Military cemeteries

The First World War was a landmark in modern Balkan history since it created the largest battlefront seen until then in the region, destroyed the Ottoman Empire, strengthened nation states and created millions of refugees. One of the least recognized geno cides worldwide, the Armenian genocide, took place during this war. Ιt was not only a destructive war, but also a creative one since the forces that took part in it (the Entente and the Central Powers) created road and rail networks, improved provision of health care, drained marshland, introduced new methods of production, etc. For the first time, official military cemeteries were created in the Balkan region, in order to pay tribute to the dead of the war. The purpose of this paper is to present the work of the British regarding the care for their dead soldiers, namely the crea tion, the creation and the conservation of permanent military monuments and cemeteries of the First World War in Greece.

Content:
Jarosław Centek – "Bitwa pod Gorlicami, małe Verdun czy operacja tarnowsko-gorlicka. Regionalna polityka historyczna"
Piotr Szlanta – "Pierwszowojenny lans. Kajzer Wilhelm II na froncie galicyjskim w maju 1915 roku"
Kamil Ruszała – "Komitet Ratunkowy miasta Gorlic. Zarys działalności w świetle protokołów w 1915 roku"
Martin Drobňák – "Cmentarze wojenne z pierwszej wojny światowej w powiecie Bardejov"
Kamil Ruszała – "Organizacja ogólnego dnia grobów bohaterów w Austrii w 1917 i 1918 roku"
„Polegli na polu chwały” - wybrane materiały z wystawy (ze zbiorów Roberta Kozłowskiego)."

Almost none of the more than 800 cemeteries of the Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge is described in detail as the Totenburg of Quero, Italy, on the right bank of the Piave river, near the fighting lines of the Ww1st front. This testifies to the importance and the representativeness of this architecutre for the Third Reich abroad.

MEMOIRS OF THE HUNGARIAN DIPLOMAT SÁNDOR KISS-NEMESKÉRI OF BULGARIA AND THE BULGARIANS

P. Peykovska

(Summary)

The Hungarian diplomat S. Kiss-Nemeskéri is one the forgotten personalities of the interwar period who had left a significant mark although he had not been able to play a decisive role in the international politics. He had worked in Bulgária for more than 10 years: with a short interruption from 1912 when he was appointed an economy expert in Sofia, to 1929 when he had already the Statute of a Hungárián royal diplomatic agent. From that time on till 1937 he had been a diplomatic agent first in Stockholm, then in Helsinki being accredited at the same time to the three Baltic countries of Estonia, Lithuania and Lat Via. Being unusually colourful and all-round man, S. Kiss published at the end of the 1930-es and at the beginning of the 1940-es his memoirs of his diplomatic service in several volumes where his impressions of Bulgária occupied a considerable place. His book of memoirs titled “In a hurry. From the Memoirs of a Hungárian Diplomat” and published in Budapest in 1940, is the most interesting one from a historical point of view. A part of those memoirs is published here, although in a concise form, with a view to its importance for the Bulgárián history. The memoirs reveal the history of Austro-Hungarian-Bulgarian diplomatic relations as well as the Hungarian-Bulgarian ones of the pe¬riod from 1912 to 1929. They reflect his impressions of the meetings with Alexander Stamboliiski and King Boris, of the public life in Bulgária in the 1920-es and particularly of the Reparations’ committees, of the assault at the „Sveta Nedelya” Cathedral, of the presence of the Russian emigrants in Bulgária, of some episodes of the Macedonian movement. The  memoirs are being published in Bulgárián for the first time.

ВОСПОМИНАНИЯ ВЕНГЕРСКОГО ДИПЛОМАТА ШАНДОРА КИША-НЕМЕШКЕЙРИ О БОЛГАРИИ И О БОЛГАРАХ

П. Пейковска

(Резюме)

