in Bulgária in the 1920-es and particularly of the Reparations’ committees, of the assault at the „Sveta Nedelya” Cathedral, of the presence of the Russian emigrants in Bulgária, of some episodes of the Macedonian movement. The  memoirs are being published in Bulgárián for the first time.

ВОСПОМИНАНИЯ ВЕНГЕРСКОГО ДИПЛОМАТА ШАНДОРА КИША-НЕМЕШКЕЙРИ О БОЛГАРИИ И О БОЛГАРАХ

П. Пейковска

(Резюме)

Венгерский дипломат Шандор Киш-Немешкейри является одной из забытых личностей межвоенного периода, которые хотя и не имевшие решающую роль в международной политике, оставили свой значительный след. Он работал в Болга¬рии более десятилетия: с 1912 г., когда был назначен экономическим экспертом в Софии, с небольшими перерывами до 1929 г., когда уже пользовался статутом вен¬герского королевского дипломатического агента. После этого, до 1937 г. работал дипломатическим агентом сначала в Стокгольме, потом в Хельзинки, где являлся одновременно аккредитованным при трех балтийских странах Естонин, Литвы и Латвии. Чрезвычайно колоритный и всесторонне развитый человек, в конце 30-х и начале 40-х годов века Шандор Киш издает в нескольких книгах свои мемуары о времени дипломатической работы, где значительное место находят его впечатле¬ния о Болгарии. С исторической точки зрения наибольший интерес представляет его мемуарная книга „Наспех. Из воспоминаний одного венгерского дипло-мата”, вышедшая в Будапеште в 1940 г.
В настоящей публикации предлагаем в сокращенном виде часть этих воспо¬минаний ввиду их исторической значимости дли болгарской истории. Они являются своеобразной историей австро-венгерско-болгарских и венгерско-болгарских диплома¬тических взаимоотношений за период 1912-1929 гг. В частности мемуары отражают впечатления Ш. Киша со встречи с Александром Стамболийским и царем Борисом, об общественной жизни у нас в 20-х годах века - комиссии по репарациям, поку¬шение в церкви Св. Недели, присутствие русских иммигрантов, моменты македон¬ского  движения. Мемуары выходят в свет впервые на болгарском языке.
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Almost none of the more than 800 cemeteries of the Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge is described in detail as the Totenburg of Quero, Italy, on the right bank of the Piave river, near the fighting lines of the Ww1st front. This testifies to the importance and the representativeness of this architecutre for the Third Reich abroad.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight a forgotten incident of the First World War and the fate of some of the dead soldiers of the German cruiser SMS Breslau, which sunk in the course of  the Battle of Imbros, an island now under Turkish administration called Gökçeada. Quite a few soldiers were buried provisionally on Lemnos island. Later, they were transferred to Thessaloniki and were buried in the newly created German military cemetery. After the end of the Second World War this cemetery seized to exist and the remains of the dead German soldiers were transferred to Athens. This little known incident shows the complexity of historical continuity while combining incidents of different eras.

Athenian cemeteries can bring a lot of evidence concerning conflict. At first, there are cemeteries in Athens which have a direct involvement in conflict, namely the Commonwealth War Cemetery and the German War Cemetery. Besides, the Third Cemetery of Athens contains several monuments concerning conflict, not only a Memorial of unknown soldiers in the military part, but also Memorials of common citizens, victims of the World War II; the Jewish section contains Memorials and individual tombs, too. There are also monuments of symbolic sense, as the " Mother of the Occupation " at the First Cemetery, devoted to the victims of the Great Famine in occupied Athens during World War II. The paper deals with these monuments and examines whether their interpretation has helped to achieve reconciliation.

Content:
Jarosław Centek – "Bitwa pod Gorlicami, małe Verdun czy operacja tarnowsko-gorlicka. Regionalna polityka historyczna"
Piotr Szlanta – "Pierwszowojenny lans. Kajzer Wilhelm II na froncie galicyjskim w maju 1915 roku"
Kamil Ruszała – "Komitet Ratunkowy miasta Gorlic. Zarys działalności w świetle protokołów w 1915 roku"
Martin Drobňák – "Cmentarze wojenne z pierwszej wojny światowej w powiecie Bardejov"
Kamil Ruszała – "Organizacja ogólnego dnia grobów bohaterów w Austrii w 1917 i 1918 roku"
„Polegli na polu chwały” - wybrane materiały z wystawy (ze zbiorów Roberta Kozłowskiego)."

In the beginning of World War I, most of the fallen soldiers were buried in field graves, but as it became clear that maintaining those would not be possible, larger war cemeteries were created. During the war, the field graves were concentrated into new cemeteries which were more and more standardized.

Drafts of this paper were circulated from 2012-2019.  It evaluates the evidence for the burial site of the Maryland battalion ("Maryland 400"), who suffered 256 casualties during the Revolutionary War Battle of Brooklyn (Battle of Long Island).  How many fought in the battle, how many were killed, and where were they buried?