Венгерский дипломат Шандор Киш-Немешкейри является одной из забытых личностей межвоенного периода, которые хотя и не имевшие решающую роль в международной политике, оставили свой значительный след. Он работал в Болга¬рии более десятилетия: с 1912 г., когда был назначен экономическим экспертом в Софии, с небольшими перерывами до 1929 г., когда уже пользовался статутом вен¬герского королевского дипломатического агента. После этого, до 1937 г. работал дипломатическим агентом сначала в Стокгольме, потом в Хельзинки, где являлся одновременно аккредитованным при трех балтийских странах Естонин, Литвы и Латвии. Чрезвычайно колоритный и всесторонне развитый человек, в конце 30-х и начале 40-х годов века Шандор Киш издает в нескольких книгах свои мемуары о времени дипломатической работы, где значительное место находят его впечатле¬ния о Болгарии. С исторической точки зрения наибольший интерес представляет его мемуарная книга „Наспех. Из воспоминаний одного венгерского дипло-мата”, вышедшая в Будапеште в 1940 г.
В настоящей публикации предлагаем в сокращенном виде часть этих воспо¬минаний ввиду их исторической значимости дли болгарской истории. Они являются своеобразной историей австро-венгерско-болгарских и венгерско-болгарских диплома¬тических взаимоотношений за период 1912-1929 гг. В частности мемуары отражают впечатления Ш. Киша со встречи с Александром Стамболийским и царем Борисом, об общественной жизни у нас в 20-х годах века - комиссии по репарациям, поку¬шение в церкви Св. Недели, присутствие русских иммигрантов, моменты македон¬ского  движения. Мемуары выходят в свет впервые на болгарском языке.
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Karlín Cemetery. About the archaeological excavation of military and Protestant burial ground from 18th and 19th century

Public lecture organized by The Czech Society of Antiquaries in The City of Prague Museum, 12 May 2014

Prezentace přednášky pořádané Společností přátel starožitností v Muzeu hlavního města Prahy 12. května 2014

Haydarpaşa British Cemetery, which was allocated to Great Britain by the Ottoman Empire for the soldiers who died in the Crimean War, stands out with its central location and magnificent monument. One of the first modern monuments, Crimean War Memorial sent by the order of Queen Victoria, has been preserved up until today. Unlike the other monuments of Tanzimat, it was erected for foreign soldiers. It is important that the Ottoman State agreed to place this monument in the public sphere in a period when the Empire headed towards modernization and became part of European family but at the same time was cautious against the erection of monuments having a symbolic aim instead of a practical function. Alongside the soldiers who fought against Russia with the Ottomans during the Crimean War, Haydarpaşa British Cemetery, a Commonwealth property, has also been a final resting place for the soldiers including Muslims who fought for the Great Britain against the Ottomans during the First World War. Given such conditions, the cemetery appears to be a scene for clash of memories and a space symbolizing various identities and belongings of both alliances and opponents in different fronts. In this study, Haydarpaşa British Cemetery’s contribution to collective memory is argued around these historical and spatial peculiarities.
The article utilizes archive and source scanning methods and in the first part it aims to examine how collective memories are created and practiced through military cemeteries. The military cemeteries emerge as symbolic spaces that establish social memory. They are designed to tell stories of chosen heroes and are associated with patriotism and sacredness. Commemorations and visits to cemeteries play a key role in keeping the collective memory alive. Indeed, the historical and social conditions that shape the design of military cemeteries also leave traces in the collective memory. Haydarpaşa British Cemetery also appears as a unique place where various traces of collective memory such as myths, symbols and rituals which are the products of different historical and social conditions intersect with each other.
The second part of the article discusses the role of the Imperial War Graves Commission and the British military cemeteries in construction of a collective memory in their efforts to adopt a more systematic policy to commemorate those who were lost as a result of huge massacres that took place during the First World War. Following the harsh debates between religious and secular ends, a sense of patriotism came to the fore and this was supported by military elements and all belongings were embraced. Especially after the First World War, the main focus was on honoring the soldiers without looking at rank, ethnicity and religious affiliation and without any discrimination. Local sensitivities were respected in designing the military cemeteries which were established on foreign territories where soldiers from different ethnicities and religions fought together for the empire. Rethinking the spatial arrangements of these cemeteries and questioning the symbolic components of the collective memory help us understand the conflicting images and the challenge for a reconciliation. By doing this, it is possible to find the "hidden" subjects and the other elements of collective memory in the "chosen" heroism.
The third part analyzes the outstanding aspects of the Crimean War Monument. Different from other memorial projects of Tanzimat, it denotes a foreign power but not the Ottoman government. Besides, columns and sculptures as the components of the monument are alien to the Ottoman world and laden with symbolic meanings rather than a practical function. The Christian cross which was originally present at its inauguration in Crystal Palace was removed in its current place. Also, it is important to note that a special attention was given to local sensitivities by the Ottoman government during its placement and the construction of the cemetery. However, although the cemetery is disguised by its surroundings today, the monument still stands out with its huge obelisk.
Finally, it is still possible to detect the traces of “otherness” in the Haydarpaşa cemetery beyond its design reflecting the military order and the sense of common devotion. Further, Christian symbols still remain as an imperial attribute despite their diminishing visibility after First World War. The temporal differences in the spatial design of the cemetery are visible in the shape and placements of the tombstones, as well as the ranks of the deceased soldiers. British military cemeteries’ designs vary under the influence of numerous internal or external social, political and geographical factors. However, there was no stable reconciliation between the myth of imperial devotion and rituals. Haydarpaşa British Cemetery embodies alliances and hostilities of different times along with sacred and profane possessions.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight a forgotten incident of the First World War and the fate of some of the dead soldiers of the German cruiser SMS Breslau, which sunk in the course of  the Battle of Imbros, an island now under Turkish administration called Gökçeada. Quite a few soldiers were buried provisionally on Lemnos island. Later, they were transferred to Thessaloniki and were buried in the newly created German military cemetery. After the end of the Second World War this cemetery seized to exist and the remains of the dead German soldiers were transferred to Athens. This little known incident shows the complexity of historical continuity while combining incidents of different eras.

The commemoration of the First World War deeply impacted American culture between 1917 and 1945, and incited a contentious debate about the best forms of military memorialization. All kinds of American women participated in commemorations alongside men, the government, veterans, and the military. Even more frequently, they took part in predominantly female memorialization projects, many of which aided veterans. Organizations composed of American women who believed they served or sacrificed during the First World War defined community service and veterans advocacy as forms of commemoration that they pursued in addition to, or sometimes instead of, more permanent forms of commemoration. In keeping with women's contributions to the war effort and their Progressive era service and reform activities, many American women pursued service-based commemorative projects to serve the nation in ways normally prohibited to them because of gender-based restrictions on their citizenship. This dissertation investigates how American women who served during the First World War commemorated the conflict during the interwar period and through the end of World War Two. It employs the term "veteranist-commemorations" to describe the service-based memorialization projects these women advocated, and designates these women as female "veteranist-commemorators." Rejecting traditional monuments, female veteranist-commemorators placed the plight of male and female veterans at the center of their memorialization efforts. Women's veteranist-commemorations did not solely address veterans of strictly defined military service, but included anyone who sacrificed during the war. Female veteranist-commemorators pioneered a new form of commemoration that revolutionized American memorial practices. Their actions forced Americans to re-think their commemorative practices and provided a new way to conceptualize the definition of a memorial. Through their outspoken support of veteranist-commemorations, these women promoted a type of commemoration that included intangible actions, human bodies, and ephemeral activities as crucial, defined parts of the memorialization process. In doing so, female veteranist-commemorators changed the course of American military commemoration, even though their memorialization methods did not gain as widespread acceptance as they hoped.

Title of Document: CARRY ON: AMERICAN WOMEN AND THE VETERANIST-COMMEMORATION OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1917-1945 Allison Sarah Finkelstein, Ph.D., 2015 Directed By: Associate Professor Saverio Giovacchini, Department of History The commemoration of the First World War deeply impacted American culture between 1917 and 1945, and incited a contentious debate about the best forms of military memorialization. All kinds of American women participated in commemorations alongside men, the government, veterans, and the military. Even more frequently, they took part in predominantly female memorialization projects, many of which aided veterans. Organizations composed of American women who believed they served or sacrificed during the First World War defined community service and veterans advocacy as forms of commemoration that they pursued in addition to, or sometimes instead of, more permanent forms of commemoration. In keeping with women’s contributions to the war effort and their Progressive...

Athenian cemeteries can bring a lot of evidence concerning conflict. At first, there are cemeteries in Athens which have a direct involvement in conflict, namely the Commonwealth War Cemetery and the German War Cemetery. Besides, the Third Cemetery of Athens contains several monuments concerning conflict, not only a Memorial of unknown soldiers in the military part, but also Memorials of common citizens, victims of the World War II; the Jewish section contains Memorials and individual tombs, too. There are also monuments of symbolic sense, as the " Mother of the Occupation " at the First Cemetery, devoted to the victims of the Great Famine in occupied Athens during World War II. The paper deals with these monuments and examines whether their interpretation has helped to achieve reconciliation.

BULGARIAN SOLDIERS GRAVES IN GREECE

(Abstract) In Greece there are numerous British military cemeteries from World War I, maintained exclusively by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission or CWGC. They also hold a total of 223 graves of Bulgarian soldiers who died in captivity from wounds and diseases. The article presents a complete list of the deceased with their names, rank and the unit in which they served.

In the beginning of World War I, most of the fallen soldiers were buried in field graves, but as it became clear that maintaining those would not be possible, larger war cemeteries were created. During the war, the field graves were concentrated into new cemeteries which were more and more standardized.

Drafts of this paper were circulated from 2012-2019.  It evaluates the evidence for the burial site of the Maryland battalion ("Maryland 400"), who suffered 256 casualties during the Revolutionary War Battle of Brooklyn (Battle of Long Island).  How many fought in the battle, how many were killed, and where were they buried?

The U.S. Army’s Quartermaster Corps erected temporary rest houses for the Gold Star Mothers and Widows Pilgrimages at the military cemeteries of the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) in France between 1930 and 1933. The army intended the architecture of the rest houses to be familiar to the pilgrims and to provide them with a female place of comfort and respite. The decision to create the rest houses demonstrated the government’s desire to include women in the commemoration of World War I, yet its choice to demolish them at the end of the pilgrimage program indicates the constrained role of women in that process.

By virtue of their appearance and short life, the rest houses’ style, form, and temporary nature reveal the limitations on women’s participation in commemoration and military culture during the interwar period. The rest houses separated the pilgrims into their own female space, carefully crafted and controlled by male military leaders. Their destruction erased the story of the female pilgrims from the visible commemorative narrative at the cemeteries. Unearthing the history of these structures
restores the rest houses and the agency of American women to the larger narrative of interwar American commemorative culture.

In the beginning of World War I, most of the fallen soldiers were buried in field graves, but as it became clear that maintaining those would not be possible, larger war cemeteries were created. During the war, the field graves were concentrated into new cemeteries which were more and more standardized.

Three World War I Military Cemeteries in Jaslo. Summary.
Jaslo have three cemeteries in which dead soldiers are buried from the era of WW1 (1914 – 1918). Unfortunately, all of these soldiers are neglected. The three cemeteries are referred to as Cemetery number 22, Cemetery number 23 and Cemetery number 24.
Articles and other fundamental sources were used to compile this article. Material from State Archives in Cracow, Rzeszow, Przemysl, Regional Museum in Jaslo and the book Die Westgalizische Heldengraber were drawn upon.
The military cemetery located in Jaslo was designed by Johann Jäger (born in 1884 – date of death unknown) he is also the author of “cemetery in Jaslo District II”. Main timber was a stone, but also he projected simple wooden crosses with metal glory or with motif swords. The most interesting cemetery of his designer there are in Cieklin, Osobnica, Bierowka, Slawecin, Olpiny, Podzamcze, Sieklowka.
Cemetery number 22 in Jaslo (Ulaszowice Street) is located alongside parish cemetery, established in 1915. Today we could see old civil gravestones on this area. Originally, this war cemetery has a two piece that was separated by aforementioned civil gravestone. Soldiers from the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German, Serbs army are buried here. Central element of architecture is monument with inscription and antique helmet (nowadays impair). Condition of this object is wrong. There are not any one cross, on this area is located shop and the worst - piece of cemetery is actually under the street.
Cemetery number 23 in Jaslo (Zielona Street) is located in parish old cemetery established in XVIII century. It was one of the largest cemeteries in West Galicia, with enormous number of buried soldiers; 1568 from Russian Army, 11 from Austro-Hungarian Army and 3 for German Army. Many graves were destroyed during the Second World War and only a few graves survived. Today, all the graves have been wiped out, however the cemetery still exists; soldiers have never been exhumed. Only stone cross with marble table, wooden cross and original inscription in chapel are a testament to war cemetery here.
Cemetery number 24 in Jaslo (Florianska Street) is located in Jewish cemetery established in XIX century. Likewise cemetery number 23 was destroyed during second world war and it is not possible to find where the graves of over 20 Jewish soldiers were buried. These Jewish graves were dispersal on the oldest part in this cemetery.
Condition this cemeteries are abysmal. It is caused from a many years ago. For example: after second world war elements of architecture cemetery number 22 was steal. In 70s Polish local authority tried to buy a new kindergarten in that area. Gradually cemeteries was damaged. Few years ago refurbished railing and cleansed monument at number 22, but did not about soldiers graves. In 2008 repaired wooden cross at number 23. This article is plea for interests out of condition military graves died during first world war in Jaslo.

Dragana Dziraković, Miroslav Jaćimović (eds), Zbornik radova sa medzunarodne konferencije arhiv, medii i kultura Sećanja u prvom cvetskom ratu, Novi Sad, 29-30 Oktobar 2014, Novi Sad, 2014, pp. 307-327.

The Macedonian or Salonika Front holds a significant position in the modern history of the Serbian nation. Key reminders of this era and of the sacrifices of the Serbian people lay on Greek soil: the Serbian Ossuary in Vidos, Corfu island and the Serbian Military Cemetery in Zejtinlik, Thessaloniki. Besides these monuments, we count other memorials related to the Serbian presence in Corfu, all of which are very well known. On the contrary, in Greek Macedonia region, due to the wars (WWII and Greek civil war), the refugees that came in the region after 1922, and the negligence of the Yugoslav Consulate after 1990, the memorials of the Serbs have been abandoned and destroyed.
For two years now, as a group of Greek historians, we are trying to discover and give prominence to the unknown- for Greece and Serbia- monuments and cemeteries, most of which can be found in the region of Aridea, near Dobro Polje battlefield. The purpose of this contribution is to present to the Serbian scientific audience this effort and address a call for their study and documentation, because they constitute artefacts of the history of the Serbian nation and the history of Macedonia in general.

Content:
•    Jan Schubert, Wiedeński architekt Hans Mayr i jego twórczość w latach 1903-1914,
•    Agnieszka Partridge, Projekt nowego cmentarza ewangelickiego Hansa Mayra w Bielsku-Białej i jego echa w elementach galicyjskich cmentarzy wojennych okręgów Gorlice i Kraków,
•    Jerzy Pałosz, Cmentarze wojenne z I wojny światowej w północnej Małopolsce. Studium destrukcji przestrzeni pamięci,
•    Katarzyna Chrudzimska-Uhera, O dylematach Polaka, artysty, żołnierza. Jan Szczepkowski jako projektant cmentarzy I wojny w Galicji,
•    Jarosław Centek, 1. Dywizja Piechoty Gwardii w bitwie pod Gorlicami,
•    Andrzej Ćmiech, Zniszczenia Gorlic podczas Bitwy Gorlickiej i powojenna odbudowa
•    Marcin Mikulski, Austro-węgierskie fortyfikacje polowe w Galicji i Królestwie Kongresowym (1914 -1916)"

The present text represents a first attempt to present the process of gathering and taking care of the bodies of the dead soldiers on the Macedonian Front following the signing of peace treaties, and the creation in Greece of permanent military cemeteries that, until the Second World War, would serve as places for honoring the war dead. It focuses to the cemeteries that have been built during the Interwar period (British, French, Italian, Russian, Serbian, even the Greek, which are not well known) or the obsolete German and Bulgarian cemetery in Thessaloniki. These cemeteries were built on the basis of agreements between states.
This was not an easy task. The northern part of Greece was ruined. National aspirations and claims were frustrated and Greece received more than 1 000 000 Christian refugees from Eastern Thrace and Asia Minor. Hence, it would have been a luxury to create several military cemeteries for the deceased soldiers of the Great War at a time when there were not sufficient resources even to host the refugees. Nevertheless, the Greek State, whatever the particular political powers that governed, respected its international obligations and facilitated the creation and operation of the foreign military cemeteries on its ground.

The U.S. Army’s Quartermaster Corps erected temporary rest houses for the Gold Star Mothers and Widows Pilgrimages at the military cemeteries of the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) in France between 1930 and 1933. The army intended the architecture of the rest houses to be familiar to the pilgrims and to provide them with a female place of comfort and respite. The decision to create the rest houses demonstrated the government’s desire to include women in the commemoration of World War I, yet its choice to demolish them at the end of the pilgrimage program indicates the constrained role of women in that process. By virtue of their appearance and short life, the rest houses’ style, form, and temporary nature reveal the limitations on women’s participation in commemoration and military culture during the interwar period. The rest houses separated the pilgrims into their own female space, carefully crafted and controlled by male military leaders. Their destruction erased the story of the female pilgrims from the visible commemorative narrative at the cemeteries. Unearthing the history of these structures restores the rest houses and the agency of American women to the larger narrative of interwar American commemorative culture.

Riječ je o poglavlju u knjizi u publikaciji Put u vječnost objavljenoj u povodu istoimene izložbe u Klovićevim dvorima u Zagrebu (otvorena od 26. 8. do 6. 11. 2016.). U tekstu se govori o arhitekturi i prostornom uređenju groblja u Hrvatskoj u 19. i 20. stoljeću